Lao She has always advocated that writing should use "vulgar" and "white" spoken language. And said that the real fragrance of vernacular Chinese should be burned out. The Beijing "vernacular" praised by people in his works is actually the spoken language refined and criticized by writers. Camel Xiangzi is an outstanding realistic work, which can best represent the language characteristics of Lao She's novel creation.
Writing in Beijing is the most important feature of Lao She's language art. He is good at discovering treasures from the spoken language of Beijingers, refining and creating them.
The characters in Camel Xiangzi are all urban poor living in a complex in Beijing, and they all speak authentic Beijing dialect. Lao She is familiar with their language because he also lives in a complicated environment. The characters' language and narrative language in Camel Xiangzi are all Beijing dialect, so the local color of the novel lies not only in Lao She's description of local customs, but also in Beijing dialect.
Lao She's language has a strong local color. First of all, he rhymes with the Beijing sound "er", and the pronunciation with "er" is loud and clear, which is an important part of "crunchy" Beijing spoken language.
Phonetics plays an important role in rhetoric. The meaning of "tomorrow" in Beijing dialect is the same as that of "tomorrow" in Putonghua, but the pronunciation is louder than "tomorrow", and it adheres to the local color itself.
For another example, the rhyme of "don" in Beijing dialect is bigger than that of "don", which is actually a series merger of "don" and "use". In addition, there are many words in Beijing dialect in the novel, such as "drum teasing", "mental journey", "floor scraping" and "boldness", which make readers feel the unique Beijing flavor and musical beauty.
Lao She said that "besides the meaning of words, we should also pay attention to the sounds and syllables of words", which brought into play the phonological beauty of language. We don't want words crawling on paper all the time. We must let the sound of words spread into the air. Indeed, the language of Lao She's works is "crisp" to read.
He processed and used a large number of colloquial expressions of Beijing folk customs, which, in Lao She's own words, means "mobilizing ordinary words vividly and forcefully" and burning out the "original flavor" of vernacular Chinese; At the same time, he pursued exquisite beauty in vulgarity and wrote "concise, powerful, readable and beautiful articles"
Lao She successfully unified the popularity and literariness of language, and made it clean, vivid, skillful, simple but not vulgar, refined but not carved. The words, sentence patterns, tone, expression and charm of his speech all have his unique taste and creation, and also vaguely permeate Beijing culture.
Lao She integrated Dickens, Chekhov, Europe? The humor, refinement and elegance of Henry's novel language have formed a language with unique cultural enthusiasm extracted from his life, and his perfect luster reveals the wisdom and face of national culture.
Lao She used his refined spoken English in Beijing to vividly depict the natural landscape and social customs of Beijing, and correctly and vividly portrayed the speech psychology of the lower people in Beiping, which was simple, simple and natural. The words "minimalist, clear as a lake without waves" and "add some kind, fresh, appropriate and lively flavor" are Lao She's words in How to Write Camel Xiangzi. ?
Lao She comes from ordinary people. He has a strong interest in China folk popular art, created drums and operas, and mastered the essence of many folk arts ... Huang's article "Microcomputer Automatic Language Processing of Camel Xiangzi" points out that according to computer statistics, Camel Xiangzi has nearly 1 654,38+0,000 words, and only more than 2,400 Chinese characters are used. He is also good at using Beijing spoken language selectively to increase the local flavor of the language.
Not only are there no obscure words here, but even the commonly used "time" is written by Lao She as either "time" or "that time". If you only say "time", it will be elegant and out of the spoken habit of Mandarin. ?
For example, the description of Xiangzi's body is "quite detached" and "difficult to hold", and Si Liu is "farting and crashing people". Xiangzi was at the end of the road, and when he was terminally ill, he "slowly rubbed against the roadside". The maid of Mr. Cao's family praised Xiangzi's "honesty and honesty", all of which came from the mouth of Beiping people and conformed to the identity, personality and upbringing of the characters.
What Tigress said when she seduced Xiangzi was even more impressive, which made Tigress, an old maid and daughter of a car factory, have a hot, vulgar and calculating personality. It can be said that the language of the characters in Camel Xiangzi is personalized. The narrative language of the work also uses accurate and fluent Beijing spoken language, which is neither mixed with classical Chinese vocabulary nor Europeanized syntax. The careful configuration and flexible scheduling of long and short sentences increase the musical sense of the language. In Lao She's works, the vulgar and simple spoken English in Beijing shows unique artistic charm and brilliance.
When explaining the plot and introducing the characters, the works are frugal and expressive. When writing about the experience and character of being a rogue, the novel describes it like this: "When I was young, I worked as a library soldier, ran a casino, bought and sold people, and spared Yan's debts." "In the previous dynasty, people fought in groups, robbed good women and knelt on chains." Using sentence patterns with similar structures and different lengths, each sentence contains rich content, and it is extremely concise and true. The harmonious combination of objective narration and subjective analysis makes Camel Xiangzi vividly describe the inner activities and psychological fluctuations of the characters under the background of calm external scenery.
After marrying Tigress, Xiangzi grew tired of pulling carts: "He thought pulling carts was his ideal, so he could get married and start a family. Now he shakes his head secretly. I don't blame Tigress for bullying him. He turned out to be just a small bucket. " Just like the author's narrative and Xiangzi's thought, the two are organically combined. The description of the scorching sun and heavy rain in the novel can also be said to be the feeling in Xiangzi's heart.
He is good at describing local customs, portraying characters, telling stories and praising and criticizing things with skilled Beijing dialect. His language is refined Beijing spoken language, characterized by simplicity rather than monotony and vulgarity.
Especially with the help of Hua Er, the writer calmly mobilized his spoken English, added a cordial, appropriate and lively flavor to the vernacular, and honed the pure literary language on the basis of lively Beijing dialect spoken English. The book is 64 1 word, and some chapters are as many as 40 chapters. Many words are authentic Beijing dialect. Such as "pulling late", "chewing bones", "rubber ball", "killing the waist" and "playing with the wind" are all very skilled spoken English in Beijing.
He is very familiar with the spoken language of the working people in the north. The language in his works is processed and tempered on the basis of Beijing dialect. There is no artificial intellectual tone, vulgar, concise, vivid and pure. It is really "like a pearl, slippery as water", vivid and interesting, appealing to both refined and popular tastes. Whether it is portraying characters or telling stories, it is so vivid and interesting, but there is no trace of carving. This is an outstanding contribution to enriching and developing Chinese literature, language and art.
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brief Introduction of the content
Xiangzi, who was competitive, used his strength to pull a rickshaw to make money, hoping that he could buy a beautiful rickshaw and become a "free rickshaw puller" instead of taking it out on the people who tied the rickshaw. He went out early and came back late, hungry and cold, and worked hard for three years, and finally saved enough 100 yuan to buy a new car.
In Beijing in the 1920s, the warlords were in a scuffle and the soldiers were in a state of chaos. In order to survive, Xiangzi still pulled rickshaws from morning till night. One day, as soon as he left Xizhimen, he was taken away by several soldiers who arrested his husband, both men and cars. When the team fled, Xiangzi was sad to see his car rolling into the mountain stream with shells. ...
When the soldiers fled, Xiangzi accidentally picked up three camels left by the rebels. He sold his camel and went back to the garage, dreaming of buying another foreign car. It is said that Xiangzi sold 30 camels and made a fortune. His nickname is Xiangzi Camel.
Tigress, the daughter of Si Liu, the owner of a car factory, is thirty-seven or eight years old and not married. She manages everything in the garage, big and small. She is so fierce that no one dares to provoke her. She fell in love with Xiangzi, who was younger than herself 10 years old, and took him home for a drink. Xiangzi couldn't control himself when he was drunk, and he was entangled in Tigress.
Afterwards, Xiangzi was ashamed, regretted and hated. In order to get rid of Tigress, he came to the home of Mr. Cao, a professor at Democratic University, and pulled the car for a month. The Cao family treated him well, and the master and servant got along well. Xiangzi saved all the money he earned in a gourd jar and was bent on buying a car. Unexpectedly, Tigress came to the door and insisted that she would marry Xiangzi when she was pregnant.
At this time, a detective who followed Mr. Cao came to the next room and robbed Xiangzi of all the money he had worked so hard to save. Xiangzi was unlucky and had to leave the Cao family and go back to the garage. Si Liu, a gangster, decided that Xiangzi admired Tigress because he missed his sixty rickshaws. He thought it was a shame for his daughter to marry a coachman and threatened that he would rather set fire to the garage than let them get cheap.
Tigress said she was going to marry Xiangzi, and Xiangzi was going to marry Tigress. Si Liu sold the garage and disappeared without a trace. Xiangzi lived in a big yard where the poor lived after marriage. Er Qiangzi is also a coachman. For the survival of his family, he forced his daughter Joy into prostitution. Xiangzi sympathized with Joy's experience.
Soon, Tigress died in childbirth and hid her feelings for Xiangzi with joy, but poverty could not combine them. Xiangzi said to Joy, "Wait, I'll pick you up when I'm mixed up!" However, the hardships of life made Joy unable to wait any longer. Xiangzi was full of hope for the future. When he went to meet her, he saw a noose hanging from the tree on the right.
The Ideological and Artistic Features of Camel Xiangzi;
1, the typical image of Xiangzi camel
The clue that runs through the whole process of Xiangzi's character development is "Hope-Pursuit-Struggle-Struggle-Failure-Fall", which finally ends in the bankruptcy of Xiangzi's personal struggle road.
The novel uses three ups and downs of Xiangzi's fate to develop Xiangzi's character:
Xiangzi is a bankrupt young farmer. He lived in the city and became a foreign driver. His only ideal is to be an independent self-employed. He must have his own car. Only with his own car can he make his personality independent and free. Xiangzi felt that he had lost himself when he pulled someone else's car. In order to realize this humble ideal, Xiangzi embarked on the road of personal struggle with tenacious will and indomitable spirit. Three ups and downs, Xiangzi's ideal was shattered.
For the first time, after three years of hard work, Xiangzi scraped together 100 yuan and bought a new car. At this time, Xiangzi was so excited that he almost cried. However, it only lasted for half a year. As soon as there was a mutiny, Xiangzi was captured by soldiers, both men and cars. When the soldiers fled, Xiangzi got three camels, so he was nicknamed "Xiangzi Camel".
The second time, Xiangzi saved money and put it in chamber pot, but before the money was saved, he was cheated by Detective Sun.
The third time, after Xiangzi married Tigress, he bought a new car with Tigress's money, but Tigress died in childbirth, and Xiangzi sold the car for a funeral.
In these three ups and downs, Xiangzi fought against fate with amazing perseverance, indomitable will and indomitable spirit, which represented the quality of the working people in the East. However, no matter how hard Xiangzi struggled, he could not get rid of his tragic failure. Xiangzi finally fell.
Xiangzi's tragedy is a tragedy of character and fate, which is manifested not only in the failure of career, but also in the failure of love and marriage.
First of all, it is manifested in the tragedy of marriage with Tigress. (see textbook)
Secondly, the love between Xiangzi and Xi 'er is tragic. Joy's unhappy life enabled her to communicate spiritually with Xiangzi. Xiangzi also thinks that joy is the most beautiful woman, and he can get spiritual comfort from it. When Xiangzi was about to leave, he said to Huanxi, "Wait, I'll come when I get mixed up ~ I'll come ~" But Huanxi finally couldn't stand the oppression of life and hanged himself. Her death blew out the last lamp in Xiangzi's hope. Xiangzi's whole spiritual pillar collapsed, and he fell.
2. The profundity of Xiangzi's tragedy lies in:
Through the failure of Xiangzi's struggle, it is proved that the various reactionary forces in the old society hit the bottom workers, and the narrow vision and personal struggle of small producers made it difficult for them to achieve liberation. Not only can Xiangzi's personal struggle be banned, but so can all other drivers, such as "Er Hadron", "Old Horse" and "Unknown Tall Man" in his works. Although they all have their own cars, they still can't get rid of the tragic fate of drivers.
The Artistic Features of Camel Xiangzi;
(1) is a simple and popular "Beijing-style language" with Beijing local color.
(2) The rigorous single-line structure, with camel Xiangzi as the central figure, interweaves the life features of people of different classes, families and personalities into a complex social picture through his contact with society. (3) The psychological description and analysis of Gong Xi.