Editor's Note of Art NewsNo. 148 of China Art Newspaper 15 At about 6 pm local time, a fire broke out in Notre Dame. The fire lasted for more than ten hours, seriously destroying the heritage of human civilization with a history of more than 800 years. Although the main structure was preserved, the iconic minaret collapsed in the fire and two-thirds of the roof of Notre Dame was damaged. These heavy costs. On May 4th, the physical torch relay of the 2nd National Youth Games was lit in front of Sanqing Hall, an ancient wooden building in Yongle Palace, Shanxi Province. Although the event was successfully held, it still sparked heated discussion again. Based on this, this issue of China Art Newspaper interviewed scholars of domestic cultural and art circles, experts in the protection of ancient buildings, and heads of museums and art galleries. The protection measures, present situation and hidden worries of ancient buildings and cultural relics in the collection are discussed in order to provide some reference for the current cultural relics protection. How did time and people destroy these extraordinary arts? About all this, about the history of ancient Gaul, about the whole Gothic art, what is left to us now? "Hugo asked in Notre Dame de Paris. Historical relics, the country depends on their rise and fall, and the time depends on their length. It is the witness of history, the crystallization of human science, technology and culture, the remains of human creative activities and precious historical research materials. However, a fire in Notre Dame de Paris once again sounded the alarm for the protection of cultural relics. Dan Jixiang, the former director of the Palace Museum, once said that the protection of cultural relics should be foolproof, because it is foolproof. In today's China, a large number of precious historical sites have been properly preserved in museums at all levels in China. Facing these unrepeatable human treasures, it is our mission and our responsibility to strengthen the protection of cultural relics and inherit the excellent historical and cultural heritage of the Chinese nation. However, how to use the current new technology to better protect cultural relics and how to raise people's awareness of cultural relics protection is a difficult problem we are facing. On May 4th, the physical torch relay of the 2nd National Youth Games held an ignition ceremony in front of Sanqing Hall, an ancient wooden structure building in Yuan Dynasty in Yongle Palace, Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province, which aroused doubts. Protecting ancient buildings with many fire hazards is not only to protect an architectural landscape, but also to protect the most vivid historical evidence of human historical development and the most precious remains of human civilization. Most of the ancient buildings in China are pure wood structure, brick wood structure and civil structure. In addition to a large number of flammable wood materials, the surface paints of many ancient buildings are also flammable. The threat of fire to ancient buildings began the day they were built. According to related reports, since 2065438+September 2008, departments of fire control, culture and cultural relics in various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities have conducted fire safety inspections on 7130,000 museums and cultural relics construction units, and * * * found more than10,000 fire hazards. On April 17, the the State Council Security Committee Office listed 33 major fire hazard units in museums and cultural relics buildings. National Cultural Heritage Administration also reported six cultural relics fire accidents this year. From the six cultural relics fire accidents and recent safety spot checks, the failure to implement the main responsibility, supervision responsibility and direct responsibility of safety is the crux of frequent fire accidents; Electrical failure, fire in production and life, illegal burning of incense and paper and fire in construction are the main causes of fire. Weak fire protection foundation, inadequate maintenance of facilities and equipment, littering of inflammable and explosive articles and weak emergency response capability are outstanding hidden dangers and problems. For example, Yunyan Temple, jiangyou city, Sichuan, as a national key cultural relics protection unit, has long been operated by tourism companies and leased to private users. The management system is chaotic, the safety responsibility is unclear, and the fire control measures are not implemented, which eventually leads to the fire accident in Dongyue Hall of this temple. On the day of the Notre Dame fire in the corner of the ancient city of Dukezong, Yunnan, Wang Xudong, the new president of the Palace Museum, called the whole hospital to hold an emergency meeting on fire safety in the Forbidden City, and "Fire Protection in the Forbidden City" was once listed on the online hot search list. It is understood that the Forbidden City has experienced more than 40 fires in the more than 600 years since it was built in the 18th year of Yongle (1420). Fire and water are ruthless, and both the royal holy land and the Buddhist temple are always facing the threat of fire. The fire in Notre Dame de Paris also made Xu Huiquan, director of the Jiangsu Provincial Art Museum, feel anxious. Jiangsu Provincial Art Museum, located in Changjiang Road, Nanjing, was founded in 1936. It is the first national art gallery in modern China. This old building with a strong style of the Republic of China is itself a work of art, and the old museum itself is our largest collection. The protection of this building is as important as the protection of works. Xu Huiquan said, "Due to the limitations of historical conditions at that time, there may be hidden dangers in the line layout and building safety of old buildings, so we attach great importance to safety issues. "Some time ago, the Jiangsu Provincial Art Museum overhauled the wiring of the old museum, and regularly conducted targeted fire drills with the fire department in the jurisdiction to make hidden dangers disappear in the bud. At this moment, there are still many ancient buildings facing the problem of destruction and damage. Liu Jianye, former deputy director of China People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Memorial Hall and senior engineer of ancient architecture, is worried about this. He believes that there are many problems to be solved in the process of protecting ancient buildings. The biggest problem is that the buildings around the ancient buildings are too dense and there is no fire isolation space. In case of fire, neighbors will be affected. Second, due to ideological and economic problems, the fire prevention measures in the process of restoration and protection of ancient buildings are too simple. I have seen many ancient buildings without fire prevention measures, but it is not enough to put a few vats and faucets in the yard. Modern fire prevention measures should be added to ancient buildings, such as temperature and smoke prediction, and flame retardant should be sprayed on the structure of wooden buildings so that fires below 600 degrees will not catch fire. Third, the professional level of managers is not enough. Although some ancient buildings have good fire prevention measures, the low level of operators is also the source of the fire. In 1980s, Liu Jianye, as the chief designer, participated in the restoration of Mutianyu and Badaling Great Wall in Beijing. Before the implementation of the project, he asked Mr. Luo what he should pay attention to. Teacher Luo first emphasized the need to strengthen the installation of lightning rod system, so there was no lightning accident in the ancient Great Wall in recent years. At present, in the protection design of ancient buildings, it is necessary to provide the safest protection facilities as an important principle, not to repair a building, but to face the threat of fire. " He said. According to Liu Jianye, in the past 10 years, there were 392 fires in ancient buildings in China, of which 30.2% were caused by electrical equipment. It can be seen that the installation of various electrical appliances in ancient buildings must be strictly restricted and supervised with high standards. Putting an end to fires is not the responsibility of individual management agencies, but the responsibility of every citizen. Therefore, it is urgent to popularize fire prevention knowledge and improve the concept of national protection. He particularly emphasized that once an ancient building caught fire, it was difficult to rescue it. Except that it is built with a large number of wooden structures, most ancient buildings display some precious historical relics and documents. After a fire broke out in an ancient building, if water was sprayed, the fire was put out, but the cultural relics were destroyed. We must adopt the most appropriate way, not to put out fires as the basic purpose, but to protect cultural relics as the basic purpose. Neither hardware nor civil air defense can relax the concern about movable cultural relics. At present, most newly-built cultural relics units have formulated scientific and effective safety standards and formed an effective system in the setting and management of collection space. Take Shandong Art Museum as an example. The collection area of Shandong Art Museum is located on the first floor, with a total area of 1.500 square meters. There are 7 collection room, repair room, photography room and transit space. According to Guo Zhenyu, director of the Collection Department of Shandong Art Museum, warehouses are divided into functional areas according to the types of collections, and each warehouse is equipped with corresponding specifications of grid-type dense cabinets and drawer-type heavy-duty fixed storage cabinets, which have good dust-proof, rat-proof, moisture-proof, fire-proof, anti-theft and confidentiality functions. In addition, Shandong Art Museum has installed a complete air sampling analysis and early warning system. If there are abnormal conditions such as smoke and high temperature in the air, the equipment will issue an early warning notice. When the smoke concentration is too high, inert gas will be automatically sprayed to extinguish the fire. This fire extinguishing method will absorb a lot of heat at the scene, reduce the temperature at the scene of the fire, dilute the oxygen concentration in the protected space, and achieve the effect of suffocation and fire extinguishing. This inert gas will not pollute the fire environment, and will dissipate quickly without leaving any trace after fire extinguishing. Qian Ling, deputy director of Tianjin Museum, said that the safety of movable cultural relics should not only prevent the damage caused by external emergencies such as water, fire and theft, but also protect the cultural relics themselves from damage in the preservation environment, such as slow but sustained damage to cultural relics under inappropriate temperature and humidity conditions, and should be carried out from the aspect of protecting the cultural relics themselves. In this regard, National Cultural Heritage Administration has implemented a preventive protection scheme for movable cultural relics, so that cultural relics of different types and materials can have a suitable environment in the process of storage and display, which can relatively prolong the life of cultural relics and delay their aging. With the support of National Cultural Heritage Administration, Tianjin Museum has set up a full-coverage environmental monitoring system in the warehouse and exhibition hall, which can monitor the preservation environment of cultural relics in real time, including temperature, humidity, light, gas, etc., and make timely adjustments according to the changes of these data, so as to prolong the life of cultural relics as much as possible. "Qian Ling said. For museums, safety is the most important and cultural relics are irreversible. Daily maintenance, frontier defense awareness and emergency plan are all necessary for every cultural protection unit. As far as fire prevention is concerned, different cultural relics have different fire extinguishing requirements. At the beginning of the establishment of large museums in China, the distribution of cultural relics in warehouses and the safety of fire prevention facilities have been considered. In case of fire, they will automatically spray corresponding fire extinguishing materials according to the materials of cultural relics, all in order to prevent the secondary damage to cultural relics. China National Museum uses170 380V air conditioning unit. Through the frequency conversion transformation of air conditioning units, units in different regions can meet the requirements of different cultural relics for different temperature and humidity, cleanliness and air freshness according to their own conditions. At the same time, there are five kinds of fire extinguishing systems in the fire supply room of China National Museum, which can meet the fire extinguishing needs of different regions and different functions, and a 750 cubic meter reservoir has been established, which can meet the continuous water supply of all systems for 2 hours. China National Museum Fire Protection System? Zhao Na/photo Although most of the current cultural protection units have established a rigorous, scientific and orderly system, the cultural protection work is still complex and meticulous. To our surprise, the warehouse door of Shandong Art Museum can withstand the fire of 1800 degrees for 3 hours and flood for 24 hours, but some bugs make the management of the collection department a headache. Guo Zhenyu said: "Pests are very common in cultural relics and collections, and sometimes there are bugs in the works brought by artists when they collect them, which is extremely harmful to the collection of art galleries. Once bugs or fungi have settled in the art gallery, it is difficult to drive them away, so this work must be isolated and sealed. Therefore, before the collection is put into storage, we will do extremely detailed inspection to eliminate pests in the inspection area. "The Zhejiang Art Museum has special disinfection and sterilization equipment for cultural relics and artworks in the disinfection and cleaning room. By vacuumizing, pumping oxygen and filling with nitrogen, organisms can't survive for a few minutes in this oxygen-free environment. Generally, collections that have long been worried about pests and diseases should be sealed in this equipment for one week to half a month before they can be put into storage. In the protection of cultural relics and works, many domestic cultural and artistic institutions lack professional and orderly management mechanisms. It is an urgent problem to establish a relatively stable cultural relics protection team with both professional knowledge and practical work experience, and at the same time, to have a perfect tourist safety management system. According to Ying Jinfei, director of Zhejiang Art Museum, Zhejiang Art Museum tries to establish a perfect supervision mechanism in strengthening the management of "people", such as implementing the responsibility system for safety management, signing safety agreements for foreign visitors, implementing the principle of "one exhibition and one policy" for visitors to the museum, and determining the responsibility for project safety. At the same time, Zhejiang Art Museum also pays special attention to strengthening the protection of cultural relics by using new technologies. Every year, Zhejiang Art Museum uses all financial subsidies for safety work, and carries out several large-scale safety equipment and facilities upgrading projects, such as the digital transformation of security monitoring system, the upgrade of face access control system, the overall upgrade of security, and the installation of fire gas fire extinguishing system. Among them, the 20 17 overall security upgrade project has enabled Zhejiang Art Museum to reach the first-class protection standard. " Ying Jinfei said. New changes brought by new technology and new thinking After the Notre Dame fire, the reconstruction work began soon, based entirely on digital scanning, architectural panorama, 3D and detailed drawings that were completed several years ago. Although, as Liu Jianye thought, it may not be difficult to restore it with modern technology, the restored minaret is not a cultural relic, even if it is perfect, it is just a vivid new building. However, with the intervention of information technology in the protection of cultural heritage, the digital protection and display of museums around the world has indeed provided new opportunities for the development of museums. With the passage of time, the cultural relics themselves will also change. Even if there are no external accidents, it is very beneficial to completely retain the cultural relics information of each time period. "Qian Ling said. 20 16 The physical information such as images and pictures of all cultural relics in Tianjin Museum has been collected, and the three-dimensional and holographic information of three-dimensional cultural relics is being preserved. The emergence of new technology provides us with better results, but another problem that comes with it is that the rapid development and upgrading of science and technology need more and more information. The information collected before needs to be constantly improved with the change of the media used. From the previous film information to digital information to three-dimensional information, the requirements for accuracy are getting higher and higher. So this is a never-ending work that needs to be updated repeatedly. The measures taken by the French rescue team in the Notre Dame fire in Paris are worth learning. This reminds us that the rescue of cultural relics should also be included in our research field of vision. We often think more about preservation, but how to save it has not been given relevant thinking and research. In fact, no one can guarantee that the disaster will be completely avoided. Only by taking precautions and making preparations, once the disaster comes, can the loss be minimized. Xu Zhongou, former dean of the School of Urban Design of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, believes that we should consider two points about cultural relics: one is daily protection, and the other is rescue after sudden disasters. Protection is to determine the targeted protection methods according to the different materials and characteristics of cultural relics; Rescue should be designed in advance, and different schemes should be designed according to different situations. Both should be carried out on the basis of scientific, reasonable and rigorous planning. Cultural relics protection is not just a matter for cultural institutions. Cultural relics are the wealth of the whole society and all mankind. Protecting and cherishing them should also be the responsibility of everyone in the whole society. Link: China's cultural heritage fire accident at home and abroad. On June 65438+1October 65438+September 2003, the ancient building complex of Wudang Mountain, a world cultural heritage, suddenly caught fire in the main hall of Zhengong Palace and was reduced to ashes. On June 20th, 2004, the West Annex Hall of Beijing Huguo Temple, which was built in Yuan Dynasty, was burned down. 2010165438+1October 13, Tsinghua school, one of the landmark buildings in Tsinghua University, caught fire, covering an area of about 800 square meters. On May 9th, 20 1 1, a fire broke out in the pharmacist tower of Jiming Temple in Nanjing, and the Buddha statues, shrines and utensils in the tower were damaged. 20 1 1 On May 28th, 2008, the Qing Yu Bridge in Wuyishan, a national key cultural relic protection unit and a "living fossil" in the form of bridge architecture in the world, witnessed the historical vicissitudes of Wuyishan, was burned down. March, 2065438 165438 A fire broke out in Xianwen Lane, Guangyi Street, Old Town of Lijiang, which destroyed the house 107, with an area of 2243.46 square meters. 2013165438+1On October 28th, the Fengshui Covered Bridge in Zhuoshui Ancient Town, Qianjiang, Chongqing, which is known as the "No.1 Covered Bridge in Asia", was burned down. 20 14 65438+ 10/1,the fire in Dukezong ancient city, Shangri-La County, Yunnan Province, which has the reputation of "moonlight city", destroyed most of the buildings in the ancient city and turned the core area of the ancient city with a history of 1300 years into ruins. 2065438+200465438+1On October 25th, a fire broke out in Baojingdong Village, zhenyuan county, Guizhou. This 300-year-old Dong village, once the best-preserved village in China, was burned down. On March 3rd, 2065438, a fire broke out in Yuan Zhi Temple, an ancient temple in Shanxi Province, which was built during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty. The roof of the Thousand Buddha Hall was burned and the murals in the hall were damaged. 20 14 12 12 A fire broke out in Jiuji Miao Village in Jianhe County, Guizhou Province, which caused serious damage to the ancient Miao Village with a history of more than 600 years. 20 15 1.3, Chen Gong Building in Nanzhao Town, Weishan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province was completely destroyed by fire. On March 27th, 20 15, a fire accident occurred in the ancestral hall of ancient buildings in Xinglong Mountain, Gansu Province, with an area of about133m2. 2065438+On May 3, 20071day, a fire broke out in Gao Fengshan Taoist Temple, Pengxi County, Sichuan Province, which destroyed 728.9 square meters of buildings. 2065438+07100/30, 17, a fire broke out in the East Attached Hall of Horyuji, Dachengzi Town, Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. 20 17 12 10 The Lingguan Building in jiulong town, Mianzhu City, Sichuan Province, which was being rebuilt due to the 2008 earthquake, was burned down by the fire in the main hall. 20 18 12.27, Shunyuan Building, the most unique earth building in Fujian, was burned down by the whole building. 20 19 16, a fire broke out at Dongyue Temple in Yunyan Temple, jiangyou city, Sichuan, with an area of 120 square meters, and the main building of the main hall was burned down. On September 2, 2004, a major fire broke out in Weimar Library, a world cultural heritage. More than 50,000 precious books were burned, including orphan 1.25 million, and another 62,000 books were seriously damaged. This ancient building, designed by Renaissance architect Nicole Graumann, was also severely damaged. On February 10, 2008, Chonglimen, known as Korea's "first national treasure", was set on fire. The restoration was completed and reopened in 20 13, and it was set on fire again on 9 March 20 18. Fortunately, it was discovered in time and did not cause great disaster. In 2008, a fire broke out in the Industrial Palace in Prague, Czech Republic. It is a model of Art Nouveau architecture and was built in 189 1. 20 12 on February 28th, a fire broke out in the Laussel-Belozerski Palace (historical wax museum) in St. Petersburg, which was built in 1848. 2012 March 10, the history can be traced back to the fire at Holca Castle in Crasner, a famous Slovak monument in the middle ages. On March 4th, 20 14, a major fire broke out at Repin Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, Russia, which was founded in 1757. 2065438+20051October 30th, 65438+2005, a huge fire broke out in the Institute of Science and Information Society of Russian Academy of Sciences, covering an area of over 2,000 square meters, which affected the library and damaged 6,543,800 books. 20 16 On April 26th, a fire broke out in the National Museum of Natural History of India, and the museum was burned down. On September 2nd, 20 18, the National Museum of Brazil, one of the oldest buildings in Brazil, was burned down, leaving only 10% of more than 20 million collections, thus burning Brazil's history of more than 200 years. On March 26th, 20 19, a fire broke out in capel manuscript library in St. Louis, USA, one of the largest manuscript collections in the world. On April 5, 20 19, a fire broke out in Notre Dame de Paris, France, and the whole building was seriously damaged. (This link is part of the data since 2000. )