Zhang Xueliang's industry originated from his father, Zhang Zuolin. When Zhang started his business in Northeast China, he once owned shares in Badaohao Coal Mine in Montenegro. Later, the mine owner was unable to repay more and more debts, so he changed the mine to Zhang. From 1922, Zhang entrusted Yan Tingrui and Wang to manage the coal mine. Due to the Zhang family's continuous investment in coal mines, Badaohao Coal Mine produced dozens of tons of raw coal every day, and it was profitable until the September 18th Incident of 193 1. On the eve of the first direct service war, Zhang's industry has expanded from northeast to north China. Zhang bought a small building in the British Concession. That year, Zhang discovered that Tianjin Hengyuan Textile Co., Ltd. was a joint venture. At that time, the largest textile company in North China was faced with a shortage of funds and tight supply and marketing of products. Seeing that it was profitable, Zhang Jin made a huge investment. Soon, because most of the shares of the company were held by the Zhang family, Hengyuan Company was soon exclusively operated by Zhang. 1924 after the victory of the second direct war, Zhang withdrew from the shares of Tianjin Hengyuan Textile Co., Ltd. and returned to the northeast alone to set up the first Fengtian spinning mill in Shenyang. During his administration in Northeast China, Zhang also owned shares and investments in large and small enterprises such as Tycoon Iron Works, Northeast Bank, Datong Railway, Fenghai Railway and Huilin Match Company. In the later period of Zhang, while paying attention to making a fortune and saving property, he also carried out necessary real estate development. In addition to properties in South Gate of Shenyang, Xiaoheyan, Beiling and other places, he also bought summer villas in Tiger Beach in Dalian and Yanggangzi in Liaoning before entering the customs to win the Central Plains. 1925 bought a villa in Tianjin, 1926 bought Wang Fu of Shuncheng County (now the seat of China People's Political Consultative Conference) in Beijing as a temporary trip to Beijing. Most of these properties were owned by Zhang before his death. General Zhang Xueliang 1928 inherited his father's business in Qiu Zi. Because of his personality, his hobby of collecting money is completely different from his father's. He paid attention to the profit and loss of Northeast finance and never cared about the existence of private property. Zhang Xueliang's economic income mainly depends on the annual salary of the security commander-in-chief of the three northeastern provinces and the assets left by his father before his death. During his reign, he never thought of abusing power for the personal interests of the Zhang family. Even some commercial industries left by his father were neglected, and some real estate was left by him. 1in the spring of 920, Zhang bought another 4 million hectares of land in Tailai County, Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China, and established the Sino-Japanese Xingfa Company with Yoshishiro Kurashiro, the head of the Japanese consortium. This joint venture company mainly engaged in grain and local products in Northeast China and animal husbandry unique to Northeast China, which became one of the main sources of income for the Zhang family at that time. 1928 After Zhang's death, Zhang Xueliang, out of anger at Japan, ordered Zhang to take back all his shares and resolutely suspended cooperation with Japanese companies. Jong would rather give up his rich income than do business with Japanese businessmen, and was praised by people from all walks of life in Northeast China. In addition, when Zhang was in charge of the Northeast, he also paid attention to relying on the advantages of the Kanto coast to do business. 19 19 years, the Yingkou steamship company operated by Zhang Ben in Liaoning suffered economic losses, and Zhang generously borrowed 300,000 yuan to support the company to tide over the difficulties. Since then, Zhang has invested 200,000 northeast yuan as an investment in shipping companies, which will become another economic income of the Zhang family. Until Zhang died in 1928, Zhang Benzheng's shipping company paid dividends to the Zhang family. However, after Zhang Xueliang came to power in 1929, he suspended his relationship with this shipping company and recovered his father's investment. After 1930, although Zhang Xueliang mastered the military and political power in Northeast China and North China, he rarely bought private property except for a house for Ms. Zhao Yidi and her child Zhang Lvlin in Tianjin Concession. 193 1 After the "September 18th Incident", the Japanese Kwantung Army broke into Zhang Shuai's mansion at the south gate of Shenyang, and took away Zhang Xueliang's valuables and antiques and celebrity calligraphy and painting that he had carefully collected for many years. Soon, General Benjamin, commander-in-chief of the Japanese Kwantung Army, sent troops to take two trains to transport Zhang Xueliang's private property to Peiping. This is because as early as ten years ago, this temple Mao served as an adviser to the Northeast Army among the warlords of Fengzhi. During this period, Benzhimao had a close personal relationship with Zhang and his son. Therefore, when Zhang Xueliang's private property was transported to Beiping Qianmen Railway Station, the Japanese envoy immediately went to Zhang Xueliang's residence in Shuncheng County, Wang Fu. Zhang Xueliang immediately angered Shimonoseki's special envoy and severely demanded that the Japanese special envoy transport his two private properties back to Shenyang, otherwise he would order them to be burned at the railway station in protest. Decades later, Zhang Xueliang is still worried about this matter. 1990 in the summer, when Zhang Xueliang was interviewed by NHK TV in Taipei, he said this: "Ben Mao sent two trains of my personal property, and he sent someone to write me a personal letter. I received a letter telling that person: I don't accept my things, and I will never accept them. Although we used to be friends and had a good relationship, we are equal enemies now. I am a soldier, and I don't fight to protect my property. What he did to me was tantamount to humiliating me. I said to the porter, you must take things back, how to put them in my house and how to put them for me. If you don't get it back, I'll set fire to Beijing Railway Station ... "Later, Benji Mao had to order officials who came to Beiping to transport Zhang Xueliang's private property to transport the two trains back to Shenyang intact. However, this batch of private property belonging to Zhang Xueliang was later divided and plundered by the Japanese Kwantung Army. Although these things were stolen by Japanese soldiers in the end, Zhang Xueliang did not sacrifice his national righteousness for his private property. At that time, he really frightened the enemy and made the Japanese aggressors look at him with new eyes. 1945 After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, a group of friends of Zhang Xueliang in Peiping, in view of Zhang's property not being obtained after Japan's surrender, decided that Peng Xiangting would write to Nanjing, requesting Chiang Kai-shek to return Zhang Xueliang in the early Song Dynasty. This is a matter of course. With the mediation of Song Ziwen and others, it was quickly approved by Chiang Kai-shek. 1February, 946, Peng Xiangting entrusted Mo Dehui, a veteran of Northeast China, to Xifeng, Guizhou Province, where Zhang Xueliang lived in seclusion at that time, to convey the meaning of returning the property in Beiping. At that time, Zhang Xueliang had been imprisoned by Chiang Kai-shek for ten years. Know nothing about what's going on outside. This patriotic general, who regarded money and wealth as things outside his body all his life, took the industry in Beiping for granted, but out of kindness to his friends, he wrote a letter to his sister Zhang (another housekeeper) who lived in An at that time. It is not difficult to see Zhang Xueliang's attitude towards wealth; Sister Shoufang: ... Now let me explain the property liquidation committee in detail: this matter was initiated by friends of Ping Jin's predecessors, and I thank them for their kindness. I also explained to the highest authorities that Peng Xiangting, Lai Guitian and Hu Ruoyu wrote to me and asked me if I could do it and how. I have written back to them and made it clear. Organize a committee, select a few old friends who are related to this matter or convenient to handle affairs as members, and designate Song Ziwen and Zhang Fushuai as the people who are ultimately responsible for decision-making. Song is my best friend and Zhang is our father. Song is the chairman of the board and has full authority to handle this matter. There are also some non-voting members, and some family members and relatives have been appointed. This is what I told everyone to know, but they have no right to speak or interfere with the liquidation Committee so as not to interfere with the person in charge. You are also a member without voting rights. I have to thank you for your troubles in Shaanxi real estate industry. I want to make it clear that there is a piece of land outside Pingliang in Xianyang that is my private property. Now please don't ask around. Pingliang's land is not my private property, but I am going to give it to exiled families in Northeast China. Just like the village outside Xi 'an, the money is not public money or my private property. In addition, they have a committee headed by Gao. Please pay attention. I don't know exactly how much it costs and where the property is. Besides what my father left, I also bought a house, land, or stocks myself, either for fun or to help my friends. I never paid much attention to them. If someone deliberately deceives me, then! I am not reconciled. I have always adhered to the principle of "Gong Chu Chu De", and I hope you will do the same. We will not starve to death, even if we starve to death. I don't know how many crimes we have committed, and I am willing to do it. If I compete for money, I'll quit. If I had known that he was Hu Hua and he was a brother, I wouldn't have given a penny. I think you will know my temper, and I hope you will, too! Wealth means rich life, prominent position, outstanding ability and success. In a sense, it is the embodiment of life value. Because of this, many people pursue wealth tirelessly and even sacrifice their health for money. On the contrary, "life does not bring, death does not bring" and "passing clouds" are another saying of money and fame. 1October 28th,1995,65438+Zhang Xueliang wrote a poem to express his feelings: "White hair makes people old, but a false name makes people wrong. The grace of the Lord is high and thick, and wealth is like a cloud. " Throughout Zhang Xueliang's life, treating wealth like a cloud is a true portrayal of his treatment of wealth, revealing the other side of Zhang Xueliang's life. Zhang Xueliang's industry originated from his father, Zhang Zuolin. When Zhang started his business in Northeast China, he once owned shares in Badaohao Coal Mine in Montenegro. Later, the mine owner was unable to repay more and more debts, so he changed the mine to Zhang. From 1922, Zhang entrusted Yan Tingrui and Wang to manage the coal mine. Due to the Zhang family's continuous investment in coal mines, Badaohao Coal Mine produced dozens of tons of raw coal every day, and it was profitable until the September 18th Incident of 193 1. On the eve of the first direct service war, Zhang's industry has expanded from northeast to north China. Zhang bought a small building in the British Concession. That year, Zhang discovered that Tianjin Hengyuan Textile Co., Ltd. was a joint venture. At that time, the largest textile company in North China was faced with a shortage of funds and tight supply and marketing of products. Seeing that it was profitable, Zhang Jin made a huge investment. Soon, because most of the shares of the company were held by the Zhang family, Hengyuan Company was soon exclusively operated by Zhang. 1924 after the victory of the second direct war, Zhang withdrew from the shares of Tianjin Hengyuan Textile Co., Ltd. and returned to the northeast alone to set up the first Fengtian spinning mill in Shenyang. During his administration in Northeast China, Zhang also owned shares and investments in large and small enterprises such as Tycoon Iron Works, Northeast Bank, Datong Railway, Fenghai Railway and Huilin Match Company. In the later period of Zhang, while paying attention to making a fortune and saving property, he also carried out necessary real estate development. In addition to properties in South Gate of Shenyang, Xiaoheyan, Beiling and other places, he also bought summer villas in Tiger Beach in Dalian and Yanggangzi in Liaoning before entering the customs to win the Central Plains. 1925 bought a villa in Tianjin, 1926 bought Wang Fu of Shuncheng County (now the seat of China People's Political Consultative Conference) in Beijing as a temporary trip to Beijing. Most of these properties were owned by Zhang before his death. General Zhang Xueliang 1928 inherited his father's business in Qiu Zi. Because of his personality, his hobby of collecting money is completely different from his father's. He paid attention to the profit and loss of Northeast finance and never cared about the existence of private property. Zhang Xueliang's economic income mainly depends on the annual salary of the security commander-in-chief of the three northeastern provinces and the assets left by his father before his death. During his reign, he never thought of abusing power for the personal interests of the Zhang family. Even some commercial industries left by his father were neglected, and some real estate was left by him. 1in the spring of 920, Zhang bought another 4 million hectares of land in Tailai County, Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China, and established the Sino-Japanese Xingfa Company with Yoshishiro Kurashiro, the head of the Japanese consortium. This joint venture company mainly engaged in grain and local products in Northeast China and animal husbandry unique to Northeast China, which became one of the main sources of income for the Zhang family at that time. 1928 After Zhang's death, Zhang Xueliang, out of anger at Japan, ordered Zhang to take back all his shares and resolutely suspended cooperation with Japanese companies. Jong would rather give up his rich income than do business with Japanese businessmen, and was praised by people from all walks of life in Northeast China. In addition, when Zhang was in charge of the Northeast, he also paid attention to relying on the advantages of the Kanto coast to do business. 19 19 years, the Yingkou steamship company operated by Zhang Ben in Liaoning suffered economic losses, and Zhang generously borrowed 300,000 yuan to support the company to tide over the difficulties. Since then, Zhang has invested 200,000 northeast yuan as an investment in shipping companies, which will become another economic income of the Zhang family. Until Zhang died in 1928, Zhang Benzheng's shipping company paid dividends to the Zhang family. However, after Zhang Xueliang came to power in 1929, he suspended his relationship with this shipping company and recovered his father's investment. After 1930, although Zhang Xueliang mastered the military and political power in Northeast China and North China, he rarely bought private property except for a house for Ms. Zhao Yidi and her child Zhang Lvlin in Tianjin Concession. 193 1 After the "September 18th Incident", the Japanese Kwantung Army broke into Zhang Shuai's mansion at the south gate of Shenyang, and took away Zhang Xueliang's valuables and antiques and celebrity calligraphy and painting that he had carefully collected for many years. Soon, General Benjamin, commander-in-chief of the Japanese Kwantung Army, sent troops to take two trains to transport Zhang Xueliang's private property to Peiping. This is because as early as ten years ago, this temple Mao served as an adviser to the Northeast Army among the warlords of Fengzhi. During this period, Benzhimao had a close personal relationship with Zhang and his son. Therefore, when Zhang Xueliang's private property was transported to Beiping Qianmen Railway Station, the Japanese envoy immediately went to Zhang Xueliang's residence in Shuncheng County, Wang Fu. Zhang Xueliang immediately angered Shimonoseki's special envoy and severely demanded that the Japanese special envoy transport his two private properties back to Shenyang, otherwise he would order them to be burned at the railway station in protest. Decades later, Zhang Xueliang is still worried about this matter. 1990 in the summer, when Zhang Xueliang was interviewed by NHK TV in Taipei, he said this: "Ben Mao sent two trains of my personal property, and he sent someone to write me a personal letter. I received a letter telling that person: I don't accept my things, and I will never accept them. Although we used to be friends and had a good relationship, we are equal enemies now. I am a soldier, and I don't fight to protect my property. What he did to me was tantamount to humiliating me. I said to the porter, you must take things back, how to put them in my house and how to put them for me. If you don't get it back, I'll set fire to Beijing Railway Station ... "Later, Benji Mao had to order officials who came to Beiping to transport Zhang Xueliang's private property to transport the two trains back to Shenyang intact. However, this batch of private property belonging to Zhang Xueliang was later divided and plundered by the Japanese Kwantung Army. Although these things were stolen by Japanese soldiers in the end, Zhang Xueliang did not sacrifice his national righteousness for his private property. At that time, he really frightened the enemy and made the Japanese aggressors look at him with new eyes. 1945 After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, a group of friends of Zhang Xueliang in Peiping, in view of Zhang's property not being obtained after Japan's surrender, decided that Peng Xiangting would write to Nanjing, requesting Chiang Kai-shek to return Zhang Xueliang in the early Song Dynasty. This is a matter of course. With the mediation of Song Ziwen and others, it was quickly approved by Chiang Kai-shek. 1February, 946, Peng Xiangting entrusted Mo Dehui, a veteran of Northeast China, to Xifeng, Guizhou Province, where Zhang Xueliang lived in seclusion at that time, to convey the meaning of returning the property in Beiping. At that time, Zhang Xueliang had been imprisoned by Chiang Kai-shek for ten years. Know nothing about what's going on outside. This patriotic general, who regarded money and wealth as things outside his body all his life, took the industry in Beiping for granted, but out of kindness to his friends, he wrote a letter to his sister Zhang (another housekeeper) who lived in An at that time. It is not difficult to see Zhang Xueliang's attitude towards wealth; Sister Shoufang: ... Now let me explain the property liquidation committee in detail: this matter was initiated by friends of Ping Jin's predecessors, and I thank them for their kindness. I also explained to the highest authorities that Peng Xiangting, Lai Guitian and Hu Ruoyu wrote to me and asked me if I could do it and how. I have written back to them and made it clear. Organize a committee, select a few old friends who are related to this matter or convenient to handle affairs as members, and designate Song Ziwen and Zhang Fushuai as the people who are ultimately responsible for decision-making. Song is my best friend and Zhang is our father. Song is the chairman of the board and has full authority to handle this matter. There are also some non-voting members, and some family members and relatives have been appointed. This is what I told everyone to know, but they have no right to speak or interfere with the liquidation Committee so as not to interfere with the person in charge. You are also a member without voting rights. I have to thank you for your troubles in Shaanxi real estate industry. I want to make it clear that there is a piece of land outside Pingliang in Xianyang that is my private property. Now please don't ask around. Pingliang's land is not my private property, but I am going to give it to exiled families in Northeast China. Just like the village outside Xi 'an, the money is not public money or my private property. In addition, they have a committee headed by Gao. Please pay attention. I don't know exactly how much it costs and where the property is. Besides what my father left, I also bought a house, land, or stocks myself, either for fun or to help my friends. I never paid much attention to them. If someone deliberately deceives me, then! I am not reconciled. I have always adhered to the principle of "Gong Chu Chu De", and I hope you will do the same. We will not starve to death, even if we starve to death. I don't know how many crimes we have committed, and I am willing to do it. If I compete for money, I'll quit. If I had known that he was Hu Hua and he was a brother, I wouldn't have given a penny. I think you will know my temper, and I hope you will, too! Now I think of a poem by Zhang Jiangling, which is recorded in You. Look at the atmosphere! Thousands of miles away with books as a wall, why not let him walk a few feet? The Great Wall of Wan Li is still there today, but Qin Shihuang is not there. People should be like this ... On May 30, when my brother Liang was confined in Guizhou, he sent this letter to his sister, which was enough to show Zhang Xueliang's enlightened attitude towards family property. During his stay in Shenyang and Beiping, Zhang Xueliang not only ignored the appreciation of private property, but also used his family's money to help the people from time to time, such as donating money to establish Tongze Middle School, Xinmin Primary School and investing in the expansion of Northeastern University. There was once an ordinary athlete from Northeastern University who went to the United States to participate in the Olympic Games, and there was no toll. After learning about it, Zhang Xueliang donated money. After arriving in Xi, he used his private money to buy land for the Northeast University in Exile to build a temporary school building. Wait, Zhang Xueliang's private donations are even more numerous. Zhang Xueliang likes to collect ancient and modern calligraphy and painting, which is the biggest sum of his personal expenses and the only place where he is willing to spend money. If he finds the lost original national treasure of ancient paintings among the people, he will even pay a large price to buy it. General Zhang Xueliang was detained by the Kuomintang military secret service for many years. When he retired in the 1960s, he should have received a huge pension, but was unreasonably withheld by the Military Secret Service. Because there is no source of income, there will naturally be no valuable gold, silver and jewelry around him. However, despite decades of severe "restraint" and imprisonment, Zhang Xueliang brought some books and ancient calligraphy and painting that he regarded as life. This is a precious cultural relic that Zhang Xueliang accompanied in the most difficult period of his life. Most of them were brought to Taiwan Province Province by Zhang Xueliang from Xi 'an, Beiping, Fenghua, Chongqing, Hunan, Guizhou and Wan Li. These books include history, religion, fine arts and philosophy. Some Japanese scholars have studied the works of their father Zhang. Among them, Zhang Xueliang's achievements in the study of China history, especially Ming history and Wang Yangming's philosophy, his notes and unofficial history's notes are very valuable. From 65438 to 0994, after Zhang Xueliang decided to live permanently in Hawaii, in April, he entrusted his niece Zhang in Taiwan Province to take a collection from her former residence in Taipei to Sotheby's for auction. This is the first time that Zhang Xueliang has publicly disposed of his personal collection for many years after half a century of seclusion. The main reason why Zhang Xueliang got rid of these precious cultural relics that followed him through difficulties and obstacles was that he would use them for life after he settled in the United States. Because since 1936, Zhang Xueliang lost his freedom, he has lived in confinement for nearly half a century, and he can only live on some previous savings. Once he goes to live in a high-consumption country like America, it is impossible to live without living expenses. We can also see the living conditions of Zhang Xueliang in his later years. Zhang Xueliang's collection of paintings, calligraphy, poetry manuscripts and other cultural relics for many years mostly came from famous painters and literati in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China, including his collection of silk books of famous painters such as Xie Yuan, Wu Daozi, Xu Wei and Zheng Banqiao 70 years ago. The works of Ming Dynasty thinkers Wang Yangming and Huang Zongxi are the most abundant in the book collection, which is a rare and unique book today. In nearly half a century's exile and migration, Zhang Xueliang overcame all kinds of unimaginable dangerous dilemmas and preserved these precious cultural relics to this day. Among the priceless possessions that Zhang Xueliang carried with him during his seclusion, many books in the Ming Dynasty almost all had eyebrows written by Zhang Xueliang himself. Some notes are neatly written and insightful. In some English books and periodicals, you can also see Zhang Xueliang's detailed comments on some words and phrases after reading. Zhang's Notes to the Bible, Confucianism in Ming Dynasty and Gongan in Song and Yuan Dynasties are all written in neat small letters with a brush, which have precious cultural relics in themselves. In Yang Ming Xin Xue and other books, Zhang Xueliang even compiled a directory index of names and places for future generations to read. 1993 On the eve of Zhang Xueliang's second visit to the United States, these precious books were donated to the library of Donghai University in Taiwan Province Province for free, with about 2,000 volumes. Shortly after receiving this donation from Zhang Xueliang, Donghai University decided to open a "Zhang Xueliang Book Memorial Room" on campus to open this precious collection to researchers at home and abroad. After General Zhang Xueliang settled on the coast of Hawaii, he still kept the last precious collection with him. This is his favorite collection in his life, so he is unwilling to sell it even if he is in urgent need of money in many parts of the United States. 1995 general Zhang Xueliang was interviewed for his "oral history" at Columbia university in Hawaii, and learned that the school had plans to open a "research" exhibition hall for him and Ms. Zhao Yidi. After careful consideration, he decided to donate the last collection he took with him to Columbia University to open an exhibition hall. Most of these collections are rare and rare books of Ming history read by Zhang Xueliang during his imprisonment. During his stay in Yangming Cave, Guizhou Province, he wrote down many notes on his experience in studying the History of Ming Dynasty, and processed the collected manuscripts of unofficial history in Ming Dynasty. A personal letter from some Kuomintang military and political officials to Zhang Xueliang; Zhang Qun, Zhang Daqian, He Shili and other poems and paintings exchanged among close friends in Taiwan Province; Letter from home; Collect ancient and modern famous seals; Zhang Xueliang's precious photo albums in various historical periods and so on. There are also various treasures of Ms. Zhao Yidi: photo collections; When Zhang Xueliang was imprisoned in Guizhou, she helped Zhang Xueliang compile the manuscript of Ming History. Unofficial history manuscripts of Ming Dynasty collected by her; After 1959, Christians wrote manuscripts of religious works such as Good News, New Life and True Freedom, as well as manuscripts of messages and telegrams written to domestic friends instead of Zhang Xueliang in his later years. After these precious collections were sent to Columbia University, they were highly valued by Columbia University, so they decided to immediately set up a "Study on Zhang Xueliang and Zhao Yidi" in the library of Columbia University to publicly display the above-mentioned important cultural relics. 1996101October 2 1 day, Columbia University held the opening ceremony of this research. The name of the museum was inscribed by Zhang Xueliang. More than 1000 Chinese and foreign scholars from San Francisco, Los Angeles and Washington attended the opening ceremony in Columbia Library. At this point, the last private collections around Zhang Xueliang are no longer private. 65438+On February 6th, 2006, in order to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the "Xi Incident" and the 5th anniversary of Zhang Xueliang's death, Zhang Shuaifu exhibited Zhang Xueliang's daily necessities for the first time. As a result of a large number of precious collections donated long before Zhang Xueliang's death, there are only about 30 Zhang Xueliang's relics in the "Zhang Xueliang Relics Exhibition" area, including the Christmas tree that General Zhang Xueliang liked in his later years and the black wheelchair that accompanied General Zhang Xueliang in his later years. Pockets for daily necessities such as sphygmomanometer, seat belt and fan are hung behind the wheelchair. Another sportswear worn by Zhang Xueliang in his later years was a gift selected by Zhang Xueliang's sister Xie for General Zhang Xueliang in Beijing on his centenary birthday. These items were collected by Zhang Shuaifu through contact with his children after Zhang Xueliang's death. Zhang Xueliang and Li Junqiang who regard wealth as a floating cloud