Unit 73 1, full name of Manchuria unit 73 1.

(Kwantung Army Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department)

(Right) 73 1 Army is disposing of the body.

[Edit this paragraph] 1. introduce

73 1 Army was a secret military medical unit engaged in biological and bacteriological warfare research and human experiments in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (1937- 1945) and during World War II. 73 1 troops disguised as water purification units. The 73 1 troops set up their base in the bungalow area near Harbin in northeast China, which was then part of the Puppet Manchukuo. Some researchers believe that more than 10000 Koreans and allied prisoners of war were killed in the test of 73 1 unit, but the exact number is still controversial.

The Japanese Kwantung Army 73 1 Force is a special force prepared by Japanese militarism for germ warfare, which occupies an important position in strategy. The so-called "small Harbin, big bungalow" by Japanese soldiers illustrates this point in a sense. In terms of scale, it is the largest bacteria factory in the world. As far as its status is concerned, it belongs to the dual leadership of the Japanese Army Province, the Japanese General Staff Headquarters and the Japanese Kwantung Army Command. The staffing is very strong. There are more than 2,600 personnel engaged in the research of germ warfare, including 5 general-level officers, more than 30 university-level officers and more than 300 commander-level officers. From 1936 to1July 942, Lieutenant General Shiro Ishii was the commander of the army. 1August 1942 to1February 1945, major general masahiro kitano took over as commander of the army. 1945 From March to August of the same year, Shiro Ishii also served as the commander of the army. Its subordinate departments and detachments are equipped with officers with the rank of junior officer, and some important departments are equipped with officers with the rank of major general. 73 1 Force is divided into eight departments and four detachments:

In the first part (bacterial research), Major General Ju Chi is the minister. Subordinates include Gao Qiao class specialized in plague research, Arahara class engaged in research, Tanaka class engaged in bacterial vector-insect research, Yoshimura class engaged in frostbite research, Dao Jiang class engaged in dysentery research, Ota class engaged in splenic gangrene research, makeup class engaged in cholera research and post class engaged in pathological research.

The second part (bacterial test) is headed by Ota. There is a branch under this department, which specializes in cultivating parasites that propagate plague. It belongs to an aviation class and a special proving ground, located in the home kiln 35 miles east of Anda. The main task of this department is not only to carry out bacteria test on people, but also to carry out virus research and experiments on plants through "Yagi Zeban".

The third part (Manufacture of Bacteriological Weapons) is headed by Nakagawa. There are two factories under this department, one is a water filter factory, which aims to hide people's eyes and ears, and the other is a porcelain shell factory on the continental shelf of Ma Yang, which specializes in producing "Ishii" bacterial bombs and other bacterial weapons.

The fourth part (bacterial production) is in the charge of Major General Chuan Dao. This department consists of two departments, each of which independently produces various bacteria according to the division of labor.

The general affairs department was initially headed by Zuo Wei who stayed in China, and later by Ota Dazuo. This department is a comprehensive department of the 73 1 Military Headquarters, with great power. It is not only responsible for the financial management, production planning and personnel distribution of the whole army, but more importantly, it directly contacts the gendarmerie and receives people who carry out bacterial tests.

The training of the Ministry of Education was initially undertaken by Tian Yuan, and later by Xi Zhongzuo. This department is specially responsible for training professionals engaged in bacterial research, production and use of bacterial weapons. According to the data, only the training of young players has been carried out in four stages.

The Information Supply Department is headed by Major General Otani. This department is responsible for supplying all kinds of equipment.

The diagnosis and treatment department is in the charge of Colonel Yongshan. This department is responsible for the prevention of bacterial infections and medical treatment of Japanese diseases.

Parallel to the ministries, there is also a special class of Ishii Shiro, which is personally controlled by Ishii Shiro's family members. Ishii Shiro's second brother Tsunami is responsible for the management of the "special secret prison", and Ishii Shiro's third brother Tsunami is responsible for the leadership of experimental animal breeding.

[Edit this paragraph] 2. General situation of Japanese bacterial forces

Unit 73 1 is the name of Japanese germ unit. Japan has seven major germ warfare forces, namely:

Bacterial Weapons Laboratory, Army Medical College, Tokyo, Japan.

The headquarters of 659 troops of Harbin Kwantung Army, located in Harbin Pingfang District, is called 73 1 unit.

Kwantung Army 100 troops in Changchun

In Beijing, the northern branch of 1855 troops.

Zi Rong 1644 troops in Ning.

8604 troops in Guangzhou

Singapore's Gangzi 9420 troops

Bacterial Weapons Laboratory of Army Military Medical School

The Army Military Medical School, established in Tokyo, Japan, is located in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, and is called the Epidemic Prevention Laboratory.

Kwantung Army Unit 659

This headquarters is located in the Pingfang District of Harbin, and it is called the Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department of Kwantung Army. The headquarters is called 73 1 Army.

Kwantung Army 100 Force

The headquarters is located in Changchun, and it is called the Kwantung Army Animal Epidemic Prevention Department, which has jurisdiction over 2630 troops. Gao Qiao Longdu Veterinary Lieutenant General and Song Yujiro Veterinary Major General are in charge.

North branch A 1855 troops

Headquartered in the Shenle Department on the south side of the west gate of Beijing Tiantan Park. Its predecessor was the Central Epidemic Prevention Department of the Kuomintang. At that time, it was called the North China Dispatching Army Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department, and later it was called 15 1 Military Station Hospital.

1855 the minister of the army was Heijiang at first, and then Ju Chi. 1939, Hideki Nishimura succeeded to the throne. There are three categories:

1 class is located in xiehe medical college, engaged in the research of bacteriological (biological) warfare agents.

The second lesson is located in the south of the west gate of Tiantan Park, engaged in bacterial production. (The current address is China Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, Ximen, Tiantan, Beijing)

The third class is located on the west side of Beijing Library near Beihai, which is the Institute of Bacteriological Weapons.

In addition, the team has been stationed in Jinan, Tianjin, Taiyuan, Qingdao, Zhengzhou, Kaifeng and Yancheng.

Zi Rong 1644 troops

The headquarters is located in Nanjing, called the East China Dispatching Army Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department. There are 12 detachments in Shanghai, Nanjing, Yueyang, Jingmen and Yichang.

Wave to 8604 troops

The headquarters is located in Guangzhou, and it is called the South China Dispatching Army Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department.

Gangzi 9420 troops

Headquartered in Singapore, it is called the Southern Ministry of Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply.

The Japanese Bacteriological Force has 5 large units and 63 small units in China.

The behavior of 73 1 troops was just one of many war crimes committed by the Japanese imperial army during its occupation of Manchuria (from 193 1 to the end of World War II 1945). During this period,150,000 China people, Koreans, Filipinos, Indonesians and Burmese civilians were killed.

[Edit this paragraph] 3. 73 1 Force Formation

The predecessor of the 73 1 Army was the Dongxiang Army founded by Shiro Ishii in Huaiyin River on the outskirts of Harbin in northeast China in 1932. The army first began to carry out human experiments that could not be carried out in Japan.

1932, Shiro Ishii led troops to build Zhongmacheng, a prison on the outskirts of Harbin. A prison riot in 1935 forced Ishii to close Zhongma City and set up new facilities in a bungalow area closer to Harbin.

Unit 673 established a bacterial test base in Sunwu County, Heihe River, including 300 buildings such as animal breeding and bacterial preparation room.

[Edit this paragraph] 4. 73 1 Force activities

Biopsy: A special project code-named "maruta" carries out human experiments: the subjects are taken from China residents, also called "Maruta".

Grenade test: Grenade tests are conducted by people at different distances and positions.

Frostbite test: The data of frostbite test is the data of a field frostbite test jointly conducted by professionals from the North-South Epidemic Prevention and Water Supply Department and the troops stationed in Mongolia, which is called "Winter Health Research Results of the troops stationed in Mongolia". The data were compiled by Dong Sheng Research Class, which was established in March of the 16th year of Showa (194 1 March).

Jin Chengmin, director of the Institute of Bacteriological and Poisonous Gas Warfare of the Japanese Invaders, was invited by Mr. Yusuke Kato, President of yokohama city university, Japan, and was appointed by the Pingfang District Government to give lectures in Japan. During his visit, he visited the libraries and archives in Kanda and other places in Tokyo many times alone or with Japanese friends, and found this well-preserved material in a reference room.

Flame thrower experiment: 73 1 Army locked the experimenter in an abandoned armored vehicle and baked it with a flame thrower to test the power of the flame thrower. But this experiment is meaningless. No armored vehicle will stay where you are. Pure "entertainment".

Plague experiment: inject the experimenter with plague virus and observe its reaction. This method is also applicable to Soviet prisoners of war captured by Japan at the border.

The most outstanding "achievement" in developing defoliants and bacterial bombs is Ishii bomb, and the pineapple bomb later used by the US military in Vietnam is also an improved version of this bomb. The Ishii bomb has a ceramic shell with bacteria in it. Shiro Ishii also invented the Ishii water filter, which solved the problem that soldiers treated sewage during field operations as drinking water. This was the only useful invention of 73 1 Army.

[Edit this paragraph] 5. 73 1 Force members

Captain, general Ishii Shiro

In the army, Yoshiichi Zuonaito

Dr masahiro kitano

Takezeban Shinohara Yoshio

[Edit this paragraph ]6. 73 1 military departments and units

73 1 The troops are divided into 8 departments and 4 detachments:

Part I: Studying bubonic plague, cholera, anthrax, typhoid fever and tuberculosis in vivo. A prison with a capacity of about 300 people was built for this purpose. Major General Ju Chi, Minister of Military Medicine. In the following location:

Bonsai (virus): study viral diseases and endemic diseases. Monitor Saburo Allahara is a military doctor.

Tanaka Ban (Insect): Studying insects. Monitor Tanaka Hero Military Doctor Shaozuo

Yoshimura class (frostbite): to study effective methods for treating frostbite and aviation medicine. Monitor Yoshimura Shouren Army Technician

Gao Qiao class (plague): study plague. Monitor Gao Qiao Masahiko, military doctor Shaozuo.

Dao Jiang class (dysentery): Study dysentery and serology. Monitor [[Dao Jiang Zhenping] Army technician.

Ota class (anthrax): Studying anthrax, the monitor is Ota Cheng Jun, a military doctor.

Cooperation (cholera): study cholera. The monitor is a male army technician.

Okamoto (Pathology): Learn pathology, vivisection and autopsy. Monitor Okamoto trains an army technician.

Ishikawa Rui (Pathology): Studying pathology and making human tissue specimens. Monitor Ishikawa Taidao Xiongwan Army Technician

Neihaiban (serum): After being infected by friendly forces in germ warfare, study the serum, develop vaccines and carry out symptomatic treatment.

Tanabe class (typhoid fever): study typhoid fever. Monitor Tabege and military doctor Zhongzuo.

Ermuban (Tuberculosis): Studying tuberculosis. Monitor Futatsugi Hideo Army Technician

Cao Weiban (Pharmacology): Study the pharmacology and chemical structure of poison. Monitor Cao Fuyao Shao Zuo

Noguchi class (typhus): study typhus.

Fei Zhiteng (anthrax): study anthrax and monitor Fei Zhiteng's promotion.

Zhaiban (anthrax): Study anthrax. Monitors are usually heavy.

In the field class (X-ray): Study other radiation such as X-rays.

Special class: responsible for the management of special secret prisons and the cultivation of experimental animals, headed by Kazuo Ishii and Miko Ishii.

The second part: Study the use of biological weapons on the battlefield, especially the equipment for spreading bacteria and parasites. Minister Akita OTA. Home kiln has a branch school, an aviation class and an Anda special experimental field.

Yagi Zeban (plant fungus): Study plant fungus. The monitor Yagi is an army technician.

Daejeon class (disinfection): squad leader Daejeon Dazuo.

Part III: Production of artillery shells containing biological warfare agents, stationed in Harbin. There are two factories at the mouth of the Yangtze River, mainly ceramic shell factory, which are used to produce "Ishii-type" ceramic bacterial bombs. There is also a transportation category.

Part IV: Production of various biological warfare agents, Minister Major General Kiyoshi Kawashima. There are four types of bacteria that produce different symptoms.

Lesson 65438

Handle Zeban: monitor of bacterial production, 13-year-old military doctor, Shaozuo.

Noguchi class: producing Yersinia pestis and anthrax. Monitor Noguchi Keiichi

Lesson 2: Study on dry bacteria and vaccines. The person in charge, Yukio Mitani.

Lesson 3: Study on Dry Bacteria and Vaccine.

Lesson 4 (Vaccine)

Vegetation: produces gas gangrene and anthrax. Ban Zhang zhi Cun Zhao

Oil field class: producing typhus and vaccines. The squad leaders are military doctors Tian Zhengfang and Shaozuo.

Asahinaban: monitor Asahina Shojiro, army technician.

Part V: Training Minister of Education Tian Yuan Taro, and then replacing Ying Jun by Xi's military doctor Nakazo. Responsible for training personnel engaged in bacteriological weapons and bacteriological warfare.

Part VI: Major General Otani, Minister of Equipment Department. Responsible for the supply of equipment and equipment.

Part VII: Diagnosis and Treatment Department, Minister Jing Daole Yongshan. Responsible for preventing bacterial infection and Japanese medical care.

Part VIII: General Affairs Department, with the minister in the middle and the assistant in the middle, followed by Cheng Jun Ota's military medical assistant. Responsible for the financial management, production planning and personnel distribution of the whole army.

In addition to the bungalow headquarters (73 1 unit), Ishii's germ unit (unit 659) has four divisions:

162 unit (Linkou detachment): Located in linkou county, the detachment leader is Lieutenant General Xi Yingjun, who was later replaced by Shao Zuo, a Hideo Sakakibara military doctor.

Unit 643 (Mudanjiang or Hailin detachment): located in Hailin town, male military doctor, with little assistant on the long tail of the detachment.

Unit 673 (Sun Wu detachment): Located in Sun Wu County, Heihe City, the detachment leader is Lieutenant General ·Xi· Yingjun, a military doctor.

Unit 543 (Hailar detachment): Located in Hailar City, the detachment leader is Kato Hengze and the military doctor is Shaozuo.

3 19 unit (Dalian Institute of Bacteriology): located in Dalian, formerly known as Health Research Institute of Nanman Railway Co., Ltd., 1939 was classified as 73 1 unit.

tool

Among the buildings open to tourists, there is a 73 1 base, which covers an area of 6 square kilometers and consists of more than 50 buildings. The facility has been carefully designed and it is difficult to be destroyed. Some peripheral facilities of 73 1 are still reserved and developed for tourists to visit.

The base includes various production facilities. There are about 4,500 containers for cultivating fleas, 6 huge boilers for producing various chemicals, and about 1800 containers for producing biological warfare agents. About 30 grams of bubonic plague can be produced in a few days.

During the whole war, dozens of tons of these biological weapons (and some chemical weapons) were stored in many places in northeast China. After the dissolution, Japan tried to destroy every piece of evidence, but in any case it failed. There's a lot of evidence left. Sometimes it still hurts civilians in China. Especially in September, 2003, 29 workers in a building in Heilongjiang inadvertently dug up the shells of chemical weapons buried underground for more than 50 years because they went to the hospital.

Disintegration and the end of World War II

Ishii wanted to use chemical weapons in May 1944 after the Pacific conflict, but his attempt was frustrated many times due to poor planning and the interference of allies. When the war was about to end, Ishii ordered the destruction of these facilities and told his men to "take the secret to the grave". In the last days of the war, his Japanese army rallied to destroy the evidence of their human experiments, including poisoning and burning 400 detained "Maruta"; And deliberately released all the animals infected with the plague.

The United States believes that these research data are of great value, because the allies have never conducted this type of human trials. At the same time, the United States does not want any other country, especially the Soviet Union, to get these data on biological weapons. Therefore, in exchange for obtaining these data, the United States will not prosecute the officers of Unit 73 1 for war crimes.

194912,731Army war criminals were tried in the War Crimes Trial Court in Berry (Khabarovsk).

Many members of the former 73 1 Army have joined Japanese medical organizations. Dr. Masaji Katano leads Green Cross, the largest pharmaceutical company in Japan. Other achievements

Member or major medical school, or work for the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare.

Politicization of historical issues

Japanese right-wing nationalist historian and Tokyo 73 1 Army Memorial Hall denied the actions of 73 1 Army, believing that it was fabricated by China's propaganda organs. At the same time, left-wing organizations have published the history of the 73 1 unit, emphasizing that the United States deliberately covered up the historical facts of the 73 1 unit in order to exchange research data of the 73 1 unit. The history of the 73 1 Army and many other World War II themes involving the 73 1 Army have been erased from many Japanese history textbooks. Some people think that this just shows that historical revisionism is a part of the mainstream thought in modern Japan, and further shows that Japan has not yet taken full responsibility for the crimes it committed in the past.

1997, 180 China people, victims of the 73 1 unit or their families filed a lawsuit with the Japanese government, demanding full disclosure of the facts of the 73 1 unit, an apology and compensation. In August, 2002, Tokyo District Court acknowledged the existence of 73 1 Force and its biological warfare, but ruled that all compensation issues had been settled in the Joint Statement of People's Republic of China (PRC) and Japanese Governments signed on September 29th, 1972.

In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the Japanese Imperial Government Decryption Act, which declassified most of the confidential files of the U.S. government about the war crimes and war criminals committed by Japan in World War II. In 2003, this work will be completed by the Interdepartmental Working Group on Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Archives (IWG).

Cultural description and display

198 1 year, the Japanese writer Seiichi Morimura published the book The Feast of the Devil. This document reveals with a large number of facts that during the Japanese invasion of Northeast China in the Second World War, China was used as a biological experiment object to conduct experiments on bacteria and chemical and biological weapons. His works were serialized in Red Flag, which caused a sensation and sold out 3 million copies.

In March, 2008, all three episodes of "Feast of the Devils-Secrets of Japanese Army 73 1 Bacteriological Warfare Force" have been published by College Press, and will be presented to the school library, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression site, memorial hall and related institutions free of charge to remember history and prevent it from repeating itself.

China's film Black Sun 73 1 is an important film reflecting the serious crimes committed by the Japanese in China.

It is worth mentioning that after the end of World War II, Shiro Ishii made a conspiracy deal with President Truman with the data of bacterial killing methods obtained by killing more than 10,000 human lives, thus escaping the trial of the war court and the responsibility of human conscience and morality.

When Japanese imperialism invaded Northeast China, the secret army, the Kwantung Army's epidemic prevention and water supply unit, was located in the southeast of Harbin, and conducted bacteria test to research and manufacture bacterial weapons to hide people's eyes and ears. This unit is under the direct jurisdiction of Commander Kwantung Army, presided over by Shiro Ishii, and takes the living as the experimental object. Some major issues are directly directed by the Japanese headquarters.

The 73 1 Army has four detachments in Linkou, Mudanjiang, Sunwu and Hailar, and a testing ground in Anda, with a maximum of about 3,000 people. It is also engaged in the production of bacterial shells. The captured China people are used as experimental materials-China people arrested on charges of "anti-Qing and anti-"will be sent directly to the 73 1 unit by the gendarmerie to conduct various inhuman bacterial tests.

This creepy scene in the movie "Black Sun July 3 1 Day" is the frostbite experiment.

73 1 The living people used in experiments are collectively referred to as "logs" by the army, which means the whole material that can be cut. The "logs" are "specially transported" by the Japanese gendarmerie, and there are about 500 to 600 people every year, including China's anti-Japanese volunteers, innocent people, Russians and Koreans. From 1937 to 1945, only 73 1 troops were used in bacteria test, and more than 4,000 people died tragically.

Since 1940, 73 1 troops have repeatedly carried out germ warfare against Germans and peaceful residents in the anti-Japanese battlefield in China. 194 1 After June 22nd, 1998, Shiro Ishii was recalled to Japan and received an urgent instruction from the General Staff Headquarters of Japan. Shiro Ishii said, "All measures must be taken to expand the production of bacteriological weapons, because the international situation in China has changed and it has already fought against the Soviet Union. Moreover, because the Kwantung Army has implemented the "special performance" plan prepared by anti-Soviet military measures (that is, the special performance of attacking the Soviet Union planned by the Kwantung Army in the summer of 194 1 2000), our army should have enough germ weapons to fight against the Soviet Union when necessary. " The so-called "small Harbin, big bungalow" by Japanese soldiers illustrates this point in a certain sense.

73 1 Army not only conducts bacterial research, but also often conducts various field trainings, including the use of poisonous gas and the use of water filters. 73 1 The troops took an active part in the Nomenham War and used bacteriological weapons on the battlefield. Changde, Ningbo, Jinhua and other places in China also have their evil traces.

1945, the people of China defeated the Japanese invaders. 73 1 The troops killed all the prisoners for fear of revealing the secret of killing people with their germ weapons. And destroyed all the evidence that could not be carried and blew up the main facilities. Smuggle the main equipment and data of bacteriological warfare back to China and kill the last batch of people used in the experiment.

When fleeing, a large number of mice infected with Yersinia pestis were released, which led to a large-scale plague epidemic in Fangping area from 65438 to 0946.

The main war criminals of the 73 1 Army had to bow their heads and plead guilty in the Berlin military court and Shenyang trial.

The witness of the victim of the live test of the 73 1 army of the Japanese invaders was found for the first time. So far, the information introduced by these witnesses is basically consistent with the information of the two victims recorded by the Japanese army in the special transfer files of the Kanto Gendarmerie. It can be concluded that they are the first witnesses of the victims of living experiments.

Harbin found a book on bacterial research of Japanese invaders. According to the new research by the researcher of the Institute of History of Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences, this book "Acute Infectious Diseases in Manchuria" written by Masaji Kitano, the second commander of the 73 1 Army, was written by the Japanese invaders in the northeast of China after a lot of research and experiments, which is another evidence of their research on the germ warfare in China.

Claim of China Victims of Bacteriological War by Japanese Invaders-Delay in Winning the Case! How many bacteria have been buried in China? These remaining problems are far from being really solved. The Chief Cabinet Secretary of Japan said, "As the Japanese government, this is a very serious problem. There are differences in judicial decisions and there are many historical factors. "