On the exegesis of Confucian classics
In the exegesis of Confucian classics, Sun Yirang's representative works include Justice of Zhou Rites and Exegesis of Mozi. Zhou Li, also known as Zhou Guan, is divided into six chapters: Notes on Heavenly Officials, Local Officials Situ, Chun Guan Zongbo, Xia Guan Sima, Qiu Guan Sikou and Winter Lawsuit Empty (one chapter was lost in the early Han Dynasty and later supplemented by Kao). Sun Yirang thinks that the Book of Rites of Zhou Dynasty is a book of the Duke of Zhou's peace, written by the former king's politics and religion, and a summary of the legal system of Zhou Dynasty. However, since the Qin and Han dynasties, Confucianism has not been able to integrate. Zheng Xuan neglected simplicity and Jia Kui was too careless, so he began to write a book on 1873 and didn't finish the eighty-six volumes of Justice in the Book of Rites until 1899. It has been used for twenty-six years before and after. Sun Yirang's Book of Rites Justice, Book of Rites Justice, Book of Rites Justice, Book of Rites Justice and Book of Rites Justice provide strong evidence for Zhou Li's credibility. Zhang Taiyan praised Zhou Li as the ancient and modern theory. Liang Qichao also praised this book, saying that this book can be regarded as the last book in the Qing Dynasty and the best one.
Sun Yirang felt that the country was in danger of political corruption in the late Qing Dynasty, so he used Mozi to save money and work hard. This comprehensive Taoist skill can cope with the crisis, and his knowledge is enough to benefit the current situation. On the basis of finishing by scholars such as Bi Yuan, Wang Zhong and Wang Niansun in Qing Dynasty, after ten years of painstaking thinking, fifteen volumes of Notes on Mozi were written. After Sun Yirang's collection and explanation, Mozi has become a good book for people to read. Up to now, no collation of Mozi can surpass and replace Mozi Annotation. Especially, the elucidation of Xue Ming, optics, mechanics and other knowledge connected with modern western learning is inseparable from Sun Yirang's efforts. Even Mohism has become a prominent school in modern times. Liang Qichao commented in "The Academic History of China for Nearly 300 Years" that the revival of pre-Qin philosophers headed by Mozi is a key to ideological emancipation.
In the study of ancient Chinese characters
Sun Yirang's The Case of Wen Qi is the first research work on Oracle Bone Inscriptions in China. After Wang Yu 1899 discovered Oracle Bone Inscriptions, he was martyred the next year and neglected to record and study Oracle bones. 1903, Liu E compiled Oracle bones into "Hidden Tortoise in Iron Clouds" and said: I didn't expect to see this miracle every other year. I like to play. I tried my best to proofread it for two months, and the people who repeated it before and after participated in the interpretation of the other party, just simple words. 1904, it was written as a two-volume example of Wen Qi. The book is divided into ten chapters: Sun and Moon, Zhen Bu, Bu Shi, Ghosts and Ghosts, Bu Ren, Guan Shi, Guo Fang, Li, Wen and miscellaneous examples. The system of paying equal attention to exegetics and textual research pioneered the combination of textual research on ancient Chinese characters and textual research on ancient history. There are 185 words * * in Sun Yirang's textual research. Although most of them are common words recognized by comparing with a single bronze inscription, he is the first person to systematically study Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
In the study of ancient Chinese characters, Sun Yirang also wrote two volumes of Ming Yuan, which comprehensively penetrated the sound, form and meaning, traced the origin of ancient Chinese characters from the development of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and started the study of ancient Chinese characters with Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which was hailed as an epoch-making work.
Arrangement of local documents
They inherited the tradition that Zhejiang scholars paid attention to local documents in the Qing Dynasty, and took it as their responsibility to sort out rural contributions, and also made great contributions to the compilation and collation of historical materials of local documents. 1877 was compiled into the thirty-six volumes of Wenzhou Economic Journal. From the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 300 books 1759 books in six counties of Wenzhou. To the point where every piece of paper makes no mention of the legacy of the sages. According to four categories, under each bibliography, this journal collected and recorded the preface and postscript, catalogue and previous comments of the original book. If there are any mistakes, correct them later. This diary is full of great wealth. With its rigorous style and detailed textual research, it is called the most famous local literature and art annals by the cataloging community.
Jia fu's collection of books In the 14th year of Guangxu (1888), the father and son built the library building "Yuhailou", and Li Wentian inscribed the words "Yuhailou Collection". For more than ten years, he has purchased and collected more than 90,000 volumes and more than 4,600 kinds of books. There are also many famous writers' manuscripts, manuscripts and proofreading, including about 4000 rare books. Yuhailou Library, Fan Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo and Liujiaye Hall in Nanxun are also called the three major libraries in the south of the Yangtze River. A few years after his death, the book collection still exists. After that, most books belong to Zhejiang University Library. He compiled a special record of Yuhailou, with 384 kinds of books and 2656 volumes. There are 983 kinds of books recorded in Xiao Jing Room Bibliography, with more than 70,000 volumes. There are 533 records in Yuhailou Rare Books Bibliography. In his early years, he compiled some monographs such as Wenzhou Classic Chronicle, Annotations on the Summary of the Four Ku Books and Four Bielu. Liang Qichao, Zhang Taiyan and Guo Moruo all spoke highly of him: Liang Qichao praised him as "a man with no shortcomings, so that he could learn from the temple and understand"; Zhang Taiyan praised him as "an unparalleled body double for 300 years"; Guo Moruo respected him as "a great scholar who links the past with the future". After liberation, the "Yuhailou" library was listed as a cultural relic protection unit in Zhejiang Province, and Guo Moruo inscribed the "Yuhailou" plaque. Yuhailou Library is now listed as a municipal cultural relics protection unit. The collection of books is printed with Qiao Ting Ji, Zhong You Rong Qian and Jing Wei Shi.
In addition, Sun Yirang also wrote the Evolution Table of Wenzhou City, compiled the Ancient History of Wenzhou, sorted out Yongjia County Records, participated in the compilation of Yongjia County Records in Guangxu, assisted in editing Yongjia Series, and collected a large number of rubbings of local inscriptions. He devoted himself to the collection of Wenzhou local documents and the collation of historical events, which provided convenience for future generations to study Wenzhou local history and culture. Influenced by the reform thought, Sun Yirang emphasized practical application in his studies. His main works include Justice of Zhou Rites, Celebrities of Zhou Rites, Biography of Mozi, Legacy of Ancient Chu Ci, Collection of Ancient Chu Ci, Wen Qi Ju Yu, Celebrity, Book of Rites, Wenzhou Jing Zhi and Biography. Zhang Shunhui, a famous scholar, said: "Let him study, be honest, be conscientious, be proficient in classics, and be especially good at saying words." His Zhou Li Justice is considered to be the product of combining the spirit of Ganjia's method of studying classics with Yongjia's theory of using classics. Examples of Wen Qi is the earliest monograph on Oracle Bone Inscriptions studies in China. Mingyuan pioneered the textual research of ancient Chinese characters in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and its method and style opened up a new way for the study of ancient Chinese characters.
Justice of Zhou Rites is a book that demonstrates the official system of Zhou Dynasty. It is the latest academic masterpiece and the highest achievement in the new classics of Qing Dynasty. Zhou Li, formerly known as Zhou Guan, was called by Liu Xin at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and was edited by Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Jia in the Tang Dynasty. However, this classic is difficult to treat because of its numerous official positions, ancient characters and long litigation. During the seven years of Tongzhi, Sun Yirang thought that the publication of The Official History of Zhou Dynasty was the method of bringing peace to the Duke of Zhou, and was born out of politics and religion, so he was determined to re-study it. At first, Luo Ju's On Confucianism from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty was recorded as a long edition, followed by Justice of Zhou Officials and Zheng Shu as a supplement, which recorded the different meanings of Confucianism for discussion and distinction. But he thinks of himself as a proofreader, and there are still some mistakes. Sun Yirang regards Mo Zhai as a saint, and Mozi is a book that "revitalizes the world and saves our lives". After ten years of meditation, he will gather public opinions, correct his teachings according to Erya and Shuowen, and proofread his words according to ancient Chinese, seal script and official script, so as to correct his mistakes, simplify his words and make it easy to recite. He also made a comprehensive analysis of Mohism, and at the end of the book, he wrote Biography of Mohism, Chronology of Mohism, Examination of Mohism Teaching, Introduction to Mohism, and Hooking of Mohism Scholars, which opened up many avenues for later studies of Mohism scholars. So this ancient book, which was buried for a hundred years, was able to regain its light. The book was published in the 21st year of Guangxu, and Yu Yue in Deqing praised it with a preface: "There is no such book since Mozi." Liang Qichao thought: "Since this book came out, Mozi is readable by everyone, and the revival of modern Mohism is guided by this book.
To cure exegetics, we must know something about seal script. In the history of our country, Zhong Ding has been written by Ouyang Xiu since the Song Dynasty. Although there are more and more books for copying, interpreting and commenting, they only collect materials and fail to dig deeper. The Gansu literati just stick to Shuo Wen Jie Zi and never cross the line. It was not until the end of the Qing Dynasty that Wu Dayou made a systematic exposition, including Shuo Wen Jie Zi and Shuo Wen Jie Zi, and discussed the meaning of glyphs and characters from the full text, which achieved great results. Sun Yirang has been obsessed with Jin Wen since he was seventeen. In his prime, he went to Zhou Ding, Jiao Shan, and brought back dozens of papers. It is said that in the past 30 years, we have seen thousands of kinds of rubbing ink, and every time we think of it, it looks like the ancients. His three-volume Collection of Ancient Books is based on Wu Dayou's book. Collate the inscriptions with Chinese characters, and take the mistakes of three books, namely, Handwritten Notes of Yi Dynasties in Zhong Ding by Xue Shanggong in Song Dynasty, Handwritten Notes of Chicken Bone Village in Zhong Ding by Ruan Yuan in Qing Dynasty, and Jin Shi Lu of Yunqing Pavilion by Wu Rongguang as examples. After reading and pondering, Sihe's "Gu Lun" gained a new meaning, and in the 29th year of Guangxu, he wrote two volumes of "Gu Lun" to correct the misunderstanding and his previous works. His achievements surpass those of his predecessors. However, his research on ancient Chinese characters did not stop there. When Oracle Bone Inscriptions was unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province in the 25th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1899), Liu E, an apprentice, compiled Oracle bones 1000, and in the 29th year of Guangxu reign (1903), it was printed into six volumes, which were made public.
At that time, scholars were dubious and pointed out that it was a forgery. And Sun Yirang, after reading his book, found it a treasure, and thought it was a reliable material for studying the characters of Shang Dynasty. I think hard, study hard and explain its form and significance. I classified Oracle Bone Inscriptions's contents and distinguished most of the words one by one. The following year (1904), I wrote the first Oracle Bone Inscriptions monograph, The Case of Wen Qi, in two volumes, which opened the way for the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and became a pioneer of this study. In the second year, Sun Yirang further collated the inscriptions on bronze inscriptions, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Shi Guwen, Guizhou Hongyan and the ancient Chinese characters in Shuowen, listed their differences, and made clear the root of their changes, so as to explore the evolution of ancient Chinese prose and Daxiaozhuan, and wrote seven books, including Mingyuan, which put forward some new views on the study of ancient Chinese prose and pushed the study of ancient Chinese prose forward. For example, "Miscellaneous Qi" is a famous textual research work written by Sun Yirang through reading 78 ancient books of Zhou, Qin, Han, Wei and Qi Liang for more than 30 years, and cross-referencing with other people's opinions, so as to collate words, dispel doubts and correct mistakes. Its textual research and interpretation are carefully examined and praised by scholars. Shu Shulin is an academic series he went through in his later years. The book contains more than 20 monographs 120 such as textual research, sentences, explanations, prefaces and postscripts, Zhong Ding's explanations, epigraphy and notes, which shows the academic panorama of his life.
The Chronicle of Wenzhou Classics is Sun Yirang's early monograph on more than 300 kinds of works in Wenzhou/KLOC-0 from Tang and Song Dynasties to Jiadao Period. The classification follows four parts, and the subtitle refers to the general catalogue of the four databases. Under each book, the preface and postscript of the original book and the comments of predecessors are collected, and then their own opinions are put forward to declare their essence and correct their mistakes. This book was written in the fifth year of Guangxu and lasted for eight years. Since then, all counties and cities have been writing local literature and art, guided by their husbands.
In a word, every book written by Sun Yirang will be more original. Zhang of Yuhang is arrogant, but he admires Sun Yirang's knowledge very much. In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), he said in a letter to Sun Yirang: "I was born in Deqing Dinghai No.2 Division (Yu Yue), and I lost my light and got my husband." He also praised his academic achievements, saying that "the governance of six arts is second only to Mohism, and it is good enough to rub Han Ji, and it will double in 300 years!" Famous in the late Qing dynasty, it can be said that it is complete, and it is worthy of being a master of park learning after Gan's family. Since the spread of western learning to the east, Sun Yirang began to contact with advanced western scientific civilization and political thought as early as the 12th year of Guangxu (1886). Later, the painful national crisis further emphasized new learning, collected books on current affairs and politics in many ways, and explored ways to save the country and strengthen the country. He sat and thought, got up and started, and gradually walked out of his study, expounding western learning, discussing reforms, setting up industries, popularizing schools, trying to enlighten the people's wisdom and innovate politics in order to save the nation.
Since the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, in July of that year, Sun Yirang stepped forward and resolutely assumed the heavy responsibility of Director-General of Ruian County Bureau of Prevention and Control. He told Liao Shou, the governor of Zhejiang Province, six important tasks: blocking Haikou, repairing city walls, building forts, buying arms, inspecting Jiabao and raising donations. And try to plan and implement it in Ryan. When the treaty of shimonoseki was signed by the Qing court, Sun Yirang lamented that "the present situation is dangerous, and the world has been cold for thousands of years", so he held up the "emblem of moving mountains and filling the sea" and advocated the establishment of a society to promote Confucianism, and wrote Article 21 of the Brief Example of the Society to Promote Confucianism. He hopes that through this non-governmental organization, "400,000 people in the valley will be integrated", and the people will raise funds to run banks and enterprises, repair iron and chromium, and mine.
Kang Youwei wrote a letter to the bus, demanding reform and reform, and deeply admired the crux of it. And the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 and the resumption of the Battle of Gengzi, Sun Yirang lamented that times were difficult and his heart was heavy. In the spring of the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu, the Qing court, forced by the situation, reiterated the reform and reform, and issued a letter asking for words. At the request of Sheng Xuanhuai, Sun Yirang made Dumen for 10 days. In view of the political malpractice at that time, he wrote 40 articles on "Reform", advocating the abolition of courtiers, eliminating redundant officials, abolishing the internal affairs office and eunuchs, establishing a financial system of budget and final accounts, setting up a parliament, setting up a newspaper office, allowing the people to speak out, setting up a chamber of commerce, practicing militia, running police affairs, managing smelting, opening factories, and re-cultivating a large number of contents that touched on the decadent feudal system. Sheng Xuanhuai has been afraid to go to Chen, but he knows that the so-called political reform is just a lie.
At this point, he deeply felt that there was no hope for politics in the Qing Dynasty, and his political stance changed from loyalty to the monarch and saving the country to sympathy for the anti-Qing revolution. At that time, Zhejiang was the base of the Guangfu Association, and revolutionary activities were surging. In May of Guangxu thirty-three years, Qiu Jin was arrested. He asked Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Huguang, to telegraph his nephew, the governor of Zhejiang, to try to rescue him. Ao, a member of the Guangfu Association and president of Jiaxing "Wen Tai Chuhui Hall", took refuge in Wenzhou. He was deeply worried that "Yong and Rui have a lot of eyes and ears, which is not a place to avoid noise" and protected them from eastward invasion through friends. In the same year, Chen Naixin, director of Yueqing Hongqiao Qiang Ming Girls' School and a member of the Guangfu Association, gathered a crowd to deliver a speech on "New Folk Songs" to publicize the revolution, and the county ordered the arrest. When Chen Qian came to Wenzhou, Sun Yirang took risks, extended it to his home to protect him from the Japanese, and once again stood up and competed with Zhejiang Minister Bao Fen and Wenzhou magistrate Xilun to defend Chen Naixin's application for the World Heritage.
After several twists and turns, the storm finally subsided. All these show that Sun Yirang, to a certain extent, followed the trend of the times and supported the bourgeois revolution of the old democracy, which was also valuable in his life. In his later years, Sun Yirang had to settle for second best. With the practical spirit of Mohism, we strive to serve mulberry, set up education and carry out various industrial activities. From the 22nd year of Guangxu (1897) to the 32nd year of Guangxu, Rui 'an Farmers' Friendship Association was founded with brothers Huang and Shao, and they tried to improve farming and mulberry cultivation. Heir also sent people to visit mines in Hunan and Hubei provinces, and set up a rich and powerful mining company to mine lead ore in Yongjia. In order to open up maritime traffic, Daxin Steamship Company was established to charter Huguang steamboat to sail between Ruian and Shanghai. Later, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Fishery Company was established in Shanghai with Nantong Zhang Jian and others, and fishing boats began to be used in coastal areas.
In the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), in autumn and July, Ruian established the county chamber of commerce and elected Sun Yirang as the prime minister. During his tenure, in order to recover the rights of Suzhou, Hangzhou and Ningbo, he set up Zhejiang Road Refusal Meeting with Chang Shouqian and Liu Jinzao, and set up a branch in Rui 'an to convene the Qing court, resolutely opposed borrowing English and tried to raise funds for his own management. In local affairs, Sun Yirang thought that "the origin of self-improvement should not precede the development of knowledge". Therefore, he spent the most effort on education and achieved the most results. From the 22nd year of Guangxu (189), he started his education in a county in Rui 'an, and founded an arithmetic college (later renamed Mathematics and Planning College) to train scientific and technological talents. It puts forward strict requirements for the cultivation of moral, intellectual and physical education and the management of the academy.
A few days later, he founded the Dialect Hall and Ruiping Chemistry School, specializing in foreign languages and chemistry, and also established a sericulture hall in the county town to improve sericulture technology. After five years of school-running practice, in the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), the school planning museum and the dialect museum were merged and expanded into Ruian general school, which was divided into three professional classes: Chinese, Western and Mathematics, and secondary education was implemented for students over 5 years old and under 30 years old. In order to popularize education, four private schools have been set up in every corner of Ruicheng as places for children to go to school. Later, three girls' schools in Dexiang, Yiwu and Wenxuan were established, so that women from middle-class families also had the opportunity to receive education. In terms of training teachers and professionals, he sent Chen Kai and Xu Fan from Gaofei and Ruian Zengtong School to Japan to study mathematics and physics, and invited Japanese parents to advise their children to study in Gaofei. Within one year, more than 20 students have studied in Du Dong, Ruian, which is the first time in the history of Zhejiang education to study abroad. In August of the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), the Qing government decided to abolish the imperial examination and set up a school.
Sun Yirang, promoted by Wen Chu people and the two governments, became the prime minister of Wen Chu Academic Affairs Office in that year 10. His educational career was promoted from Rui 'an County to the south of Zhejiang Province. During his tenure as Prime Minister of the Academic Affairs Office, Sun Yirang first reorganized Wenzhou Middle School. And deeply realize that to popularize education, teachers must be trained; Training teachers depends entirely on normal education. In the summer and June of the following year, it was decided to set up a normal school at the beginning of Wen. The address of Temperature School is in the former teachers' hall in Si Qian.
In order to solve the construction expenses and perennial expenses after the establishment of the school, he tried his best to eliminate the interference of stubborn forces and support between officials and gentry. It took me three years, and I'm exhausted. Finally, with a huge sum of 36,000 yuan, Wenzhou Normal School was built in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), with 13 school buildings and 12 bungalows. That year, 240 students registered. In advance, in order to train primary school teachers to solve the urgent need, I once held seminars on physics, chemistry, natural history, sports, music and other subjects in Wenzhou High School, and I will graduate soon in half a year; At the same time, gather primary school teachers from all subjects and hold short-term seminars every summer vacation to improve the quality of in-service teachers and gradually put the new education cause on the right track. During his tenure, he raised more than 500,000 yuan for education and founded more than 300 schools at all levels in Wenzhou 16 counties. His contribution to the development of mountain forests was praised by the ruling and opposition parties, and he was appointed as the second-class consultant of the Department and a scholar of Zhejiang Province.
In November of Guangxu's thirty-third year, he was elected as the president of the General Education Association by the academic circles of the whole province. (President Cai Yuanpei hasn't been in office for a long time. Sun Yi, vice president, is the president). At this time, he looked around the domestic education situation and combined with his experience in running a school for more than ten years. Reply to Chen's "academic discussion" and "academic discussion" in the Ministry of Education, and make suggestions on the national education plan. Its Chen Dou is an incisive insight, which hit the nail on the head. His work and seeking truth from facts style can be seen in education besides academic works, and he is really a pioneer and pioneer of new education. After Sun Yirang's death, The Draft of Qing History was published. Later, in order to remember their pioneering education, people from six counties in Wenzhou bought land and built gardens and libraries to show their admiration. Yuhai Building of Ruian's former residence library is listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit. Ouhai district Cihu South Village Ci Garden and Ci Library are also key cultural relics protection units in Wenzhou. Sun Yirang advocates universal education. He drafted the "Provisional School Management Law of School Affairs at the beginning of Wen Dynasty", which pointed out that whether the people are wise or stupid is related to the strength of the country. All localities should set up primary schools widely, so that there are no schools in the city and no children at home. Universal education should start with officials. He put forward that "if you want the uneducated people in the whole country, you must first ask the uneducated officials in the world." He pointed out that the Qing government expressly stipulated that after ten years, non-Shi Jing university graduates could not be magistrates; Those who have not graduated from middle schools in various provinces shall not be counties. Within ten years, due to the limited places in Shi Jing University Hall and provincial middle schools, this requirement cannot be met for the time being. Therefore, an alternative method can be adopted, that is, setting up a simple school for official management, so that officials can receive new education through short-term study.
Sun Yirang also attaches importance to normal education and the construction of teaching staff. He believes that "it is better to cultivate without any resources and harvest safely." "Western teachers are mostly teachers, so they have answers. Sun Yirang believes that "the quality of school education depends on the personality of teachers, which will always affect the hearts of children." . Therefore, he put forward specific requirements for the quality of teachers. First of all, teachers must love education. Second, teachers should have rich scientific and cultural knowledge. Third, teachers should master the knowledge of pedagogy and psychology. Fourth, teachers should have scientific research ability. Fifth, teachers should have a healthy body.
Sun Yirang, with his outstanding contribution to educational activities and unique views on educational thoughts, won unanimous admiration from the education circles in the late Qing Dynasty, and also occupied an important position in the history of modern education. His main educational ideas and viewpoints are:
(1) set up vocational schools and seek education to save the country. During the ten years from 1895 to 1908' s death in the summer, under his vigorous advocacy and painstaking management, there have been more than 300 schools at all levels and 16 counties in Wenzhou, ranking first in the province. This provides a solid cultural foundation for the development of Wenzhou schools at all levels, especially vocational colleges.
(2) Pay attention to apply what you have learned and cultivate talents. The purpose of running a school in Sun Yirang is to cultivate "urgently needed" talents, so as to "help the world against disadvantages" and make the country rich and strong. In his view, the powerful civilization of western powers lies in the popularization of education and the development of science, and it is necessary to "learn from foreigners to control foreigners." He advocated opening new schools, setting up information bureaus, mining hardware coal mines, and developing agriculture and mulberry trees. It is suggested that overseas students should be sent abroad to study western learning, machine building, agricultural mineralization and electricity, and schools and bookstores should be set up in counties and townships to teach agriculture, industry and commerce to read and settle accounts, so as to develop people's wisdom. He attaches great importance to the teaching of practical knowledge. The Wenchu Branch, which he presided over, was different from the regulations of the drama school promulgated by the Qing government in the formulation of courses, such as deleting classes, changing China literature into Chinese, using self-made local textbooks for history and geography, and commenting on Chinese and foreign political evolution and current affairs. Putonghua classes have also been added to learn and promote Putonghua.
③ Advocating the popularization of education and paying attention to the fairness of education. Sun Yirang attaches great importance to the popularization of education. /kloc-in the first month of 0/902, the Rui 'an General School, which was formed by the merger of the Learning Policy Museum and the Dialect Museum, was opened, and one Mongolian school was set up in the southeast, northeast, southwest and northwest corners of Rui 'an County. He believes that people's general knowledge should always be averaged by everyone, so that they can work together to achieve civilization and progress. In order to popularize national education, he also proposed that "intellectuals in the whole country will be punished if their children don't go to school" and "the whole people lead the country, but we must know that learning is the standard". He also formulated and tried out the method of setting free or reducing the number of places for children of poor farmers in rural primary schools, and put forward the ideas of "fathers and brothers of excellent students" and "setting up a female degree to reward female students" to encourage some children of poor farmers to go to school.
④ Pay attention to personality education and optimize the teaching staff. In the aspect of education popularization, Sun Yirang put forward that "the way of education is to be integrated with others to give preferential treatment to the mediocre", emphasizing that "body, intelligence and morality must really evolve" and that "cultivating personality is the only way for Chinese and foreign education". In view of the actual situation of the school at that time, a special exercise class was set up to record scores with other subjects. Attach importance to the role of teachers in moral education and ask teachers to set an example. "What is the teacher's personality? Every move, word and deed of the teacher will be printed in the child's mind, and its influence will never die." In order to run the school well and develop local education, he chose to hire famous gentry who are enthusiastic about education and have real talents and practical knowledge to take charge of school affairs, take up educational management positions, and hire excellent teachers to teach in the school. In order to train qualified teachers, especially to solve the shortage of qualified physics and chemistry teachers, he decided to establish Wenzhou Normal College. In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), Wenzhou Normal School was established, which set a vanguard banner for Wenzhou education.