Sima Qian traveled all over the country in his early years, inspecting local customs and collecting legends from all over the country. There is such a record in the preface of Biography of Taishigong in Historical Records: "Twenty years later, I swam south to Jianghuai, went to meetings, explored acupuncture points, and had nine doubts, floating in Yuan and Xiang; In the north, I am involved in literature and division, talking about the capital of Qilu, observing the legacy of Confucius, shooting the hometown of Zou, Yi and Pengcheng, and crossing the beam to Chu. "
At the beginning of his career, he served in the southwest. In the sixth year (before11), Ding Yuan returned to China, and his father was seriously ill. Before his death, his father told him, "Yu was also a great scholar." Since the last world, I have tasted fame in Xiaxia, and I have done some official things. Future generations will decline ... when I die, you are an official; For Taishi, I have never forgotten what I want to write. And warned him not to "waste world history." "In the third year of Yuanfeng (before 108), Sima Qian's stepfather was appointed as Taishiling, and he was able to see a large number of books, files and documents collected by the royal family, which provided rich materials for the writing of Historical Records.
In the second year of Tian Han (99 BC), Sima Qian was arrested and imprisoned for defending Li Ling who surrendered to Xiongnu, and was punished for corruption. After he was released from prison, he worked as a secretary (in charge of confidential royal documents) and continued to write books with indignation. In the second year of Zheng He (9 1), he wrote Historical Records.
Historical Records is the first biographical general history of China, which records the history of 3,000 years from the legendary Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Collection of books 130 volumes, including biographies 12 volumes, aristocratic families 30 volumes, biographies 70 volumes, chronicles 10 volumes, and books 8 volumes with 520,000 words. Chronicles, aristocratic families and biographies are used to describe people's deeds, books are used to explain the development and changes of various systems, and tables are used to show the context of historical events, laying the foundation for future generations to write history.
Historical Records has high historical value. Ban Gu praised the book, saying: "Good order and reason, arguing but not flashy, quality but not vulgar, writing and quality, the core of the matter, beauty but not concealment, so it is called recording." (The Biography of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty) That is to say, it highly reflects the truth of history. Mr. Lu Xun once commented on Historical Records: "Historians sing a swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme." Moreover, the Chen She family affirmed the role of the Chen She Uprising. Hequ Book, PingZhun Book and Biography of Huo Zhi reflect the social and economic life at that time. Biography of Xiongnu and Biography of Southwest Yi describe the activities of ethnic minorities, which is the advantage of this book.
Historical Records has high literary value. The narrative language of some historical figures in the book is vivid and vivid.
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After that, Qin did not give Zhao the city, and Zhao did not give him Choi.
Later, Qin Jun attacked Zhao and occupied Shicheng. The next year, he attacked Zhao State and killed 20,000 people in Zhao State. The king of Qin sent messengers to tell the king of Zhao that he planned to make up with him and meet him in Mianchi outside Xihe River. The prince of Zhao was afraid of Qin and couldn't think of going. Lian Po and Lin Xiangru discussed and said, "If the King doesn't go, it will appear that Zhao is weak and timid." So the prince of Zhao, accompanied by Lin Xiangru, set out for the meeting. When Lian Po saw him off to the border, he said goodbye to the Prince of Zhao: "Your Majesty, it is estimated that he will return to China in less than 30 days. If the king doesn't come back in 30 days, please allow me to make the prince king and threaten Zhao Zhinian by breaking Qin. " The prince of Zhao agreed to Lian Po's suggestion and met the king of Qin in Mianchi.
The king of Qin was very happy and said, "I heard privately that the king of Zhao likes music. Ask him to play the piano! " The prince of Zhao played the harp. Historians of the State of Qin stood up and wrote: "On a certain day, a certain month, the king of Qin and the king of Zhao joined hands to drink and ordered the king of Zhao to play the piano." Lin Xiangru stepped forward and said, "Wang Zhao has heard privately that he is good at playing Qin Le. Please allow me to present a pot to the king of Qin for dinner! " The king of Qin was angry and refused to knock. At this time, Lin Xiangru came forward to offer tiles, and knelt down and asked the king of Qin to knock. The king of Qin refused to hit the tile. Lin Xiangru said, "If the King refuses to knock, I can spill blood from my neck on him within five steps!" The attendants around the king of Qin tried to kill Lin Xiangru with a knife. Lin Xiangru glared at them and shouted at them. They were all scared away. So the king of Qin was very unhappy and knocked the tile for the king of Zhao. Lin Xiangru called the officials of Zhao back and wrote: "On a certain day, a certain month, a certain year, the king of Qin beat the king of Zhao." The ministers of the state of Qin said, "Please use the fifteen cities of Zhao to celebrate the birthday of the king of Qin." Lin Xiangru also said: "Please give Xianyang, the capital of Qin State, to Zhao Wang for his birthday."
Until the end of the banquet, the king of Qin never got the upper hand of Zhao. There are a large number of troops on the border between Zhao and Qin Jun to guard against the invasion, and they dare not make a move.
After Mianchi's meeting, he returned to Zhao. Because of Lin Xiangru's great contribution, Wang Zhao appointed him Shangqing, ranking above Lian Po.
Lian Po said: "As a general of Zhao, I have made great contributions in siege and field operations, while Lin Xiangru, though only a few words, is above me. Besides, Lin Xiangru is a humble person, and I am ashamed and unwilling to be under him! " Threatened: "I must insult Lin Xiangru when I see him." Lin Xiangru refused to meet him after hearing these words. He often pretends to be ill when he goes to court, and he doesn't want to compete with Lian Po for ranking. After a while, Lin Xiangru went out and saw Lian Po in the distance, so he turned around to avoid it.
In this case, the guests advised him together: "We left our parents and brothers to serve you because we admire your noble character. Now that you are in the same position as Lian Po, General Lian has spread some bad words, but you are afraid of him and avoid him. You are too scared. Mediocre people are ashamed of this situation, let alone their relatives! We really have no talent, please allow us to leave! " Lin Xiangru resolutely kept them, saying, "Do you think even the generals are better than the king of Qin?" The doorman replied: "(Even the general) is not as good as the king of Qin." Lin Xiangru said, "With the prestige of the King of Qin, I, Lin Xiangru, dare to scold him and humiliate his courtiers in the Qin court. If you can be humble, why are you afraid of General Lian? But I thought of such a problem: the powerful state of Qin did not dare to invade Zhao easily, just because of the two of us! If two tigers fight now, they won't both survive. The reason why I do this is to put the urgency of the country first and personal hatred second! "
Hearing this, Lian Po took off his clothes, put Vitex negundo on his back, and led him to Lin Xiangru's house, where he pleaded guilty through the door. He said, "I am a humble person. I really didn't know that the general tolerated me to this extent!" "
The two finally reconciled and became friends who vowed to live and die together.
Zhao She is an official of the State of Zhao who collects land rent. When the Ping Yuanjun family refused to pay the rent, Zhao She dealt with it according to law and killed nine heads of the Ping Yuanjun family. Ping Yuanjun was furious and wanted to kill Zhao She. Zhao She took the opportunity to persuade him: "You are the son of the Zhao family. Now if you indulge your family and don't abide by the government's laws and regulations, you will weaken the laws and regulations. When the laws and regulations were weakened, the country was weakened, and the vassals invaded Zhao. How can we keep this wealth? With your status and dignity, being able to abide by the law will make the country fair, and fairness will make the country strong. When the country is strong, Zhao's regime will be stable. As a noble family of the Zhao family, will it still be despised by the world? " Ping Yuanjun thought he was very talented and recommended him to the Prince of Zhao. Zhao Haoqi appointed him to be in charge of the national tax revenue, which was very fair and reasonable, and the people were rich and the national treasury was enriched.
Qin attacked South Korea, and the army was stationed at home. Wang Zhao called Lian Po and asked, "Can you save him?" A: "The road is long, dangerous and narrow, and it is difficult to rescue." He summoned Lecheng to ask about it, and Lecheng's answer was the same as Lian Po's. Calling Zhao She to ask again, Zhao She replied, "It's a long way, Xiu Yuan, and Xiu Yuan, just like two mice fighting in a cave, which one is brave and which one wins." The prince of Zhao sent Zhao She to rescue Wei Xiao and Yu.
After the army left Handan for 30 miles, Zhao She ordered in the army: "Who will put the military admonishers to death?" Qin Jun was stationed in the west of Wu 'an, and the sound of Qin Jun's drumming and shouting training shook the roof of Wu 'an City. A scout in the Zhao army asked for quick rescue of Wu 'an, and Zhao She immediately beheaded him. Zhao's army held on for 28 days and did not advance. Instead, they built more camps. The spy sneaked into Zhao's camp, and Zhao She treated his food well and sent him back. The spy reported the situation to the general, and General Qin was overjoyed. He said, "The army will not enter the capital for 30 miles. If more camps are built, it will not belong to Zhao." Zhao She sent spies from, and then let the soldiers unload their real armor and go to Lu quickly. Arrive at the front line in two days and one night, and order the cavalry who are good at shooting to leave the battlefield and camp five miles away. After the completion of the barracks, Qin Jun knew this situation and the whole army came at once. A sergeant named Xu Li asked for advice. Zhao She said, "Let him in." Xu Lidao: "Qin people didn't expect Zhao to come here. Now they are in front of the enemy and their morale is very high. The general must concentrate his forces and get ready. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure. " Zhao She said, "Please let me take your advice." Xu Li said: "I demand to accept the death penalty." Zhao She said: "Wait for the order after Handan." Xu Li asked Ji again, "Take Beishan first to win, then lose." Zhao She agreed, and immediately sent ten thousand people to Beishan. Later, I arrived and competed with Zhao for Beishan, but I couldn't attack it. Zhao She led his troops to storm, defeated Qin Jun, fled in all directions, the siege of Wei Xiao was lifted, and Zhao went home.
King Huiwen of Zhao named Zhao She Ma Fujun and appointed Xu Li as the captain of the national army. Zhao She was in the same position as Lian Po and Lin Xiangru.
Four years later, Zhao Huiwen died and Prince Xiao became king. In the seventh year of filial piety (the first 259 years), Qin Jun confronted Zhao Jun in Changping. Zhao She was dead and Lin Xiangru was dying. Wang Zhao sent Lian Po to attack Qin Jun, and Qin Jun defeated Zhao several times. Zhao Jun stayed in the camp without fighting. Qin Jun has repeatedly challenged. Lian Po ignored. Wang Zhao listened to the rumors spread by Qin Jun spies. The present spy said, "What Qin Jun hates and hates most is that Zhao Kuo, the son of Zhao She, a horse servant, is a general." The prince of Zhao therefore took Zhao Kuo as the general, replacing Lian Po. Lin Xiangru said, "Your Majesty's appointment of Zhao Kuo is like gluing the tuning rod to death and then playing the harpsichord. Zhao Kuo only reads the books left by his father and doesn't know how to be flexible. " The prince of Zhao refused to listen and appointed Zhao Kuo as the general.
Zhao Kuo studied the art of war and talked about military affairs since he was a child, thinking that no one in the world can beat him. He once talked with his father Zhao She about fighting. Zhao didn't hit him, but he didn't say he was good either. Zhao Kuo's mother asked Zhao She why. Zhao She said: "Fighting a soldier is a matter of life and death, but he did it so easily. If Zhao doesn't use Zhao Kuo as a general, it is only if he must be a general, it must be that he has failed Zhao. " When Zhao Kuo was leaving, his mother wrote to the king of Zhao and said, "Zhao Kuo can't make him a general." Wang Zhao said, "Why?" He replied, "When I served his father, he was a general. Ten people were provided with food and drinks by him personally, and hundreds of them were regarded as friends by him. All the gifts given by the king and the royal family are distributed to military officials and their families. From the day he accepted the order, he stopped asking about family affairs. Now that Zhao Kuo has become a general, he will face the East and appear in court for trial. No officer dared to look up at him. All the gold and silk given by the king were taken home for collection. He also visits cheap and suitable fields and properties every day and buys whatever he can. What does the king think of him like his father? Father and son are connected. I hope the king will not send him to lead the troops. " Wang Zhao said, "Put it down and forget it. I have made up my mind. " Zhao Kuo's mother went on to say, "You must send him to lead the troops. If he is incompetent, can I not be implicated? " Wang Zhao agreed.
After Zhao Kuo changed Lian Po, the original rules and regulations were changed, and the original military attache was also changed. When General Qin heard these things, he sent out Indiana Jones, pretended to be defeated and fled, cut off Zhao's grain transportation road, divided Zhao into two halves, and Zhao's foot soldiers were centrifugal. After more than forty days, Zhao was hungry, so Zhao Kuo sent a good soldier to fight in person and shot Zhao Kuo. Zhao Kuo's army was defeated, hundreds of thousands of troops surrendered to Qin Jun, and Qin Jun buried them alive. Zhao * * * lost four hundred and fifty thousand people. The following year, Qin Jun surrounded Handan. For more than a year, Zhao has barely recovered. The siege of Handan was lifted only because of the rescue of Chu and Wei armies. The prince of Zhao was not implicated in Zhao Kuo because of his mother's pre-announcement.
In the fifth year of Handan in Qing Dynasty, the state of Yan adopted the strategy of "chestnut belly", saying that "Zhao Zhuang Ding all died in Changping, and his orphans were not adults", so the prince of Yan sent troops to attack Zhao. The prince of Zhao sent Lian Po to fight back, defeated the Yan army in Yancheng, killed Li's stomach and surrounded the capital of Yan. The state of Yan ceded five cities for peace, and the prince of Zhao agreed to a truce. The prince of Zhao named Lian Po Wen and Xin Pingjun, and asked him to be Guo Xiang's agent.
Lian Po was dismissed from office in Changping, and all his former guests left him. When he was re-appointed as a general, the public returned. Lian Po said, "Gentlemen, please go back!" The guest said, "Alas! Why is your view so backward? People all over the world make friends through market transactions. If you have the strength, we will follow you. If you have no strength, we will leave. This is a very common truth. What can you complain about? " Six years later, Zhao sent Lian Po to attack many Yang in Wei State and conquered it.
After Zhao Haoqi's death, the prince mourned the accession of Xiang Wang and sent Lecheng instead of Lian Po. Lian Po was furious and attacked Lecheng, and Lecheng fled. Lian Po also fled to Liang Wei. In the second year, Chair Zhao Li Mu attacked Yan for the general and captured Wusui and Fangcheng.
Lian Po has lived in Daliang for a long time, and Wei can't trust to reuse it. Zhao was repeatedly besieged by Chi, the prince of Zhao wanted to use Lian Po, and Lian Po wanted to be appointed by Zhao. The Prince of Zhao sent an envoy to see Lian Po to see if he could still be appointed. Guo Kai, the enemy of Lian Po, bribed the emissary heavily to speak ill of Lian Po when he came back. After Zhao's envoy saw Lian Po, Lian Po ate a bucket of rice and ten catties of meat in front of him, and then put on real armor and got on the horse, indicating that he could still be appointed. Zhao's emissary went back and reported to the king of Zhao: "Although General Lian is old and has a good appetite, he took a shit three times when he sat with me." The prince of Zhao thought Lian Po was old, so he stopped calling him back.
When Chu heard that Lian Po was in Wei, he secretly sent someone to meet him. Although Lian Po became a general of Chu, he did not make any meritorious military service. He said, "I want to command Zhao's soldiers." Lian Po finally died in Shouchun.
Li Mu is a good soldier in the northern border of Zhao. Long-term stationed in Daidiyanmen County to guard against Xiongnu. He has the right to set up officials according to his needs, and the taxes and rents of the cities in the defense areas will be sent to the Li Mu shogunate as military funds. He kills several cows every day to reward soldiers, teaches soldiers to practice archery and horseback riding, guards the beacon tower carefully, and sends more people to spy on the enemy, so he is very kind to soldiers. Draw up the rules and say, "If Xiongnu invades, retreat from the camp quickly and stick to it, and dare to catch the enemy and behead him." Every time the Huns invaded, as soon as the bonfire rang, they immediately withdrew and retreated to the camp to stick to it, not daring to fight again. After several years, there was no loss of manpower and material resources. But the Huns thought Li Mu was timid, and even the officers and men guarding the border of Zhao thought their master was timid and didn't dare to fight. The prince of Zhao blamed Li Mu, but Li Mu remained the same. King Zhao was angry, recalled him and sent someone to lead the troops on his behalf.
After more than a year, the Huns sent troops to fight every time they invaded. Sending troops to fight, losing and fighting repeatedly, causing heavy casualties, it is impossible to plow and graze on the border. The prince of Zhao had to ask for the reappointment of Li Mu. Li Mu stayed indoors, insisting that he was ill. The prince of Zhao repeatedly forced Li Mu to come out and let him lead the troops. Li Mu said, "Your Majesty must use me. I will dare to be ordered as before. " Wang Zhao agreed to his request.
Li Mu came to the border and acted according to the original articles of association. The Huns had accomplished nothing for several years, but they always thought that Li Mu was timid. The officers and men on the border are rewarded every day, but it is useless and they are willing to fight. So Li Mu prepared 1,300 carefully selected chariots, 13,000 carefully selected war horses, 50,000 warriors who dared to take the lead, and 100,000 soldiers who were good at shooting, all of whom were organized to train and fight. At the same time, a large number of livestock are allowed to graze everywhere, and there are grazing people everywhere. When the Huns invaded, Li Mu pretended to fail and deliberately threw thousands of people to the Huns. When ChanYu (chán) heard this, he led a large number of troops to invade. Li Mu laid a lot of raiders, outflanked the enemy, defeated the Huns, and killed more than 100,000. Destroyed (dān, Dan) and (lán, Lan), defeated East Lake, surrendered, and Khan escaped. After more than ten years, the Huns were afraid to go near the border towns of Zhao.
In the first year of Zhao Daoxiang (244 BC), after Lian Po fled to Wei, Zhao sent Li Mu to attack Yan and captured Wusui and Fangcheng. After two years, Pang Wen defeated Yan Jun, and killed Da Xiu Xin. Seven years later, Qin Jun defeated and killed Zhao's general Zheé (Zheé) in Wusuli, killing hundreds of Zhao's troops. Zhao sent Li Mu as the general and attacked Yi 'an. He was defeated and drove away the general Huan Kun. Li Mu was established as Wu Anjun. Three years later, Qin Jun attacked Wu Fan, Li Mu defeated Qin Jun, and then attacked South Korea and Wei.
In the seventh year of Zhao (229 BC), the State of Qin sent Wang Jian to attack the State of Zhao, and the State of Zhao sent Li Mu and Sima Shang to resist Qin Jun. The State of Qin bribed Guo Kai, the courtier of Zhao, with a large amount of money and made him use double spies. Rumor has it that Li Mu and Sima Shang are going to rebel. The Prince of Zhao sent Zhao Cong and Qi General Yan Ju to replace Li Mu, but Li Mu refused to accept this order. The Prince of Zhao sent someone to arrest Li Mu by surprise, killed him, and removed Sima Shang from his post. Three months later, Wang Jian took the opportunity to storm Zhao, defeated Zhao, killed him, captured Zhao and his general Yanju alive, and finally destroyed Zhao.
Tai Shigong said: It must be very courageous to know that you are going to die without fear; It is not difficult to die. What is difficult is how to treat this kind of death. Lin Xiangru squinted at the court column with Bobby in his hand and reprimanded the attendants of the king of Qin. As far as the situation was concerned, he was killed at most. However, ordinary scholars often dare not do so because of cowardice. Once his courage is aroused, his power will expand to overwhelm the enemy country. Later, he humbly gave in to Lian Po. His reputation is heavier than Mount Tai. His wisdom and courage in doing things can be said to be both!
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