The main achievement was the collection of nearly 20,000 boxes of opium, about 2.37 million Jin, from Britain. Daoguang 19 (1June 3, 839) was publicly destroyed at Humen Beach on April 22nd.
The origin of the name
Then, learn and imitate.
Xu Zhifu, governor of Fujian, Xu Sizeng.
Fu Yuan means to emulate Governor Xu Sizeng.
Shao Mu, a native, according to Cheng Enze's poem "Zhang Ju He Tu Gu Nian", on the night of Lin Zexu's birth, Lin Binri "dreamed of the phoenix flying", which immediately reminded people of Xu Ling, a genius of the Southern Dynasties who thought it was a good omen, so he named his son "Zexu".
In the third year of Jiaqing (1798), Lin Zexu entered the Aofeng Academy. In the 9th year of Jiaqing (1804), he served as secretary of tongzhi of coastal defense in Xiamen, and later joined the Zhang Shicheng shogunate, the governor of Fujian. In the 16th year of Jiaqing (18 1 1), Jishi Shu, a scholar, was selected for editing. He has served as deputy examiner in Jiangxi Province and examiner in Yunnan Province. In the twenty-fifth year of Jiaqing (1820), he was appointed as the supervisor of Jiangnan Road, transferred to Hangjiahu Road in Zhejiang Province, repaired seawalls, built water conservancy and developed agriculture, which was quite political. A patriotic politician who advocated banning opium and resisting aggression during the Opium War. Historians call him "the first person who opened his eyes to see the world" in modern China.
[Edit this paragraph] Life profile
teenagers
Lin Zexu, born on July 26th (1August 30th, 785) in the 50th year of Qianlong, was a lower feudal intellectual family in Gudong Street, Houguan, Fujian (now Gulou District, Fuzhou). My father Lin Binri teaches reading and lectures for a living. I can't make a living on my father's meager income from teaching in a private school, so my mother uses manual labor to share the embarrassment at home.
In the imperial examination era, Lin Zexu's parents expected their son to develop and rise in his official career. Lin Zexu is very clever. At the age of 4, my father "hugged the school" and dictated four books and five classics. Under the careful cultivation of my father, I read Confucian classics earlier. After being a scholar in Jiaqing for three years (1798) and 14 years old, he went to the famous Aofeng Academy in Fujian and studied under Zheng Guangce and Chen Shouqi who had practical knowledge. Under the influence of my father and relatives and friends, I began to pay attention to practical learning. Jiaqing nine years (1804), aged 20, was promoted. Lin Zexu has made amazing achievements in his studies because of his father's pure education. However, since then, due to family difficulties, I went out to be a teacher. In the autumn of 11th year (1806), Fang Yongqing hired him as the Tongzhi Department of Xiamen Coastal Defence. The opium smoke here caught his attention. In the same year, Zhang Shicheng, the new governor of Fujian, appreciated him and was recruited into the shogunate. He learned a lot of anecdotes of the Qing Dynasty, knowledge of military affairs, punishment, ceremony and music, and experience of officialdom, which prepared some necessary conditions for his future "official career".
Enter officialdom
In the 16th year of Jiaqing (18 1 1), Lin Zexu was selected as a scholar and chose Jishi Shu from imperial academy, thus realizing his parents' desire to be an official. Nineteen years (18 14). Since then, he has served as an assistant, author officer, day student, Qing Mi Tang, deputy examiner of Jiangxi Province, examiner of Yunnan Province, and Taoist supervisor of Jiangnan. During the reign of Jing Guan, he was determined to be an honest official who helped the world and corrected the current situation. Therefore, he "studied literature". In order to be familiar with political affairs, "it is beneficial to study the mind and the world, although this is in the case of secret and Cao Liu." The gains and losses of personnel administration are completely verified. "In his seven years as an official, he has extensively collected dozens of experts' lectures and writings on water conservancy construction in Jifu since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and wrote the Book on Water Conservancy in the North. It is clearly pointed out in the book that "water is suitable for Zhili rice, and water can make farmland" and "agriculture is a matter of the world and rice is a matter of farmers". It is believed that only by developing water conservancy in North China, advocating rice planting and solving the problem of transporting grain from south to north on the spot can the problem of transporting grain from south to north and its accumulated disadvantages be solved reasonably. In the 24th year of Jiaqing (18 19), Lin Zexu once participated in Xuannan Poetry Club, a literary group of some literati in Beijing, met Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan and others, and performed poetry singing activities in the poetry club.
In July of the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820), Lin Zexu was appointed as Foreign Minister of Hangjiahu Road, Zhejiang Province. He actively recruited talents and suggested building seawall water conservancy, which was quite successful. However, he found it difficult to cope with all kinds of obstacles in his official career, and once vented his anguish of "supporting the left and lacking the right" and "sighing for the official". Finally, in July of the following year, he resigned and went home on the pretext that his father was ill. Lin Zexu did a lot of good things for the people, but because of impatience, people wrote "Curing Anger" and hung it in the hall as a warning.
In the second year of Daoguang (1822), he returned in April and served as Huaihai Road in Jiangnan, Zhejiang. Before taking up his post, he served as the salt transport ambassador of Zhejiang Province, rectifying the salt administration, and achieved results. Lin Zexu was favored by Daoguang and soon entered the rising period of officialdom. In the first month of Daoguang's third year (1823), he served as Jiangsu provincial judge. During his tenure, he rectified the bureaucracy, cleared up the accumulated cases, rehabilitated unjust imprisonment, and banned opium poisoning, a social malpractice. On the occasion of summer and autumn in Jiangsu this year, hungry people in Hadren and Songjiang gathered to tell about the disaster, and the threat will change. Lin Zexu opposed the transfer of troops to suppress, personally went to Songjiang to resettle the victims and took a series of disaster relief measures to ease class contradictions. At the end of the year, after returning from the pilgrimage, Jiangning was appointed as the ambassador, and Lin Zexu was put in charge of disaster relief affairs in the whole province. However, in the autumn of Daoguang four years, Lin Zexu was bereaved by his parents and kept at home. It was not until the first month of the tenth year that he became an official again.
In the seventh year of Daoguang (1827), he was appointed as Shaanxi provincial judge and acting minister in June, and was transferred to Jiangning minister in June. While waiting for the handover, there was a flood in Lueyang, southern Shaanxi, so I temporarily stayed in Shaanxi, went to Lueyang to inspect the disaster situation, resettled the affected people, and participated in the relocation of the county. During my trip to and from southern Shaanxi, I visited Sean Temple in Bai Zi, Zhuge Liang's Tomb in Dingjun Mountain and Wuhou Temple. He wrote in the poem "Dingjun Mountain Visits Wuhou Tomb": "Although the big star has fallen, the first-line imperial program is called Liu Han. He who holds his knees knows wind music and bows until the end of the week. Residents shed tears in cold water, and the dark wind is high in the month, so Qishan is the foundation of autumn. Back to the first army, the army is undecided and the tomb door is locked. "
Ten years of Daoguang's mourning (1830) ended. In the tenth year of Daoguang (1830), he was appointed Minister of Hubei Province in the autumn, and transferred to Minister of Henan Province in the following spring as Governor of Donghe. From June to July of the following year, Lin Zexu served as special envoy for deployment in Hubei, Henan and Jiangning. "-At the age of 18, corrupt officials everywhere in the three provinces were eager to ease the situation. Jiang Chen valued his talent and they all fell in love with him. "For the long-term interests of the Qing Dynasty, he was determined to rectify the finances, build water conservancy projects and provide disaster relief. "He was once famous in the world." 10, promoted to Hedong governor. In the face of major issues related to Jiang Minsheng, in order to "eliminate disadvantages, save money and strive for strength", we are determined to "break our feelings" and "do things according to the rules". In order to harness the Yellow River, I personally braved the cold wind, walked hundreds of miles, inspected thousands of spare water control straws, and studied the topography and water flow along the river. Painting is easy to understand and manage.
In February of the 12th year of Daoguang (1832), he was transferred to the governor of Jiangsu. From this year to sixteen years, he has made great achievements in agriculture, water conservancy, disaster relief and official management, especially advocating new farming techniques and popularizing new farm tools. In practice, he realized: "Soil fertility needs manpower, and soil work belongs to agricultural work." The more channel dredging, the more land benefits. "Lin Zexu's farming thought was experienced in the actual investigation. In the 12th year of Daoguang (1833), a flood occurred in Jiangsu province. Lin Zexu, regardless of the deadline for reporting the disaster and the imperial court's reprimand, made a detailed statement of the disaster, called for delaying the recruitment of Cao Fu, and put forward the requirements of "more breadth, more training and more vitality", which objectively played a favorable role in developing production and alleviating people's difficulties. At the same time, he analyzed that Wusong River, Huangpu River, He Lou and Baimao were in disrepair, which led to flooding and siltation year by year, so he decided to build Baimao, He Lou and seawall, which played a certain role in the history of water conservancy in China. During this period, Lin Zexu raised objections to the financial and trade policies of the Qing Dynasty and opposed the total ban on foreign money. He proposed a set of homemade silver coins to Daoguang Emperor for the first time in diplomacy and established his own silver standard system. This is the forerunner of China's modern monetary reform. This is also an advanced idea to adapt to changes in the political and economic situation, protect domestic industrialists and businessmen, protect the independent development of the national economy, and resist the economic aggression of western capitalism.
In the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837), he was promoted to Governor of Huguang. Facing the frequent flooding of rivers in Hubei every summer, Lin Zexu took effective measures and put forward the idea of "focusing on repair and prevention" to achieve "Jianghan long dike, An Lan Puqing, branch dike in the river, no overflow", which made indelible contributions to protecting the life and property safety of counties along Jianghan. At the same time, Lin Zexu rectified the bureaucracy and severely punished corruption and bribery. "To be upright, be upright first." "Teaching by example is more important than teaching by example." Lin Zexu attaches great importance to self-discipline, sets an example in everything and is a teacher everywhere. When he took office in Hubei, he issued a "pass" to enter Hubei, and flattery and extortion were prohibited along the way. During his tenure as governor, he still maintained the style of "doing everything impartially". Lin Zexu was conscientious in her work and was the most honest and capable maid-in-waiting in officialdom at that time. She was honest and selfless and deeply loved by the masses.
[Edit this paragraph] Opium prohibition and its subsequent experience
At that time, the opium problem gradually became one of the political disputes. In the 16th year of Daoguang (1836), Miss Xu Naiji of Taichang Temple advocated the theory of "prohibition" and asked the people to sell cigarettes to legalize opium smuggling. In the 18th year of Daoguang (1838), Huang Jue, the minister of Lu Hong Temple, put forward the theory of "no smoking", which focused on the treatment of food intake. Lin Zexu once played in the imperial court, demanding the prohibition of opium. Without waiting for the emperor's instructions, it began to strictly ban smoking in the whole province, collecting tobacco soil, tobacco paste and smoking utensils, and preparing "addiction pills" for people to quit smoking, with outstanding results. Later, a memorial was made to emphasize the importance of smoking ban, especially the eradication of opium sources and the general plan of smoking ban. In response to the opposition's rebuttal, it is emphasized that "the law should be strict, and if it is still ignored, there will be few soldiers in the Central Plains to defend against the enemy and no money to pay". The indecisive Daoguang Emperor realized the urgency, necessity and possibility of banning opium, so he was forced to accept the idea of smoking ban and decided to ban it. 1 1 month15th (65438+3 1 30th February), Daoguang sent Lin Zexu as an imperial envoy to Guangdong to investigate the smoking ban.
Before entering Guangzhou, Lin Zexu first found out the opium poisoning situation in Guangzhou, searched various cigarette houses and got a lot of first-hand information. In the 19th year of Daoguang, he arrived in Guangzhou in the first month [1March, 839], and on the fourth day of February (March, 65438+March, 2009), together with Deng Yanzhen, Lin Zexu summoned thirteen foreign businessmen, ordered them to hand over an imperial edict, and ordered foreign opium merchants to pay cigarettes within a time limit. However, foreign businessmen refused to hand it over. After resolute struggle, they defeated the British commercial supervision law and opium dealers in China, and confiscated nearly 20 thousand boxes of opium, about 2.37 million kilograms. On April 22nd (June 3rd), it was destroyed in public at Humen Beach. Daoguang18165438+1October 15, and Lin Zexu was appointed as an imperial envoy. The coming 1839 is the most important year in the history of smoking ban and the most brilliant year in Lin Zexu's life.
During the opium ban, Lin Zexu wrote couplets in his office: "All rivers run into the sea; The couplet "No desire is just" is vivid and meaningful. Shanglian earnestly warned itself that to do things well and be in an invincible position, we must listen to different opinions extensively; The second part of the alliance encourages itself that officials must resolutely put an end to selfish desires in order to stand upright in the world like a mountain. This spirit advocated by Lin Zexu is admirable and a lesson for future generations.
March 1839, 10 Lin zexu arrived in Guangzhou after a two-month journey. Ten thousand people in Qian Shan are crowded on both sides of the Pearl River, and everyone is eager to see the elegant demeanour of an imperial envoy. The whole of Guangzhou is waiting, listening to the voice of the imperial envoys. Lin Zexu's answer was that two notices posted outside Yuanmen the next day, "Receipt and Submission", stated that the purpose of the imperial envoy to Guangzhou was to investigate the Haikou incident. Another "Model Draft of Customs Defence" is no different from the first declaration of the imperial envoy's visit, and it is the first time to issue the voice of taking anti-smoking action. This announcement is the first public appearance of Lin Zexu as an imperial envoy to Guangzhou officials, people and foreigners. It not only declares the world clean again, but also aims to drive away slaves in extremely complicated situations. Lin Zexu's diary records that he lived in Yuehua College that day.
1March 839,1March 8, Lin zexu issued two imperial edicts. On March 19, foreigners were forbidden to leave Guangzhou. On March 2 1 day, the business hall was surrounded. On March 22nd, he ordered the arrest of British opium dealers.
With the arrival of British business supervision law in China, the contradiction naturally shifted to him. On the day of arrival, Lin Zexu ordered all foreign ships moored on the Huangpu River to seal their cabins, blocked the business hall that night, and evacuated all waiters and China employees. However, Yi Fa is a real hooligan. In the face of Lin Zexu's orders, he reneged and used despicable means of hooliganism, blackmail, deception and lying alternately. Yi Fa is crafty, but he is no match for Lin Zexu. On March 28th, he gave Lin Zexu "20283 boxes of cigarettes paid according to the law".
Lin Zexu 1839 arrived in Guangzhou on March 10, and Yiliu was forced to agree to hand over all the opium on March 28th, totaling *** 18 days, which fully demonstrated Lin Zexu's victory in the first round of opium collection.
After consulting with Deng Tingzhen and others, Lin Zexu made impeccable instructions and arrangements on the site selection, acceptance, escort, custody, custody and guarding of the collection.
On April 10, Lin Zexu and Deng personally went to Humen to check the preparation before collection.
In April 1 1, the collection began, and Lin Zexu personally supervised the whole collection process.
May 18, used for 34 days, * * * collected 19 187 boxes and 210/9 bags, with a total weight of1188/kloc.
During the collection, Lin Zexu constantly supervised this complicated process. Working day and night, meticulous, no mistakes. Paying cigarettes won a great victory, but how to deal with such a huge amount of opium? Foreigners speculated that China might monopolize opium and legalize the opium trade, but they were wrong. Lin Zexu reported to Daoguang, asked to verify the physical quantity, and then burned it. Daoguang expressed great trust in Lin Zexu. He asked Lin Zexu, Deng Tingzhen, Yiliang and others to destroy the confiscated opium on the spot.
On June 3, under the command of Lin Zexu, Humen destroyed opium for 23 days, which declared to the world the determination of the Chinese nation never to yield to aggression. The destruction of opium in Humen is an unprecedented feat in human history. Humen's destruction of opium shows the unparalleled great image of the Chinese nation and is a victory against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu is of course the organizer, commander and finisher of this event. In this sense, he has become a historical giant without shame.
Before 170, Britain was the largest imperialist country in the world at that time. He constantly plundered colonies all over the world, trying to open the door to China with opium.
The drug trafficking center of foreign cigarette dealers in Guangzhou. 1838, the local government in Guangzhou executed a China opium dealer, but the British tobacco dealer came out to obstruct it, which aroused the indignation of the people in Guangzhou. 1839 In February, more than 10,000 people demonstrated in front of hotels where foreigners lived, denouncing the crime of foreign tobacco companies interfering in China's internal affairs.
1In March of 839, Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou, and the anti-smoking movement started rapidly. While stepping up the rectification of coastal defense, he strictly closed the cigarette dealers; On the one hand, foreign tobacco dealers are restricted from handing in opium. Lin Zexu said in a notice to foreign tobacco merchants: "The minister will not return until the opium is exhausted." Because of Lin Zexu's firm attitude, strong measures and the support of the people, foreign tobacco dealers were forced to hand over more than 20 thousand boxes of opium.
Lin Zexu ordered the public destruction of opium in Humen and led officials of all sizes to personally supervise it. He asked people to put opium in two dug ponds, put salt water in the ponds, soak the opium for a long time, and add quicklime, which will boil raw water and then destroy the opium. It took 22 days to destroy all the seized opium. This is the world-famous Humen destroying opium.
The just action of selling cigarettes won the support of the broad masses of the people. Humen beach is watched by tens of thousands of people every day, and people applaud. Seeing this situation, foreigners also admire Lin Zexu's determination to ban smoking.
The Opium War in Humen was a glorious page in China's anti-imperialist struggle in modern history. The victory of the anti-smoking movement led by Lin Zexu was the first great victory in the history of China people's anti-aggression struggle. This feat safeguarded the dignity and interests of the country and enhanced the fighting spirit of the people of China.
In the process of investigating opium in Guangzhou, Lin Zexu realized that Britain would launch a war of aggression. To defeat the enemy, we need to know ourselves. Through all kinds of analysis and research, he reached the conclusion of turning an enemy into a friend, which is Wei Yuan's summary of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners". So Lin Zexu personally presided over and organized a translation team to translate foreigners' remarks about China into Petrochemical Yi Yan, which was an official "reference news" in China at that time. In order to understand foreign military, political and economic information, Guangzhou Weekly sponsored by British businessmen was translated into Macau News. In order to understand the geography, history and politics of the west, he also organized the translation of the Encyclopedia of World Geography written by the Englishman Murray, and compiled it into The Chronicles of Four Continents, which was the first book in modern China to systematically introduce western geography. He also translated Vattel's International Law. One of them stipulates: "All countries have the right to ban the import of foreign goods." This shows that the ban on smoking in China is in full compliance with international law. On the military side, we will strengthen and improve the coastal defense forces. Lin Zexu specially bought more than 200 new cannons from foreign countries and deployed them on Haikou Fort. In order to improve military technology, materials such as gun aiming methods and warship books were collected and sorted out. Lin Zexu dared to learn the spirit of foreign advanced science and technology and was highly praised by people. He is called "the first person who opened his eyes to see the world." Although Lin Zexu's understanding of the West is superficial, and his contact with Western learning is out of diplomatic and military needs, after all, he created an atmosphere of learning and studying the West in modern China, which played an enlightening role in China's modern reform thought.
British colonialists refused to give up the evil opium trade and planned to invade China by force. Lin Zexu banned smoking in Guangdong. "While actively preparing for the war, he built forts and pulled wooden chains to stop the river. He believed that' the people's hearts can be used' and recruited more than 5,000 fishermen to form a water brave, which repeatedly defeated the British provocation. 1839 In the second half of the year, it won the counter-offensive campaigns such as the Battle of Kowloon and the Battle of Chuanbi Piping. Blind and proud, Daoguang Emperor ordered to stop British trade. On the first day of December in the 19th year of Daoguang (1840 1.5), the Qing court awarded Lin Zexu the post of governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. After the Opium War broke out, Dinghai fell, and Qishan went to Guangzhou and Lin Zexu did the opposite. Under the threat and inducement of the British invaders, he signed the "Chuanbi Cao Yue" without authorization, ceded Hong Kong and paid 6 million yuan for tobacco. But he blamed all this on Lin Zexu.
Lin Zexu was meritorious in resisting Britain, but was framed by the capitulators and dismissed by Daoguang. "He was sent to Yili to atone for his sins." He endured humiliation and set foot on the road in the 21st year of Daoguang (184 1 July 14). On the way to Xu, I still care about my country and people, and I don't feel sorry for my personal frustrations. When I said goodbye to my wife in the ancient city of Xi 'an, I wrote an inspiring poem full of anger, "Would you like to live and die for your country? Do you want to avoid it because of disaster? " This is an expression of his patriotic feelings and a portrayal of his temperament and personality.
Daoguang arrived in Xinjiang on November 9th, 21st. Despite his advanced age and declining physical strength, Lin Zexu visited eight cities in southern Xinjiang from Yili to "Three Wan Li in the Western Regions", which deepened his understanding of the importance of border defense in northwest China. Lin Zexu's translation materials found that Russia threatened China, which prompted him to resist Britain's and Russia's national defense thought and became the pioneer of modern "anti-blockade theory". Therefore, he clearly proposed to the Ili general Bu Yantai that he should prepare for the "battle of ploughing". He also led the masses to build water conservancy projects and popularize karez and spinning wheels. People call it "Lin Gong Jing" and "Lin Che" to commemorate his achievements. Based on his many years of investigation in Xinjiang, Lin Zexu pointed out the seriousness of the threat posed by Russia when Russia threatened the Qing court to open Ili, and issued a warning at the end of his life, "After all, it is Russia!" Lin Zexu's foresight has been confirmed by later history.
In the twenty-fifth year of Daoguang (1845), Lin Zexu was reused by the imperial court and transferred to the governor of Shaanxi, Gansu and Yunnan. Daoguang was recalled to Beijing in September 25 years ago as an alternate, 1 1 month acting as the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu. In April of the 26th year (1846), he was awarded the governor of Shaanxi and arrived in Shaanxi on the 9th day of July (August 30th). At this time, various social contradictions in Shaanxi were very acute: during the Opium War, the Qing court not only allocated the salt tax collected by Shaanxi, but also forced Shaanxi to donate more than one million yuan. After the Opium War, the reparations paid to foreign invaders were also distributed to Shaanxi. xianning and Chang 'an counties in Xi 'an County collected more than 22,000 taels of reparations each year, equivalent to one third of the total reparations. Coupled with the continuous disasters in various places, the life of working people is extremely difficult; The "swordsman" in Weinan, Fuping, Sanyuan, Dali, Pucheng and other places joined hands with local Muslims to confront the government in succession.
After Lin came to power, he ordered to crack down on "knights" and stipulated that those who suppressed effective officials should be invited to the court to award prizes; At the same time, a series of disaster relief measures have been taken. On the one hand, more than one million mangoku grain reserves in Xi 'an and other places are distributed to the poor, and the poor households and the old, weak and sick who can't afford food are formally adopted, and the provincial capital Xi 'an adopts three or four thousand poor households; Persuade gentry, businessmen and rich households to pay for food to help poor households in the village, and make local officials and rich households buy cattle as collateral so as not to affect farming; On the other hand, the Qing court also contacted with "drought-stricken households to postpone the levy of discounts" and "grain and stone exhibitions in 12 counties such as Xianning were restricted", requesting the court to postpone the levy of money and grain. In order to avoid the disaster fundamentally, he proposed to build water conservancy projects in Guanzhong, and ordered Shaanxi Governor Zhang to study the book "Notes on Scenic Spots in Guanzhong" and put forward a plan. Because of the high cost, the plan failed to come true. Through the above methods, Lin temporarily stabilized the situation in Shaanxi, but he fell ill because of fatigue and had to ask for leave from the court for three months to open the gap for medical treatment.
In March of the 27th year of Daoguang (1847), the Qing court appointed Lin Zexu as the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou. After taking office, in order to maintain the stability of Yunnan border, he added Prince Taibao and rewarded Hualing. In the autumn of twenty-nine years (1849), I returned to my hometown for treatment due to illness, and returned to Houguan in March of the following year. In September, he was appointed as an imperial envoy by the Qing court and went to Guangxi to suppress the anti-Qing armed uprising. He started from Houguan with illness and died in Puning Pavilion, Chaozhou on1October 19 (1850165438+1October 22). Before Mourning Biao arrived in Beijing, the Qing court ordered him to be the governor of Guangxi temporarily on1October 24 (165438+1October 27).
When he was the capital of Yunnan, he proposed to rectify Yunnan's mining policy, encourage private mining and promote business. This reflects that his thoughts contain budding capitalist thoughts. Daoguang twenty-nine years (1849), died of illness. Ended his political career. In the thirty years of Daoguang (1850), the Qing government suppressed the Taiping Army, and later appointed him as an imperial envoy to supervise the military affairs in Guangxi. 1850165438+1died suddenly in the pavilion in puning county, Chaozhou on October 22nd at the age of 66. After his death, he was given to the Prince Taifu, and he was given a T-shirt according to the example of the Governor. He has got all the punishment and paid tribute to Wen Zhong.
[Edit this paragraph] The British government's attitude towards opium trade
Regarding the opium trade, the attitude of the British government is very clear, and it is clearly stated in the instructions of Bama respecting the law of righteousness. 1June, 838 15, Bama Zun wrote:
"Regarding the opium smuggling trade mentioned in your letters 1837 1 1 month 18, 19 and1February 7, I must say that the purpose of Her Majesty's government's failure to intervene is to let British subjects destroy the countries where they trade. Therefore, the losses that these people may suffer due to the more effective implementation of China's laws on this issue must be borne by those who have caused losses due to their own actions. " [Selected Translation of British Opium War Archives (Volume I), p. 258, translated by Hu Bin, Zhonghua Book Company]
Later, when the British government decided to send armed forces to China, Bamazun still emphasized in the relevant instructions given to Iraq:
"Her Majesty's Government has no doubt that the Government of China has the right to ban the import of opium into China and to seize and confiscate any opium imported into China by foreigners or China nationals, regardless of whether the ban is properly formulated." [Selected Translation of British Opium War Archives (Volume II), p. 523]
When Yi Yi was dismissed for completely violating the instructions of the British government, Bamazun reiterated in a long instruction sent to the new plenipotentiary:
"Her Majesty's government has not made any demands on this matter (referring to the prohibition of opium) because they have no right to do so. The Government of China has every right to ban opium. If it wants to, British nationals engaged in contraband trade must bear the consequences of doing so. " [Selected Translation of British Opium War Archives (Volume II), p. 906]
For the opium trade, the righteous law said in the notice:
"The Chief Superintendent further issued a notice warning all British nationals engaged in the illegal opium trade in Humen. If China people come to Hong Kong because of serious death or any injury caused by British nationals or British nationals, British nationals or British nationals will be severely punished after being formally convicted, as if the crime was committed within the jurisdiction of the British Court of Westminster.
The Director-General further issued a circular warning all British people who own such sailboats, speedboats or boats assembled in other ways to engage in illegal opium trade in Humen: If the China government considers it appropriate to seize and confiscate these boats, the British government will never interfere.
The Director-General further issued a circular warning all British people who were employed by these sailboats, speedboats and other assembled vessels and engaged in the illegal opium trade in Humen: it is illegal to resist the China government officials who carried out the search and arrest mission by force, and they will bear the consequences and be punished in this way, just as the above-mentioned armed resistance is directed at the domestic government officials or any other foreign government officials. "Selected Translation of British Opium War Archives" (I), p. 350]
Even after being exiled to the sea by Lin Zexu because of the "Lin case", the clothing experts did not change their attitude towards the opium trade. In his letter to Bamaizun, he wrote that no one hates the shame and evil brought by this forced trade off the coast of China more than he does. I don't know how to choose between this trade and piracy. [Selected Translation of British Opium War Archives (I), p. 483]
As can be seen from these historical materials, the British government admitted that the Manchu government had the full right to stop opium smuggling and did not try to interfere with the anti-smoking measures they adopted.
[Edit this paragraph] Lin Zexu's works
Lin Zexu, a famous feudal politician and a representative of the landlord class reformists, has been in politics for 40 years and served in 13 province. Although as a feudal official, he had the idea of "loyalty to the monarch" and suppressed the uprising of ethnic minorities, at the critical moment when the Chinese nation was facing semi-colonialism, he stepped forward, "put aside misfortune and honor", resolutely banned smoking, resisted foreign armed aggression and defended national sovereignty and territory. It also advocates learning advanced western technology and developing national industry and commerce. This is the mainstream of his life activities and thoughts. Lin Zexu was the first national hero in modern China. Lin Zexu loves poetry and calligraphy all his life, and has written works such as Yunzuoshanfang Paper Money, Yunzuoshanfang Paper Money, Yunnan Grass Singing, Lin Wenzhong's Official Letter and Hogg Ji Cheng. Manuscripts, diaries, official letters, letters, poems, etc. after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC). Was compiled as a collection of Lin Zexu's works.
Lin zexu's couplet
A pair of couplets, written on dry paper, slightly shabby, wrote:
She left a good news in Yan Fengchun,
There is no cold in the ground, and spring is always there.
The bottom line is "Ding Chou gave Lin Zexu in the Year of Chou", followed by a traditional Chinese seal of "Shaomu" (this is not very clear, probably) and a traditional Chinese seal of "Lin Zexu". In addition, the word "Li" in couplets seems to be next to the word "wood", which is the word "bottle". Is it a "gift" or a other meaning?
Explanation:
1, "Shaomu" is another name for Gong Lin. 2. Swallows living in groups are swallows. Because they come on the day of the Spring Festival and go on the day of the Autumn Festival, poets call them social swallows. As for the Spring Festival and Autumn Festival, it is the folk custom of social celebrations around the country, mostly in the form of * * * music. 3. Every spring naturally means that spring has come and the swallows have returned. 4. Leaving a good language means that people have a good voice and good weather. 5. Cold valley originally refers to deep mountain canyon. Because of the lack of sunshine and cold, it is called cold valley. It is obvious that spring is warm and there is no cold everywhere. 6. The word "country" itself has this word, which means a shed or pigsty where firewood is piled. 7. At this point, the topic should be biased: Is there one or two vague words on this cultural relic? If it refers to the same place, it is necessary to strictly distinguish between "gifts" and "urns". If there is only one word "urn", there is no doubt that this work comes from Gong Lin himself, because the word "urn" is Gong Lin's own humble name for this house. With the seal of "Xiao Mu" as evidence, peace is gone! 8. Poetry has scenery and feelings, scenery is what you see and write, and feelings are songs and harmony!
Another pair:
The first part: the Sanyang realm of Kaiyuan scenery, and the second part: the fragrance of flowers and the spring of trees. Signed by Xin Chou's teenager Mulin Zexu. Here are two seals, followed by Lin Zexu's seal and Shao Mu's seal. They are all traditional Chinese characters.
[Edit this paragraph] Lin Zexu's famous poem
1. If children and grandchildren are like me, what will they do with money? If they are virtuous and have more money, they will lose their ambition. My children and grandchildren are not as good as me. What do you do with money? Stupid people get more money and their interests increase.
2. Tolerance is great; There is a great wall, and you are just without desire.
3. Lin Zexu said: Does every cloud has a silver lining avoid the country's life and death? What is tolerance? No desire is just, and a hundred schools of thought contend. If you want to fight tigers and leopards, your thesis should be based on reasoning and poetry. You are the first official with outstanding achievements and a good reputation.
4. Erqi Law of "Going to the Garrison to Show Your Family"
one
Don't be sad when you go out to laugh, but open your heart everywhere. Current affairs are difficult to establish, and senior officials are not born.
Looking back at the empty island, the wind and waves are counted nine times from the beginning. Don't believe the frivolous language of children and sneer at him for giving Zhao Lao a lampstand.
Secondly,
If you are weak and mentally exhausted for a long time, you will be exhausted. Based on this belief, I will serve my country at all costs, even at the expense of my own life, whether I am lucky or unlucky.
Exile is just the kindness of the king, and it is just right to keep humble and die. The play tells a story with his wife, trying to destroy the old scalp.
5. The sea is boundless; I am the mountain peak.