Question 2: Apart from educational resources being public resources, what else are public resources? When you say public resources, you should mean public social resources. There is a certain difference between the two.
I. Public resources
Public * * * resources, relative to private property resources, refer to naturally generated or existing resources that can provide human beings with natural materials and natural conditions for survival, development and enjoyment. The ownership of these resources is shared by all members of society, which is the basic condition for human social and economic development. For example: water resources, land resources, forest resources, marine resources, climate resources, mineral resources and other various animal and plant resources.
Second, public social resources.
Public social resources refer to resources used for public services other than natural resources, such as libraries, schools, hospitals, urban roads, urban parks, street lamps and bridges. These public facilities and articles are public property created by human long-term life, which can create necessary conditions for human survival and development, and are resources related to social public interests, quality of life, national economy and social sustainable development. Public social resources have the following obvious characteristics:
Male * * *. Social resources are non-exclusive resources, belonging to the state and all citizens. The right to use social resources should belong to the public and serve its interests. Therefore, any behavior that ignores the public welfare of social resources and monopolizes or monopolizes social resources is an infringement on public interests.
Externality, also known as external effect. Social resources are holistic. Once public social resources are destroyed, it will affect the overall value of public resources and have a negative impact on other users. For example, sewage discharged from factories pollutes rivers and causes losses to fisheries, which has a negative impact on victims.
Non-exclusiveness, that is, the separability of interests. Social resources are different from private resources, and their use is non-exclusive, that is, everyone in the collective has the right to use them. Public social resources can be used by all its members in a certain region and period of time, and others cannot be prevented from using them because some people use them. In order to reduce the conflict in its use and improve the use effect of public social resources, everyone must abide by certain rules. These rules are formulated on the basis of fully listening to the opinions of all members or representing the opinions of interest groups within a certain range.
Scarcity The scarcity of public resources leads individuals or interest groups in society to compete for the control of public resources, because once they have the ownership or use right of such resources, it means that they have obtained some monopoly interests. So * * * must ensure the reasonable and fair distribution of public resources.
Sociality. The benefits of public social resources are the integration of economic benefits, social benefits and ecological benefits. To evaluate the value of public social resources, we should not only pay attention to its economic value, but also pay attention to its social value, that is, behind its pursuit of economic value, we should also pursue social values including ecological value and environmental value. The greatest social value of public resources is to safeguard public interests and enhance public welfare, so that all public service resources can be enjoyed equally regardless of people's status, race, wealth and urban-rural differences, so that more members of society can enjoy public resources and get fair and just public services.
Question 3: What are the club events? What are the public resources? The more the better, the products or services between pure private goods and pure public goods are club goods. Obviously, club goods are different from private products and are not completely equivalent to public products.
Characterized in that:
First, external exclusivity. The goods of the club are only for the consumption of all members.
Second, non-competitive. The consumption of club goods by a single member will not affect or reduce the consumption of the same goods by other members.
Its characteristics are that, within a certain limit, it is non-competitive in consumption, like pure public goods; On the other hand, exclusion is sometimes feasible, just like personal belongings. Intercity highways, bridge parks, schools open to specific groups, swimming pools, beaches, cinemas, etc. Are typical examples of club goods. When individuals abuse this commodity and impose external costs on society, this commodity will have market failure. However, due to the feasibility of exclusion, the possible market failure of club goods can be overcome by club rules.
In economics, the so-called "public resources" refer to natural resources that meet the following two conditions: first, these resources are not owned by any individual or enterprise organization; Second, members of society can freely use these resources. These two conditions determine that public resources are competitive, but at the same time they are not exclusive.
Question 4: What is public service? All acts and activities related to state management belong to the category of public management. Public service management is an integral part of public service management. However, public service management and public administration management are different, and they are two different types and forms of public management. For example, the management of public education or public schools belongs to public service management, but the law enforcement and administrative management of education belongs to public administration. The four functions of public service, economic regulation, market supervision and social management are all undertaken by the state and belong to the work of public officials. Broadly speaking, all the work done by public officials using public power and resources can be regarded as public service. When a country is based on universal citizens, it is public, and its purpose and function are to serve the interests and needs of all citizens. In this sense, determined by the public nature of the country, all institutions in the national system, such as legislation, administration and justice, are institutions that provide public services, and the work of people working in these institutions is to provide public services. In China, this means that the staff of the National People's Congress, the courts, the State Council and other local state institutions are all engaged in public service. However, only by defining the concept of public service in a narrow, concrete and clear way can it have substantive significance in theory and practice, that is, providing public service is one of the main functions of the state, with its specific content and form, and can be distinguished from other functions of the state. In other words, public service is just another function of the state in parallel with economic regulation, market supervision and social management. Public service in a narrow sense does not include some functional activities such as economic regulation, market supervision and social management, that is, all administrative actions, regulatory actions to maintain market order and social order, and business actions that affect macroeconomics and society as a whole do not belong to public service in a narrow sense, because the similarity of these actions lies in their inability to make. As human beings, citizens have the needs of food, clothing, housing, survival, production, life, development and entertainment. These needs can be called the direct needs of citizens. As for macroeconomic stability, market order and social order, they are indirect needs of citizens' activities, not specific direct needs of citizens. Public services meet some direct needs of citizens' life, survival and development, and can benefit or enjoy citizens. For example, education is what citizens and their ward, that is, their children need. They can get some satisfaction from education and contribute to their life development. If public power or public resources are used in the process of education, it belongs to public education service. Law enforcement, supervision, taxation, registration and punishment are necessary for citizens to engage in economic development and social development, but these public activities do not meet some direct needs of citizens, and citizens will not enjoy them, but only meet the indirect public needs of citizens' activities, so they are similar. The concept of public service adopted by the author is narrow, that is, education, medical care, social security, ecological environment protection and other service activities that can meet the direct needs of citizens and are intervened by the state. Types of public services According to their contents and forms, public services can be divided into basic public services, economic public services, social public services and public safety services. Basic public service refers to providing basic services for citizens and their organizations to engage in activities such as production, life, development and entertainment through state power intervention or public resources investment, such as providing water, electricity, gas, transportation and communication infrastructure, post and telecommunications and meteorological services. Economic public service refers to all kinds of services provided for citizens and their organizations, that is, enterprises, to engage in economic development activities through state power intervention or public resources investment, such as science and technology promotion, consulting services, policy credit and so on. Public security service refers to the security services provided to citizens through the intervention of state power or the input of public resources, such as military, police, fire fighting and other services. Social public service refers to the service provided to meet the direct needs of civil society development activities through state power intervention or public resources investment. The fields of social development include education, popularization of science, health care, social security and environmental protection.
Question 5: What are basic public services? 1 content 5 points
The so-called basic public service refers to the basic social conditions based on certain social knowledge, according to the stage and overall level of a country's economic and social development, in order to maintain its economic and social stability, basic social justice and cohesion, safeguard the most basic rights of individuals to survive and develop, and realize the all-round development of people. Basic public services include three basic points. First, to ensure the basic rights of human survival (or the basic needs of survival), in order to achieve this goal, it is necessary for * * and society to provide everyone with basic employment security, basic old-age security, basic living security, etc. The second is to meet the needs of basic dignity (or dignity) and basic ability, which requires * * * and society to provide basic education and cultural services for everyone, and the third is to meet the needs of basic health, which requires * * * and society to provide basic health protection for everyone. With the development of economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the scope and level of basic public services in a society will gradually expand.
China * * * put forward the goal of equalization of basic public services, but the content of basic public services must be made clear at the operational level. From the reality of China, it can be defined by four criteria: basic, extensive, urgent and feasible. The so-called foundation refers to those public services that have an important impact on human development, and their lack will seriously affect human development. The so-called extensiveness. Refers to the public service supply that affects every family and individual in the whole society. The so-called urgency refers to public services that involve the most direct, realistic and urgent interests of society. The so-called feasibility means that the provision of public services should be adapted to a certain level of economic development and public finance capacity.
Judging from the above standards, compulsory education, public health and basic medical care, basic social security and public employment services are the most concerned and urgent public services for urban and rural residents. They are the public services that must be provided to establish a social safety net and ensure the basic rights to subsistence and development of all members of society, and have become the main contents of basic public services in China at this stage.
2 basic public service evaluation
The evaluation index system of basic public service capacity is divided into subjective evaluation and objective evaluation. Comprehensively and systematically investigate the level of local basic public services from two dimensions: public subjective feelings, objective input and results. Subjective evaluation mainly examines the satisfaction of urban residents with basic public services in fairness, convenience and integrity, and also focuses on the feelings and views of urban residents on the level of public services; The objective evaluation mainly examines the local government's financial investment in basic public services and the objective effects achieved.
At the operational level, subjective evaluation is more difficult and requires a large-scale independent, objective and fair social investigation. Third-party organizations have advantages in this respect. To this end, China Academy of Social Sciences and Tu Hua? The Red Collar Government Letter evaluated the basic public service capacity of the city from 20 10 to 20 1 1, which successfully entered the blue book of public services and opened a new era of basic public service evaluation.
3. Equalization of basic public services
The 12th Five-Year Plan of the National Basic Public Service System, which was released in July, 20 12, formulated the national basic standards of basic public services from the practical level, and defined the four main goals of effectively expanding supply, balanced development, convenient service and people's satisfaction, and finally realized the equalization of basic public services.
Expanding effective supply is the premise of equalization of basic public services. From an economic point of view, this includes not only expanding supply, but also increasing investment in basic public services (total amount and proportion) and effective supply, which requires optimizing and adjusting the allocation of social resources. From a political point of view, the goal of expanding the effective supply of basic public services is to maximize the value of representativeness, responsiveness and responsibility. With the transformation and development of society, * * * realizes its representativeness and responsibility to a greater extent through various systems or public policies, and responds to the growing demand of multi-stakeholders for basic public services. It is necessary to take the needs of all members of society as the guide, improve the national standard system for basic public services, and constantly improve the dynamic adjustment mechanism of standards. From the perspective of management, expanding the supply of effective basic public services is the basic measure and important way to change from a management-oriented society to a social management-oriented society. On the whole, the focus of social management lies in the result of expanding the supply of effective basic public services. In order to achieve the expected results, we can properly use various market competition mechanisms when providing products and services. We can use >>
Question 6: What public * * * services are included in public * * * services, which is the core concept of public * * * management and public * * * reform in the 20th century, including strengthening the construction of urban and rural public facilities, developing public utilities such as education, science and technology, culture, health and sports, and participating in social, economic, political and cultural activities for the public.
Public services can be divided into basic public services, economic public services, social public services and public safety services according to their contents and forms. Basic public service refers to providing basic services for citizens and their organizations to engage in activities such as production, life, development and entertainment through state power intervention or public resources investment, such as providing water, electricity, gas, transportation and communication infrastructure, post and telecommunications and meteorological services. Economic public service refers to all kinds of services provided for citizens and their organizations, that is, enterprises, to engage in economic development activities through state power intervention or public resources investment, such as science and technology promotion, consulting services, policy credit and so on. Public security service refers to the security services provided to citizens through the intervention of state power or the input of public resources, such as military, police, fire fighting and other services. Social public service refers to the service provided to meet the direct needs of civil society development activities through state power intervention or public resources investment. Social exhibition fields include education, popular science, health care, social security and environmental protection. Social public services are the direct social needs to meet the survival, life and development of citizens, such as public education, public medical care and public social welfare.
Question 7: What specific projects does the community service category include? Community service refers to public services and other material, cultural and life services provided directly to community members by * * *, community neighborhood committees and other forces. Abstract: At present, with the increasing diversification of China's economic composition, lifestyle, social organization form and employment form, more and more "unit people" have changed into "social people", and a large number of retirees, laid-off workers and floating population have entered the community. The material, cultural and living needs of community residents are increasingly diversified and multi-layered. Economic and social development and residents' various needs put forward new and higher requirements for community service. Strengthening and improving community service is conducive to expanding the party's ruling foundation and embodying the purpose of * * *; It is conducive to expanding employment, solving social problems, resolving social contradictions and promoting social harmony; It is conducive to continuously meeting the needs of residents, improving people's quality of life and promoting people's all-round development. At present, the focus of community service is: convenience and benefit service, [url] social assistance [/url], [url] social welfare [/url] and special group support service, re-employment service for laid-off workers and [url] social security [/url] service. Since China's reform and opening up, community service is a new social service mode that is close to the grassroots and serves residents. Features: 1. Community service is not only some social spontaneous and voluntary service activities, but also a guided, organized and systematic service system. 2. Community service is not an ordinary social service industry, but it is different from commercial social service industry; 3. Community service is not a social activity in which only a few people participate to provide services for others. It is a social welfare activity based on the participation of all residents in the community and combining self-help and mutual rescue. Function: 1. It will greatly promote the construction of material civilization and spiritual civilization in the community; 2. It can make community members have more public services, social welfare and leisure time, free people from heavy housework and improve people's quality of life; 3. It can make people concentrate more on productive labor and other social activities and create more social wealth; 4. Cultivate noble social morality and social atmosphere through extensive mass participation; 5. It is beneficial to early people's consciousness of subject, cooperation, law and discipline and culture, and to improve people's quality. Development Status: Since 1986, the Ministry of Civil Affairs advocated community service, which has expanded from the initial exploration of social welfare and employee welfare to a wider range of social life, and has played an important role in promoting economic development, social stability and improving people's quality of life. -The scope and content of community service have been expanded. At present, the items and contents of community service have basically covered all areas of residents' material life and spiritual life, and the service content has grown from 10 to more than 200 items, covering women, children, the elderly, the disabled, young and middle-aged people, entitled groups, community units and other groups. Community health, community culture, community environment, community public security, community safety and other services are widely carried out, and various convenient life service circles are constantly emerging. Especially with the establishment of market economy system, some community service enterprises began to provide socialized logistics services such as food delivery, parking and property management for residents and units in the community, which opened up a new field for the development of community service industry. At present, a comprehensive service system based on social assistance, including domestic service, property management, professional intermediary, psychological consultation and medical care, has been initially established. -service facilities and networks have begun to take shape. At present, there are 852 urban districts, 6 152 streets and 79,947 communities in China. Community service centers have been established in all urban areas and streets, and most neighborhood committees have established community service stations, forming a three-level community service network of districts, streets and neighborhood committees, which greatly facilitates residents' lives. At present, China has built 8479 community service centers, community service facilities195,000, and 665,000 convenience and benefit outlets. From 2000/kloc-0 to 2003, civil affairs departments at all levels raised 65.438+0.348 billion yuan, and established 32,000 activity homes for the elderly in cities and towns all over the country, effectively improving the service conditions for the elderly. At present, 40% of the country's community organization service rooms reach 100 square meters, 87% of the communities have community service centers (stations), and 93% of the communities have labor security offices ..... >; & gt
Question 8: What is social public service? Social public service refers to the service provided to meet the direct needs of civil society development activities through state power intervention or public resources investment.
Social public services are the direct social needs to meet the survival, life and development of citizens, such as public education, public medical care and public social welfare.
Public * * * service is the core concept of public administration and public * * * reform in the 2nd/Kloc-0th century, including strengthening the construction of urban and rural public facilities, developing public utilities such as education, science and technology, culture, health and sports, and providing guarantee for public participation in social, economic, political and cultural activities. Public services are based on cooperation, including strengthening the construction of urban and rural public facilities, emphasizing the service of public services and civil rights.
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Question 9: Interpretation of public resources: natural resources and social resources that are publicly owned and used by human society. Public resources are relative to private property resources. The former does not have any ownership, and it has outstanding non-exclusivity. Air and water, ecology and environment are all regarded as public property resources.
Question 10: What do you mean by paid use of social public resources? Social public resources belong to the whole society and must be shared by the whole society. However, it is difficult to do this in practice. In order to give full play to its role and embody fairness, when someone wants to occupy public resources, he must pay the price, that is, paid use.
Taxi: By the same token, not everyone can engage in this industry, so if you want to engage in this industry, you must pay.