It is "the power of combining workers with certain production experience and skills with the means of production they use, which is what happens in the process of material production, that is, the ability of human beings to conquer and transform nature and obtain material materials suitable for their own needs." It is the relationship between man and nature in the production process. Productivity includes three elements: laborers, labor materials and labor objects. Productivity is the actual ability of human beings to conquer and transform nature, the ability to realize the material exchange between man and nature, and the objective material force to solve the contradiction between man and nature. "Productivity is also one of the criteria for judging social form." (Hong Kong Forum Productivity). Marx pointed out: "The social relations on which individuals depend for production, that is, the social relations of production, change and develop with the changes and development of material means of production and productivity" (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, vol. 1, p. 363). The concept of division of labor in the fourth industry has changed the concept of productive forces in Marxist political economy. Its core lies in the object of labor. The development trend of "labor object" is not "material", which is the fundamental symbol of the division of the fourth industry.

If we take "natural things that have not been processed by human beings, that is, ready-made material materials in nature included in the production process" as the basic characteristics of the labor object in the first industrial division of labor, and "things that have been processed by human beings, that is, the material materials that are actually labor products created by people's own activities" as the basic characteristics of the labor object in the second and third industrial divisions, then the labor object will change from "material materials" to "intangible materials".

Call on the state to pay attention to the fission of industrial structure and initiate a discussion on global industrial upgrading.

Digital industry is the fourth industry in modern society. With the development of social economy and the deepening of several information revolutions, the marketization of IT information products such as computers, communications, networks, satellites, remote sensing and software has intensified. In particular, the rise of cultural industry-oriented network economy, the wide application of e-commerce and the construction of management information system have highlighted its market function. As the last three industries, information industry, advertising industry and convention and exhibition industry are highly dependent on digital industry. Wang Chao, president of CUDI International Urban Development Research Institute, pointed out: In our long-term study of digital cities, we found that people of this era will become digital immigrants. E-commerce is advancing by leaps and bounds sooner or later, and the market nature of network economy has already surpassed the categories of culture and information. The application of e-commerce, represented by Alibaba, the industrial intervention of the Internet of Things and the marketing wave of China Group Buying Network have all had a great impact on the industrial structure. Therefore, the digital industry represented by network economy, information economy and space economy will inevitably produce the fourth industry.

Before discussing the upgrading of digital industry, let's talk about the division of industries:

1. Industrial division of labor is a process of decomposing and combining various activities that constitute the national economy according to certain standards to form multi-level industrial categories. Industrial division of labor is the basis for analyzing the economic activities, mutual relations, proportional relations and coordinated development of various industrial sectors, and it is also an important prerequisite for national economic management. Because of the different research purposes and perspectives, people have different ways to divide industries. Up to now, the most influential method is Fisher and Clark's "three-industry classification": A. The "three-industry classification" was first put forward by the British economist Fisher in his book "The Conflict between Security and Progress" published in 1935. Taking the development stage of social production and capital flow as the main criteria, he called the primary production stage the primary industry, including planting, animal husbandry, hunting, fishing and forestry. The second stage of production is called the secondary industry, including extractive industry, manufacturing industry, construction industry, transportation industry, communication industry, electricity and gas industry. The third production stage is called the tertiary industry, which includes commerce, finance, catering, science, health, culture, education, government and other public affairs.

Later, the British economist Clark inherited and developed Fisher's theory. From 65438 to 0940, in the book Conditions for Economic Progress, C. Clack further elaborated the theory of primary, secondary and tertiary industries according to the distance from natural resources, and established the so-called Fisher-Clark industrial classification and statistical system. B. Fisher-Clark industrial classification and statistical system Specifically, Clark believes that there are three standards for the division of industries: (1) The distance between industries and consumers, the farthest is the primary industry, the nearest is the tertiary industry, and the middle is the secondary industry; (2) whether the industry is tangible, tangible is the primary or secondary industry, intangible is the tertiary industry; (3) Whether the production process and consumption process are separated can be separated into the primary or secondary industry, but not the tertiary industry. According to the above standards, the Fisher-Clark system consists of the following three basic concepts: the primary industry, including agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fisheries, mining and so on; The secondary industry includes manufacturing, processing, construction and energy industry. The tertiary industry includes commerce, finance and insurance, transportation and communication, service industry, other public welfare undertakings and administration.

On the basis of Fisher and Clark's theory, S. Kuznets, an American economist, also applied Clark's "three industrial divisions" to all sectors of the national economy, and divided it into three major industries: agriculture, industry and service (AIS division method for short). The World Bank adopts this simple industry division method in statistical analysis. C. Division Method C.OECD In order to unify the division scope of countries, the Organization for World Economic Cooperation and Development, which consists of 24 countries including the United States, Britain, France, Italy, Australia and Japan, put forward its own division method: (1) Agriculture is the primary industry, and its production activities are activities that directly utilize resources, mainly including planting, animal husbandry and hunting. (2) Industry is the secondary industry, and its production activities are processing or reprocessing natural resources, mainly including manufacturing, extractive industries, mining, construction and public utilities; (3) Service industry is the tertiary industry, and its activities are to meet people's needs higher than material needs, mainly including transportation, communication, warehousing, wholesale, retail, foreign trade, finance, real estate, digital consulting, scientific research, education and health, radio and television, public management and national defense, social affairs, entertainment and personal services.

1977, Polat put forward the four-point division of industry, that is, the digital industry is separated from the service industry, and the whole national economy is composed of industry, agriculture, service industry and digital industry, which is called the fourth industry. In recent ten years, some economists in the United States, Japan and other countries began to put forward the concept of the fifth industry after the concept of the fourth industry, but there was no clear theory. According to Japan, the fifth industry generally refers to the service industry centered on spiritual enjoyment, entertainment and psychological stimulation, and its categories generally include entertainment, fun industry, fashion industry, beauty industry and tourism. D. China's division of industrial sectors in the national economy In order to calculate production and analyze the relationship between various departments in production, China divides the national economy into various departments according to the nature of production activities. According to China's current industry classification standards, the whole national economy is divided into 13 departments: (1) agriculture (2) industry (3) geological survey and survey (4) construction industry (5) transportation, post and telecommunications (6) commerce, public catering, material supply and marketing and warehousing (7) real estate culture radio and television (/kl Kloc-0/), finance and insurance (12), state organs, political party organs and social organizations (13), and other industries, in order to better meet the needs of macroeconomic management and decision-making, keep up with China's original accounting system. The new national accounting system also divides the industrial sector into two categories: first, it is divided into material production departments and intangible production departments: (1) Material production departments: agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, water conservancy, industry, construction, transportation, post and telecommunications (excluding passenger transport) and commerce (including catering and material supply and marketing); (2) the intangible production department. Health, sports and social welfare, education, culture, radio and television, scientific research and comprehensive technical services, finance, insurance, government agencies and social organizations. In addition, the national economy is divided into three industry: the primary industry, the secondary industry of agriculture, and the tertiary industry of industry and construction. According to the current statistical standards, it is divided into four levels: (1) circulation department. Mainly includes: transportation, post and telecommunications, commerce, catering, material supply and marketing, warehousing. (2) production and life service departments. It mainly includes: financial industry, insurance industry, comprehensive technical service industry, consulting service industry, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery water conservancy service industry, traffic line maintenance industry, geological exploration industry, residential service industry, public utilities, real estate industry and so on. (three) departments to improve the scientific and cultural level and quality of residents. Mainly including: education, culture, radio and television, scientific research, health, sports, social welfare and so on. (4) Departments serving the public. Mainly include: state and political party organs, social organizations, the army, the police and so on.

On May 14, 2003, the National Bureau of Statistics issued a notice on the "Regulations on Three Industrial Divisions" to the national statistical system and various departments in the State Council, and announced the new scope of three industrial divisions. Namely: primary industry: refers to agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. Secondary industry: refers to mining, manufacturing, production and supply of electricity, gas and water, and construction. The tertiary industry refers to other industries except the primary and secondary industries. The tertiary industry includes transportation, warehousing and postal services, digital transmission, computer services and software, wholesale and retail, accommodation and catering, finance, real estate, leasing and business services, scientific research, technical services and geological exploration, water conservancy, environment and public facilities management, resident services and other services, education, health, social security and social welfare, culture, sports and social welfare.

2. Understanding of industrial division From the above methods of industrial division in China, the key to industrial division is to find the right object. Usually, grass-roots units are used as the basic statistical units for the classification of industrial departments, and departments are the collection of grass-roots units. The so-called grass-roots unit refers to a production unit that has a certain place and is mainly engaged in some production activities. Then, there are three conditions to consider when determining grass-roots units: (1) The place of production activities must be in the same place; (2) should only be engaged in a major production activities; (3) There should be records of input and output, wages of workers and depreciation of fixed assets. For ordinary small enterprises and units, due to the single nature of production services, they can often be treated directly as grass-roots units; However, for large enterprises and units, due to their large production activities and business scope, in order to ensure the authenticity of statistical summary data, it is necessary to subdivide according to the nature of different production activities.

In a word, the three industrial classifications have attracted great attention both abroad and in China. The primary industry is characterized by agriculture in a broad sense, and its products are basically obtained directly from nature. The secondary industry is an industry in a broad sense, and its products are mainly obtained by processing the material data directly obtained from nature (agricultural products and refined products) and industrial raw materials. The tertiary industry is a service industry in a broad sense. Both the primary industry and the secondary industry are the production departments of tangible material wealth. Generally, the tertiary industry does not directly create material materials, but provides productive operations or services for the primary and secondary industries to meet the intangible needs of human production and life. Since 1950s, the classification of "three industries" has gradually become an important classification and statistical method of national economic structure. United Nations economic statistics basically adopt "three industrial classifications". Influenced by the statistical system of the former Soviet Union and some traditional theories, China has long adopted the five-sector division method in national economic statistics, that is, the national economy is mainly divided into five sectors: agriculture, industry, construction, transportation and commerce. However, due to the increasing role of the tertiary industry in the national economy, its proportion is also rising rapidly. China's five-sector division method has great limitations in both practical application and theory. By 1988, China has officially used the statistical indicators of primary industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry. Of course, the division of industries is not static. With the development of social economy and the expansion of tertiary industry groups, especially modern digitalization, management, decision-making and service departments have become an indispensable part of economic and social development. The method of "three industrial divisions" can no longer fully reveal the changes in the national economic structure caused by the wave of new technological revolution in the world, and people have a new understanding of the formation and development of industries. The reason is:

(1) There are inherent defects in the classification of tertiary industry, which cannot reflect the industrial structure of modern economy. According to the classification of the tertiary industry, other social and economic activities and various industries except the primary and secondary industries are classified as the tertiary industry, which makes the content of the tertiary industry more and more complicated. The tertiary industry varies greatly, from the simplest shoe repair and umbrella repair to the most complex aerospace engineering database service. Hotels, barbershops, newspapers, research institutes, government departments, military units, consulting companies, multinational trading groups and so on have everything, and the nature of the industry is completely different. In fact, it is difficult to combine them to study.

(2) The classification of three industries not only does not meet the requirements of scientific classification in theory, but also is extremely unfavorable to the operation of macroeconomic management, the formulation of national industrial policies and the classification guidance and regulation of various industries with different properties in practice. Industry has its process of development, growth, maturity and decline. When three industrial classifications were put forward more than 60 years ago, the tertiary industry was underdeveloped, so the three industrial classifications were acceptable in theory and practical application at that time. However, with the wide application of knowledge and technology in economy, the sudden emergence of digital industry and the abnormal expansion of tertiary industry, it is necessary to adjust and improve the classification of tertiary industry.

The vitality of digital industry has become an important driving force for the economic development of all countries in the world. Especially for China, the development of digital industry is the key for China to seize the opportunity, give full play to its advantage of being a latecomer and realize its leap-forward development. This objectively requires the digital industry to be independent, so that the country can macro-control the development of the digital industry and formulate reasonable industrial policies.

3. The fourth industry in China is bound to rise.

Wang Chao, president of CUDI International Urban Development Research Institute, pointed out that the fourth industry in China is bound to rise. Due to the rise of China's economy, there are also well-known reasons, such as the proportion of population and consumption, and a large number of production factors of IT, communication, software and other service outsourcing bases, digital industry is playing an increasingly important role in national economic life. No matter in theory or in practice, we should study the digital industry independently as the fourth industry to promote its faster and healthier development, thus promoting the progress and development of the whole society.

First of all, from the perspective of rationalization of industrial structure, industrial structure has never been static. The formation and development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries are gradually recognized and established with the development of economy. Therefore, we must study the industrial structure from a dynamic and developing point of view. The rationalization of industrial structure is the rationalization of certain historical conditions and certain economic development stage, and it is also the rationalization of pushing the industrial structure to a higher stage. As modern economic life becomes more and more complicated and the pace of economic activities becomes faster and faster, it is unwise to try to maintain an eternal industrial classification. Therefore, we should have the courage to break through the shackles of three industrial classifications, regard the digital industry as the fourth industry, and then attach great importance to it in practice under the guidance of theory, formulate correct industrial structure policies, and push the existing industrial structure to an industrial structure with higher economic benefits.

Secondly, from the comparison between digital industry and traditional industry: (1) the difference between digital industry and primary and secondary industries. Both the primary industry and the secondary industry belong to the reproduction process of material data, and the nature and characteristics of digital industry exceed the sum of the total production processes of material data. No matter which category the digital industry falls into, it does not conform to the general characteristics. (2) Differences between the digital industry and other service industries Although in a sense, the digital industry is also a service industry, after all, there are still many differences between this intellectual service of the digital industry and general services. It is these differences that have laid the foundation for the digital industry to differentiate from the service industry and form an independent industry.

The main differences between digital industry and other service industries are as follows: First, the labor tools are different. Service labor tools are mainly various tangible tools, and digital labor mainly uses digital processing tools, which is an extension of the brain and brain organs. Second, the forms of labor are different. Service labor is mainly manual labor, and digital labor is mainly mental labor. Third, the object of labor is different. The service labor objects are mainly people and the environment, and the digital labor objects are mainly various numbers. Fourth, the forms of labor products are different. Service labor products are mainly human physiological changes and environmental changes, and digital labor products are numbers attached to various carriers. Fifth, the utility of labor products is different. Service labor products are mainly used to meet people's physiological needs, while digital labor products are mainly used to meet people's spiritual needs.

In addition, from the market scope of the industry and the quality of employees, we can also see the difference between digital industry and other service industries: from the market scope of the industry, digital products and services have strong spatial expansion and penetration, and have global market potential, while the products and services of other service industries are limited by geography. Judging from the quality of employees, the digital industry requires employees to have high quality and a wide range of knowledge, which is an intelligence-intensive industry, while other service industries have low requirements for employees and belong to labor-intensive industries. To sum up, the digital industry is indeed an independent fourth industry different from the primary, secondary and tertiary industries.

4. The significance of taking digital industry as the fourth industry.

(1) Taking the digital industry as the fourth industry is the inevitable result of the development of social productive forces. Whether it is several social division of labor or technological revolution, its source is nothing more than that the development of science and technology has promoted the qualitative change of labor objects or labor tools, caused a leap in the productivity level and production system of the whole society, and sometimes even caused major changes in economic relations. Because industry is the division of labor, an industry is the division of labor in social and economic activities, all social division of labor is the result of the development of social productive forces, and social division of labor will inevitably lead to the improvement of social productive forces, which is the objective law of the occurrence and development of industrial revolution. The emergence of digital industry is no exception. Like the industrial revolution in history, it also needs social productivity to reach a certain level to promote it. According to the statistics of UNESCO, about 5 million papers are published every year in the world. On average, 300,000 patents are registered every year; 500,000 books are published every year. The number of publications in the world every year is 400 billion characters (alphabetically and numerically). In addition, a large number of figures are disseminated through radio, television, telephone and the Internet. The appearance of such a huge number shows that numbers have appeared in the economic field as independent labor objects. Faced with explosive numbers, people begin to feel that people's natural digital functions can no longer meet the needs of the development of productive forces: lack of vision, lack of hearing, especially the speed, accuracy and ability of storing numbers in the brain, and so on. Only in this way, it is urgent to separate the digital industry in order to improve people's ability to deal with numbers and meet the needs of social and economic development. The formation of digital industry shows that numbers have penetrated into every corner of social activities in modern society. In addition, only in modern times, due to the wide application of digital processing tools such as computers, conditions were prepared for the establishment of the fourth industry, so that the development and utilization of digital resources have become an independent industry with a general division of labor.

(2) The division of the fourth industry is conducive to a better understanding of the operating mechanism and development law of the digital industry, which is different from the general service industry, industry and agriculture and has its own operating mechanism and development law. If the digital industry is included in the service industry to study, it is impossible to deeply explore the unique characteristics, mechanisms and laws of the digital industry. Only when the digital industry is independent, people will study it as an independent field, better understand the operating mechanism and development law of the digital industry, and better guide the development of the digital industry.

(3) The division of the fourth industry is conducive to promoting the development of the digital industry and better meeting the consumer demand of the people. In the whole economic system of socialized mass production, the flow of materials, the transmission of numbers, the application of technology, and the circulation of funds all urgently need to establish a developed digital network in the whole country and even in the world to direct and communicate the links between various subsystems and various fields of social activities. But digitalization needs commercialization, and it is more urgent to establish a digital production and sales system and form a digital commodity market. Moreover, with the development of economy and the improvement of people's scientific and cultural level, people need not only more material enjoyment, but also more spiritual enjoyment; Not only entertainment digital products are needed, but also a lot of technology, knowledge and social products are needed.

(4) Dividing the fourth industry is helpful to establish a complete concept of industrial structure system. It is an objective economic law that the national economy must develop in proportion. In the past, when talking about several major proportional relationships in the composition of various departments of the national economy, the first thing that came to mind was the relationship between supporting agriculture and supporting light. It seems that this understanding is not comprehensive enough Because the basic point of this understanding is to attach importance to the production of tangible products and ignore the production of intangible products. People should realize the important role of intangible products (especially digital products) in social and economic development. In the digital age, people's values will change, no longer measured by the number of material products they have, but by the time they have. The slogan of the digital age is: Numbers are money and talents are resources. From "agriculture" to "tertiary industry" is a great progress in concept. But even this would not be enough We should move from the "primary, secondary and tertiary industries" to the "fourth industry", establish the concept of large-scale production system structure of the national economy, especially fully realize the leading role of the fourth industry in future economic development, and promote the process of upgrading the industrial structure.

(5) Dividing the fourth industry is an important condition to realize the intensification of social production. In modern socialized production, the important way of economic development will change from extensive to intensive. In other words, it is necessary to change from labor-intensive economy to digital-intensive economy (or technology-intensive economy), that is, not simply by increasing the number of production factors, but by focusing on improving the quality of production factors and increasing the proportion and role of digital products in social wealth to develop the economy. In order to improve the material factors of production, new materials, new equipment and new technology must be adopted, which requires more scientific technology or achievements to be applied to production, and the organic connection between scientific research and digital production should be strengthened. Once the digital industry is independent as the fourth industry, it can make scientific research, technology development, software design, feasibility study, business consulting, market forecasting, business diagnosis and other business departments relatively independent, which is an important condition to meet the above needs and strengthen the connection between production and scientific research.

(6) Dividing the fourth industry is helpful to improve the professional quality of workers and expand employment opportunities. For a long time, China has been under pressure to expand employment. In the past, in order to solve this problem, China invested a lot of labor in the primary and secondary industries, which forced the organic composition of enterprises to decrease and the production efficiency to decrease. Because the digital industry is attached to other industries and ignores the vocational education and higher education of digital workers, many workers have poor professional quality and cannot meet the requirements of modern digital labor. As far as the knowledge structure of Chinese workers is concerned, 70% of the 40 million skilled workers in China are below Grade 3. There are more than 10,000 cadres in the economic management department 1 10,000, and 70% of them have junior high school education or below. Metallurgical system is a traditional industry, but among young and middle-aged workers, 48.2% have a junior high school education, and among more than 20,000 factory-level cadres, 44.4% have a junior high school education. Obviously, this cultural knowledge structure can't meet the needs of modern industrial development. The future society will be knowledge-intensive society. Therefore, in essence, the emergence of the digital age is changing the composition of social labor force and changing the professional training direction and skill level of on-the-job employees. In the future, the so-called "structural unemployment" caused by the improvement of scientific and technological level and poor working ability will continue to occur. The number of workers engaged in traditional industrial production in European countries has decreased by 2.5 million. In the United States, 2 1 10,000 auto workers are laid off, and nearly10.2 million steel workers have nothing to do. The unemployment rate in traditional industrial areas is as high as 14.9%. The unemployment rate of 2.5% in China is related to figures, the closed labor market and the dominant position of traditional industries. We should divide and establish the fourth industry as soon as possible, and strengthen the vocational education and training for digital workers to meet the needs of social and economic development and the challenges brought by the traditional unemployment rate.

(7) the division of the fourth industry is conducive to the development of foreign trade and foreign technical and cultural exchanges. China has established economic and trade relations with more than 65,438,000 countries and regions. 1990, China's total import and export goods have reached 1 154 billion yuan, and a new foreign capital utilization agreement has been signed 123 billion US dollars. More than 1000 technology import projects are planned to be signed. It can be predicted that with the continuous development of China's economic construction, the economic ties between China and other countries in the world will become increasingly close. However, the trade volume of digital goods specially used for export in China is very low, and there is also a lack of specialized industries to engage in the exchange of world digital products and market forecast. The main reason is that due to the limitation of system and industry category, the number can not be developed and utilized as a resource enjoyed by various departments. There is no special industry to organize the export, import or comprehensive processing of digital goods. The international market is unpredictable and prices are falling rapidly. If we can't grasp the situation of sellers and buyers, the change of foreign exchange ratio and the change of world economic situation, it will inevitably cause great losses. In addition, we should also see that digital products account for a large proportion in the foreign trade exports of all countries in the world. Only IBM, the world's largest manufacturer of computers and other digital processing equipment, achieved an annual income of $34 billion and a profit of $4.4 billion in 1982. 1983 The export of digital products in Taiwan Province Province reached US$ 4.7 billion, surpassing the previous fist products, textiles and garments, and the export of digital products in Hong Kong also surpassed textiles and garments. 1984, the export of computers alone reached HK$ 5 billion.

(8) Call on the state to pay attention to the fission of industrial structure and initiate a discussion on global industrial upgrading. The birth of the fourth industry is a major event in the world economy. Network, communication and information engineering can also be called public industries because of the publicity of their production relations, that is, social relations.

Dictionary of securities investment

There are different opinions on the definition of the concept of the fourth industry, mainly as follows:

(1) The floorboard of knowledge, technology and information-intensive industrial sectors differentiated from the three major industries. It includes: the design and production of computer software and its service department, consulting department, new technology department applying microcomputer, optical fiber, laser and genetic engineering, high automation and electrification department and so on.

(2) Some people advocate that "information industry" (knowledge industry) should be regarded as the fourth industry independently. It includes not only traditional information departments such as telecommunications, telephone, printing, publishing, news, radio and television, but also emerging information departments such as computers, lasers, optical fibers and communication satellites. Mainly based on electronic computers, engaged in the production, transmission, storage, processing and processing of information.

(3) The United Nations Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development regards the "intelligence department" separated from the tertiary industry as the fourth industry. This is defined as: intelligence activities include providing, processing or classifying information according to its original purpose; Information workers include managers, officials and secretaries, as well as practitioners who establish and maintain information infrastructure. According to the publication198110 of the Observer for the Organization for Economic Development, the fourth industry is called the "primary industry sector" in national economic accounting, and its output value increased greatly in the early 1960s and mid-1970s.

Dictionary of new words

In China, it usually refers to the information industry sector. American scholars regard it as a general term for some small-scale service projects in contemporary times. The fourth industry is in the ascendant in America. (Science and Technology Daily1987 April 17)