The Ming and Qing Dynasties were an era of high concentration of monarchical power in China. There are many similarities between the two dynasties. Rising stars in the Qing Dynasty often imitate the previous Ming Dynasty to surpass it. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, a "Yongle Grand Ceremony" was built. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty was unwilling to be lonely and also built a "Sikuquanshu". Its intention is obvious, but in the end, Yongle Dadian is the largest encyclopedia in the history of the world, which has been highly praised by both China and the West and has become a part of China culture.

First of all, let's talk about why Emperor Qianlong built Sikuquanshu. He is actually playing a big game of chess, because Emperor Qianlong wants to be not only a secular emperor, but also an orthodox emperor. Of course, this is only a step.

Emperor Qianlong was actually the longest reigning emperor in the history of China, and his reputation is also very high today. Little friends who know a little about Emperor Qianlong should know that he made great contributions in the early days of his accession to the throne, and was overjoyed in the later period, calling himself "the old man in Shiquan". In fact, there are several books in this Ten Encyclopedia, but in order to show his high martial arts, according to the Yongle ceremony of the Ming Dynasty, he ordered the compilation of the Four Ku Encyclopedia. In this process, many books that are not conducive to rule are destroyed, killing two birds with one stone. The history of destroying books began in the Qin Dynasty. Even if later emperors destroyed books, it was small-scale. Most of the lost ancient books were destroyed by war, but the destruction of books during the Qianlong period was different. It can be said that it is a catastrophe of Chinese civilization. Because the scope is too big, why is it so big? This is related to the literary inquisition that arose in Kangxi period. Why can't the breeze read? Dare to let you die. The ruler tried to control the world mentally and imprison its thoughts. Books are also one of the ways of cultural exchange. In a sense, it is also one of the manifestations of literary inquisition.

According to rough statistics, The Complete Book of Si Ku compiled during the Qianlong period included more than 3,500 kinds of books and 3 100 kinds of banned books (in other words, more than 2,800 kinds), which was almost half-recorded and half-destroyed, so some scholars called it The Book of Si Ku Destroyed.

When Qing Qianlong compiled Sikuquanshu, the total number of books unfavorable to Qing Dynasty was destroyed, which was 13600 according to statistics. The total number of books burned is 6.5438+0.5 million. The total number of destroyed plates is170,8000. In addition to burning books, the Qing Dynasty systematically destroyed the archives of the Ming Dynasty. There are only over 3,000 pieces in archives of ming dynasty, mainly the Ministry of War archives of the Apocalypse and Chongzhen Dynasties, and a few official documents of Hongwu, Yongle, Xuande, Chenghua, Zhengde, Jiajing, Qin Long, Wanli and Taichang Dynasties. The rest of archives of ming dynasty is estimated to be no less than100000 copies, all of which have been destroyed. In addition to destroying books and files, Qing also systematically tampered with the remaining books and files.

Many destroyed ancient books have been completely lost, which can only be made up by books found in archaeological tombs in modern times. For example, many ancient books were found in the tomb of Hunhou in the Western Han Dynasty, or they were fabricated by purchasing books circulated overseas before the revision of the books. Generally, Japan and South Korea are the majority. Of course, when the Japanese invaded China in modern times, such as when Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing or War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, many precious orphan books were shipped back to the motherland, which was even more sinister than robbing gold, silver and jewels.

It is worth mentioning that Emperor Qianlong not only destroyed books, but also tampered with them. Many books concerning the Jurchen nationality have been revised, because Emperor Qianlong was a Manchu, and Manchu used to be a Jurchen nationality.

In fact, Si Ku Quan Shu is a defective product, even a waste product, which is totally different from Yongle Grand Ceremony. In the process of editing, many precious ancient books were deliberately deleted, burned, tampered with, and wrong, just a misnomer.

Imagine how high-spirited Yue Fei was during the Northern Expedition to the State of Jin. A song called "Man Jiang Hong" swallowed the heroism of Wan Li's rivers and mountains, in which "Hungry for pork, talk about thirst for Hun blood". It was actually tampered with as "hungry and eating meat, laughing and talking about spilling blood." "Emperor Qianlong's chicken intestines are also rare in previous dynasties. How ridiculous is this?

The tenth issue talks about the ending of Four Treasures of the Study in Qing history. Thank you for watching. In the next issue, we will talk about the little-known details of Japan's invasion of China, plundering China's orphan books several times, and even some scholars think that Japan's China has more orphan books than China. What's the story? Stay tuned for the wandering road of an orphan national treasure. .....