Emperor Yangdi once praised his father: "Emperor Gao was ordered by the court, and he chose in the summer, saved the people from flying to the world, died of a hundred kings, and gave prisoners a suspended sentence. All beings are like this, frivolous and generous, and more secure than their homes. Restore the universe and mix a car book. " Yang Dong, the great grandson of the King of Yue, praised him like this, "The Emperor Gao's Saint-Slight Magic Skill built an area in summer. Zhang Siwei is close to Wan Yu and Huang San is close to the Five Emperors. "
Zhu, the originator of Neo-Confucianism, excitedly mentioned the emperor: "The land is based on Chen Ji, the sky is vertical, the transportation is based on the map, and the entrepreneurship is based on tradition and morality; Bring order out of chaos, help the country and the people, six in one, eight in one, on the same track, magical; Mysterious wine and pottery, clouds and solitary bamboo, respect for god, respect for heaven and filial piety; Yan Bo is proud, and the ceremony is to cut off the music, to accept the people's lives, to drive away the customs of Fu Lin, and to be political. "
Chen Pu of the Song Dynasty sang in Songs of the Past Dynasties: "There was still a corner after the Northern Qi Dynasty, and the Sui Dynasty was mixed in the south." Wang Fuzhi, a great scholar, praised and commented: "The rule of Wei by Sui Wen also depends on the appointment of ancient ministers; The reason why Wei sees himself is that the world is peaceful and the customs are correct. " Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was the first emperor to wear a yellow robe in the history of China. "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" said: "In the first year of Emperor Yangdi's reign, Huang was honored, and it was established as a regular system." Since Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to wear yellow robes, all the emperors in China have been wearing yellow clothes.
Su Dongpo, a great writer in later generations, called it "the noble spirit, outstanding Chinese and English, the same luck in criminal law etiquette, and far-reaching benevolence, morality and martial arts." Love everything as yourself, and be worried. Balance in hand, bow to soldiers, defeat barbarians, brush the atmosphere and change the crown belt. It's awesome. Yu Shun's great contribution is 20, which is not enough. Ji Fa ranks third or fifth. How do you say that? Wei Zhi praised: "On the emperor's birthday, the room was filled with sacred light, which made him look like a king and a great saint. Or gas or clouds, hidden in the hall; If the sky is like the sun, it shines on the porch. Know what's inside, let it go, and let it go. If it weren't for Wanfu's support, White Deer would gather together. "
During the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the upper class aristocrats extremely rejected the Han people and were keen on Xianbei and Westernization. The ancestor of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, Sima Yang Yuanshou of Wuchuan Town, was named Pu Liuru, the surname of Hu, for his meritorious service in assisting Xianbei. After Emperor Wendi ascended the throne, he immediately restored the Han surname, which stopped the trend of Xianbei in the military field for 80 years since 500 AD and Xianbei in the political field for 46 years since 535 AD. Emperor Wendi rebelled against the old ministers and powerful ministers (Xianbei nobles) and was soft-hearted. He deposed some incompetent ministers, including those who had made contributions to winning the throne for themselves, and promoted some talented people to help them manage state affairs. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty carried out a lenient policy towards the common people. After the regime of Emperor Wendi was basically stable, Emperor Wendi began a series of reforms, including the central and local political system, taxation, land system, laws, coins, foreign relations and so on. Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty practiced the system of internal revision, cared about foreigners, and advocated frugality and diligence. "Make great efforts to govern and help all sides", "worship politics, simplify laws, be frugal and please the world." "Take this opportunity to move to Zhou Ding one by one", "The management curbed and merged into Xinjiang, and Yugong took photos and became salty." In 587 AD (the seventh year of the Emperor), the Houliang was destroyed by the Sui Dynasty, and in 589 AD (the ninth year of the Emperor), Chen was destroyed by the Sui Dynasty, unifying the whole country. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty ended the division of China for hundreds of years, and also ended the war era of China for three or four hundred years.
Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty adopted the strategy of "making friends far away and attacking near, keeping strong but weak", and mainly divided the Turks with closeness, so that the Turks were exhausted and defeated one by one in the civil war. In 599 AD (the 18th year of Huang Kai), Turks clashed with each other, and Khan rushed to Sui to live in Jianyi City. In 602 AD (the second year of Renshou), Sui Jun defeated the Turks and retaken the Hetao area, with the border extending to the north of Yinshan Mountain. The great Sui Dynasty initiated by Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty "prospered with abundant armour", which led to "Jinling escaped from danger" and "Khan was stuck with money". The unification of Sui Dynasty marked the completion of Hu-Han cultural grafting.
Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty saved the Han culture, because the cultural classics of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Han Dynasty were burned and lost by hundreds of years of war. In 583 AD, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty wrote a letter asking for a book, presented a book with a roll and rewarded a silk horse. "Different folk books often appear occasionally", "After one or two years, the article will be prepared slightly". The collection of books in the Sui Dynasty is the largest in China, with 370,000 volumes and more than 77,000 kinds. However, most books were destroyed by the war. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, there were 80,000 books at most, and 28,467 books written by scholars in the Tang Dynasty. There are only 28,469 books left before the Tang Dynasty, and most of these books can't escape the war. How many outstanding scholars, great works, civilizations and glories have disappeared in the dust of history in China, but as long as the books of a hundred schools of thought contend and Confucian classics are still there, Chinese civilization will not die.
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty wrote such an imperial edict after he acceded to the throne: "The importance of building a country is not in pre-school, and respecting the Lord and protecting the people is not before the ceremony. Because the Wei family did not dispute, Zhou and Qi contended, and the people of the four seas fought against the strength of the two countries and left them to the strong and weak for many years. Adultery is tricky, and war is more important than beans. People can't see virtue, but they only fight for virtue. The ruling and opposition parties take cleverness as the teacher, while the literati take depth as the law. It's bad for nature to be vulgar. Although the state of emergency has been re-established and the school has started, the industry is not expensive and the road is not easy. In the meantime, I covered up Confucianism. As a widow, I failed to change the customs. However, maintaining the famous religion, rewarding the righteous ethics, benefiting from the micro-view, and benefiting from the rice. The king inherits heaven and deserves it. If you are polite, you have luck; if you are not polite, you have evil. People have different natures and spirits. Politeness is a combination of yin and yang, and rudeness is an animal heart. Governing the country is necessary. I was commanded by heaven that wealth became everything. I went to the chaos in China to seek suitable weathering. Avoid extravagance and frugality, take the lead in changing, despise thin fu, and look at generosity. But if you get used to it, you can't punish the skin, you can be a good or bad gift, and you don't follow the system. The position of holding the constitution seems deaf, and the official who handed it over to the people is still blind. What if it advocates transcendence? The ancients learned, but cultivated and raised. Today, when people decide not to serve, if they study hard and persuade people to be polite, they can admire the road to return home and be virtuous. Who knows better than etiquette, shame and filial piety? From Jingshi to Fuxian, it is appropriate to persuade me to salute. " Sui Shu said: "Naturally, all states and counties in the world have doctor ceremonies." This shows that he played a great role in the revival of Han civilization. ...
Emperor Wen unified the monetary system, abolished other chaotic ancient coins and privately minted coins, and minted five baht instead. The meat on the back of "five baht money" is good, and there is Zhou Guo, which is as heavy as its words. Each coin weighs 4 pounds 2 ounces. "The car books are mixed and the soldiers are interested." The weights and measures were reunified in the period of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. "Sui family is mixed in north and south, old in Qi and Zhou Dynasties, old in Liang Dynasty, salty and refined, and the articles converge."
The laws of the Northern Zhou Dynasty were cruel and chaotic, "internal and external terror made the people uneasy". When Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty controlled the Northern Zhou regime, he carried out reforms and personally deleted the outline of criminal proceedings, but it was not thorough. After Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty established the Sui Dynasty, he ordered senior people to refer to the old laws of Wei and Jin Dynasties and formulate the Law of Opening the Emperor. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty reigned for three years and ordered Su Wei and Niu Hong to amend the new law and delete harsh terms. The "Huang Kai Law" abolished the original cruel criminal law, such as castration (destroying genitals), dismemberment (dismembering five horses) and beheading (beheading and hanging it on a flagpole for public display). There is no need for genocide. Subtract 8 1 for capital crimes, 54 154 for flow crimes, and more than 1000 for acts and staff crimes, and keep 500 regulations. There are five kinds of punishments: death penalty, exile, imprisonment, cudgel punishment and fetters punishment. Basically completed the reform process of the penalty system since the reform of the penalty system of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, that is, the feudal five-penalty system. Reading as a Mirror praises: "The ancient corporal punishment is not reused, and the Chinese language is also benevolent. The punishment in the Han dynasty was mostly for the system, so since Wuhu, animals have to eat each other badly. As for the domineering, slow and lofty world, there are five death sentences: Yueqing, strangulation, slashing, owl and porter, all of which are infinite enlightenment of China law. Politics is the Sui law, and there are two ways of death penalty: hanging head and beheading. Whips turn into sticks and sticks into vines. Unless there is rebellion, there is no clan punishment. Up to now, the people who bear it are all ruled by politics. " The death penalty playback system was customized from the fifteenth year of the emperor's reign. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty stipulated that all cases sentenced to death must be "beaten three times" before the death penalty can be executed. Criminal Records of Sui Shu: "Fifteen-year system (Emperor Kai), death penalty after three plays." Emperor Wendi of Sui also wrote a letter: "The capital crime in the world, the States can not decide at will, Dali will be treated again." Huang Kai Law had a far-reaching influence on the laws of later generations, and all the laws revised by Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty were basically inherited in the Tang Dynasty.
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished the untimely system of six officials (heaven, earth, spring, autumn, winter and summer) in the Northern Zhou Dynasty. The bureaucratic system in the Northern Zhou Dynasty basically imitated the form of Zhou officials, that is, Zhou Li, which was primitive and extremely chaotic. Six official systems, complicated titles, unclear job responsibilities and low efficiency. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty restored this system in the Han and Wei Dynasties, and basically established the system of three provinces and six departments. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty set up three divisions, three public offices and five provinces in the central government. Three divisions and three fairs are just an honorary title. The five provinces are in power, namely, the Ministry of Interior, the Secretariat, Menxia, Literature and History, and Shangshu. The Ministry of the Interior and the Secretariat Department do not play an important role in state affairs. The Ministry of Internal Affairs is the eunuch institution of the imperial court, which manages court affairs. The secretary saves books and calendars and has less business. It is the other three provinces that play a role. The provinces of literature and history, Menxia and Shangshu are the highest government agencies. The province of literature and history is responsible for decision-making, the province under the door is responsible for deliberation, and the province of Shangshu is responsible for implementation. This is the three-province system that was later inherited by the Tang Dynasty.
Shangshu province consists of six departments: officials, people, etiquette, soldiers, criminals and workers. Each department has a minister in charge of the government affairs of the department. The specific organization is that these are six departments: the official department, which is responsible for the appointment, removal, assessment, promotion and transfer of national officials; Ministry of Civil Affairs, in charge of land, household registration, taxation and fiscal revenue and expenditure; Ritual department, in charge of sacrifice, etiquette and foreign exchange; The Ministry of War is in charge of the selection of military attaché s throughout the country, as well as military records and ordnance. Punishment department, responsible for criminal law and prison break throughout the country; Ministry of industry, in charge of various projects, craftsmen, water conservancy, transportation, etc. At the beginning, six films were called Liu Cao, that is, six films. The length of the six books is Shangshu. The establishment of the six ministries became the fixed system of the central political power of later feudal countries. The three provinces and six departments have a clear division of labor, strict organization and strengthened centralization. It had a great influence on the Tang Dynasty and later dynasties. This large-scale and well-organized bureaucratic system established by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty shows that the feudal system has developed to a mature stage. Customized from the Sui Dynasty, it has been followed to the Qing Dynasty.
In 590 AD, Emperor Wendi ordered soldiers to enter the county household registration, and the integration of soldiers and farmers began. Emperor Wendi also reformed local institutions. He adopted the suggestion of Yang Shangxi, a senior official in Du Zhi, and implemented the principle of "keeping more than enough, making it bigger and making it smaller", streamlining the original chaotic local official system from state, county and county to three levels of state and county, and abolishing more than 500 counties in China. At the same time, a large number of redundant staff were laid off and some counties were merged. It greatly saves the government's expenditure, improves the administrative efficiency and lightens the people's burden. In order to better exercise power and control the local government, Emperor Wendi of Sui ordered all officials above grade 9 to be appointed and removed by the central government. The power to appoint officials is entirely in the hands of the official department, and local officials are forbidden to hire assistants on the spot. Moreover, every year, the official department will conduct an assessment and decide on rewards and punishments, promotion and demotion. Later, a three-year lifelong system was implemented. Emperor Wendi of Sui simplified the local administrative organs, abolished the Jiupin Imperial Palace Law and opened the imperial examination system. Emperor Wendi of Sui ordered each state to select three talented people with gorgeous articles to the central government every year. Later, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty ordered that Beijing officials should have more than five grades, local officials should be in charge of the secretariat, and a virtuous person should be appointed. This system of selecting government officials gives talents from all walks of life the opportunity to serve the government. The imperial examination system initiated and established by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty remained in the history of China for more than 1300 years, and it was not abolished until the late Qing Dynasty. However, at that time, countries such as the United States and Britain were amazed and borrowed this selection system as a way of employing government clerks.
Sui Wendi Sui Wendi implemented the system of equal land and reorganized the household registration. The implementation of the "big reading law" requires officials to regularly check the population and the household registration according to the appearance, which greatly increases the number of households. And on the basis of the implementation of the "fixed sample", the number of accounts is determined first, and the "fixed version" is compiled as the basis for tax collection. In the three years after the Emperor, 443,000 women were cleared of leucorrhea, accounting for164.15,000. Gaozu ordered the counties to read the appearance, and those who had false accounts began to correct each other in the long run. If you have made great achievements, you should also analyze the account books, each accounting for an account, in case you hide it. So the account was credited to 443,000 yuan, and the new account was 164. 1 10,000. "These measures have prevented local strongmen from colluding with bureaucrats and taking bribes. Liberated the population dependent on the strongman, increased the country's labor force, and mobilized the production enthusiasm of poor farmers. The number of taxpayers in charge of the country has greatly increased.
Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty also promulgated benevolent policies such as "When a man is fifty years old, he will be exempted from service and will receive an agent" and "Give another year to the house where he died". A series of reform measures by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty greatly reduced the state financial expenditure and increased the state financial revenue. In the seventeenth year of the emperor, the household registration was full, and both domestic and foreign warehouses benefited. All donations, not exceeding the funds, are accumulated under the outline, so Gaozu stopped giving it to Li Yuan this year. When Emperor Wendi first ascended the throne, the national population was 4 million, and when Yang Di ascended the throne, it had reached 8.9 million. For a family of six, the national population is not less than 50 million, which was only achieved during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Until the death of Emperor Taizong, Tang Gaozong succeeded to the throne, accounting for 3.8 million households. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, there were 7.6 million households, 4 1 10,000 people. Cultivated land19.44 million hectares in the ninth year of sui dynasty, and 55.85 million hectares in the middle of the great cause. In the fourteenth year of Tang Tianbao, the land has been reclaimed14.3 million hectares. When Yang Di ascended the throne, there were 8.9 million households, while Emperor Taizong did not have 3.8 million households until his death. The gap in national strength can be imagined.
The Sui government built many granaries in various places, among which the famous ones are Luoxingcang, Luohuicang, Changcang, Liyang Cang and Guangtong Cang. Stored grain exceeds one million stones. In Zhenguan 1 1 year, Ma Zhou, the army supervisor, said to Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, "The Sui family is responsible for storing Luokou; Xijing Treasury is also used by the state and has not been exhausted so far. " The Sui Dynasty has been dead for 20 years, and Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty has been dead for 33 years, but at that time, food, cloth and silk were not used up. 1969, a Sui granary was discovered in Luoyang, including the Jiacang site. Covering an area of more than 450,000 square meters, there are 259 grain pits. There is also a grain cellar with 500,000 Jin of carbonized millet. This shows the prosperity of the Sui Dynasty.
On the premise of the strong economic strength of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui ordered the construction of Daxing City, which was not only a symbol of the superb level of urban construction planning in ancient China, but also a comprehensive embodiment of the country's economic strength and scientific and technological level at that time. Daxing City was the "first city in the world" at that time, and its design and layout thought had a far-reaching impact on the urban construction of later generations and Japan and South Korea. ...
In 584 AD, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty ordered Yuwen Kai to lead the crowd to open canals. The Weihe River leads from the northwest of Daxing City, slightly along the old Cao Canal in Han Dynasty, and joins the Yellow River in Tongguan, with a total length of 150 kilometers, hence the name Guangtong Canal. This is the beginning of the construction of the Grand Canal ... For China, the Grand Canal is far more important than the Great Wall. The Grand Canal connects the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin, connecting two civilizations. Make the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin gradually become one.
"Great kindness is incomparable in the past." "Seven virtues, nine songs have been contacted, be salty and salty, and there is no police waiting for you. Therefore, thrift, peace, granary, laws and regulations, gentlemen enjoy happiness, villains have their own careers, bullying the weak, the public is not violent, the characters are rich, and both the ruling and the opposition are happy. In the past twenty years, nothing has happened in the world, as if it were in this area. Being the first king in the exam is enough to participate in Shenglie. " This is the "golden age" in the book of Sui Dynasty. Li Shimin will never reach that height. In the early Tang Dynasty, the rulers looked up to and admired the Great Sui Dynasty initiated by Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty.
The Great Sui Dynasty initiated by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty existed for 539 years, and the scope of establishing formal administrative regions to implement effective jurisdiction exceeded the past. The territory of the Sui Dynasty was not fully recovered from the Tang Dynasty to 630. The army of Sui Dynasty annihilated or severely damaged Turkic, Tuguhun, Qidan and Korea ... The delay prevented the power and rise of the alien race and won an unprecedented brilliant victory. Cambridge, a History of Sui and Tang Dynasties in China, commented: "The Sui Dynasty eliminated the outdated and inefficient system of predecessors, created a centralized imperial structure, and developed the cultural consciousness of * * * in various regions with long-term political divisions. All these are equally remarkable. When people study the structure and life of the Great Chinese Empire that followed, they can't help but see the achievements of the Sui Dynasty in various aspects. Its achievements must be one of the most striking achievements in China's history. "
What Emperor Wendi did in his later years was quite different from that in his early years. He was suspicious and killed the heroic general; The harsh nature makes "Kai Huang's Law" a text; Their own ignorance developed to the later abandoned school; The worship of Buddha and monster reflects some of his intentions and some ignorance; The appearance of thrift reveals greed and luxury desire; Cowardice and ignorance caused the prince to change hands. A generation of good teachers in the feudal autocratic era planted the seeds of chaos in their later years.