(1) Pre-Qin, Qin and Han poetry. Since ancient times, hardworking and intelligent people living in the Central Plains have constantly created beautiful and moving poems. The Book of Songs is the earliest existing collection of poems in China, which basically belongs to music songs. All the works were collected by a poet named "Pedestrian" sent by the Zhou royal family. "History of Food in Hanshu" records: "Meng Chunyue, people who live in groups are scattered, and pedestrians shake Mu Duo to the road to collect poems and offer teachers, which makes the emperor hear." It can be seen that The Book of Songs is a collection of folk songs collected from various vassal states.
The Book of Songs consists of three parts: style, elegance and ode. Wind is the wind of fifteen countries, which contains 160 poems of fifteen vassal countries. Among these 160 poems, 109 is a poem of Zhongzhou, a vassal state in Henan today. Including eleven Nan Zhou, fourteen Zhao Nan, nineteen Bifeng, ten Bifeng and four Bifeng. Among them, four poems of Shang Fu were collected from Zhongzhou (now Shangqiu City, Henan Province) in the Song Dynasty. Some poems in Ya also originated in the Central Plains. Conservatively speaking, nearly half of the 305 "Book of Songs" are from Zhongzhou. It can be said that the land of Zhongzhou has been the hometown of poetry since ancient times.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in order to meet the needs of hegemony or merger war, various vassal States extensively sought and used scholars to serve them. So many scholars appeared one after another, representing the interests of a certain class or stratum, lobbying to speak, writing articles, and expressing their views in the form of essays and argumentative papers, thus the situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend" appeared in the history of our country. In this situation, many excellent essays and argumentative essays have been produced, which occupy an important position in the history of China literature. At that time, the land of Zhongzhou was the place where prose writers and argumentative writers gathered.
Laozi, a native of Luyi County, Henan Province, was a Tibetan keeper in the Zhou Dynasty (equivalent to the director of the National Library today). He wrote eighty-one Tao Te Ching, which is the first recorded prose. Zhuangzi, a Mongolian in Song Dynasty (now Minquan County, Henan Province), wrote 33 articles of Zhuangzi. The language is vivid, beautiful and harmonious, and the rhythm is bright and fresh. Full of romantic sentiment and profound philosophy of life. Zhuangzi's prose is picturesque and fascinating. It is a masterpiece of romanticism in the pre-Qin period, which has a far-reaching influence in the history of literature. The fifty-five argumentative essays written by Han Fei, with thorough reasoning and accurate argumentation, have to be convincing and have an irresistible force, which can be called the masterpiece of China's reasoning and argumentation. Li Si, a native of Shangcai County, Henan Province, is also a masterpiece.
Jia Yi, a native of Luoyang, Henan Province, was a brilliant ci writers and political commentator at that time. He is the author of ten volumes of New Theory, and his masterpieces Guo Qin Lun and Diao Qu Fu Yuan are all famous essays in China. On Qin uses such writing techniques as rendering, exaggeration, parallelism and contrast. The article is clear in context, echoing from beginning to end, magnificent and sonorous in language, which has far-reaching influence in the history of prose. Chao Cuo, another famous writer and politician in the Western Han Dynasty, was born in Yingchuan (now Yuzhou City, Henan Province). His Book of Returning to Custom is a recitation by Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty. In stating the importance of attaching importance to agriculture and grain, Shu Lun is a famous article with profound levels, rigorous exposition, thorough reasoning, fluent language and prominent center.
During the pre-Qin, Qin and Han dynasties, a large number of famous poems and articles were produced in the Central Plains, which played an important role in the history of China literature.
(2) The poet Du Fu and his former residence. Du Fu was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province. Du Fu was a great realistic poet in China in the Tang Dynasty, and another romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai, was also called "Du Li". Han Yu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, said: "Du Li's articles are in full swing." Yuan Zhen said, "Since the poet, no one is as beautiful as a son." For thousands of years, Du Fu has been called "the sage of poetry" and his poems have been called "the history of poetry". Du Fu is a descendant of Du Yu, a historian and strategist in Jin Dynasty. Tu Yu was born in Ling Du, Jingzhao (now the southern suburb of Xi, Shaanxi Province), so Du Fu claimed to be "all students of Ling Du" and "wild old man of Ling Du". He was also called "Du Gongbu" because he was a foreign minister in the school department. Du Fu's eighth ancestor moved to Xiangyang with Emperor Jin and Yuan. When Wu Zetian was in the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu's great grandfather was appointed as the magistrate of Gong County, so Du's family moved to Gong County. Du Fu's grandfather, Du Shen Yan, was a famous poet in the period of Wu Zetian. He won the respect of the queen and was awarded the post of writer and foreign minister of the food and beverage department. After the death of the queen, Zhongzong succeeded to the throne, and Du was exiled to Fengzhou (present-day Vietnam) because of collusion with the queen Pang Chen. Du Fu's father, Du Xian, is a junior official. Du Fu was born in Nanyaowan Village, Dongmen, Gongxian County, Henan Province. Lost his mother at the age of five. Because my father is in Fengtian County, I am in foster care with my aunt.
Du Fu has been eager to learn since he was a child. When he was young, with great political ambitions, he began to take the imperial examinations. However, he tried again and again, and his family was poor and often fell into poverty and helplessness. He makes a living by selling medicine and helping his friends. In order to develop, he lived in Chang 'an for ten years, but failed to do so. Du Fu lived in a period of prosperity and decline in the Tang Dynasty. After experiencing the prosperous times and the Anshi Rebellion, he witnessed the dark phenomenon of "the wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death" in the Tang Dynasty, and wrote down the famous "three officials" (Li Xinan, Tongguan Li) and "three parting" (newly married and the death of the old man). He got an official by giving gifts, and once an official went to the left to pick up the body. But soon abandoned the official. In 759, in the third year of Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong, Du Fu, who was nearly fifty years old, moved to Chengdu. With the help of his old friend Gao Shi and his cousin Wang Sima, he built a thatched cottage in Huanhuaxi, 30 miles west of Chengdu. Here, he wrote the famous Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage. In the poem, "an tens of millions of buildings are safe, and the world is poor and happy, and the wind and rain do not move." Alas, the house suddenly appeared in front of me, and it was enough to freeze me to death alone. "This sentence has become a famous sentence throughout the ages, reflecting the poet's selfless and noble ideological realm. In Tang Daizong, 53-year-old Du Fu heard that loyalists had recovered the north and south of the Yellow River, and his hometown had also been recovered from the Anshi Rebellion. He was very happy to write a poem "Both sides of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army". Poetry cloud:
The news of this distant western station! The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop crying on my coat.
Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily.
On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine.
Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! .
Just as Du Fu was preparing to return home, his good friend Yanwu was appointed as our special envoy to the east of Jiannan and Xichuan. Yanwu asked Du Fu to be the staff of our department, and he was appointed as Yuan Wailang, the proofreader of the Ministry of Industry. However, Yanwu died in Sichuan for more than a year, and Du Fu had abandoned his post because he was not used to shogunate life, so Du Fu lost his dependence on his life. In 765 AD, Du Fu was 54 years old. He left Chengdu with his family, sailed eastward along the Yangtze River, and went to Tanzhou to be the secretariat of Wei Zhijin. Unexpectedly, Wei Zhijin died in Tanzhou. Du Fu was helpless and took the boat as his home. He often has no food, and he is poor and ill. The next year, the great poet died on a boat in Xiangjiang River.
Forty-three years after Du Fu's death, his grandson Du Yesi followed the wishes of his ancestors and buried Du Fu's bones in his hometown. When Du Fu passed Jingzhou, he asked Yuan Zhen, a famous poet and Jingzhou secretariat, to write an epitaph for his ancestors. Yuan Zhen's brush said, "Heir said he was brave, but he was ill and couldn't be buried, so he died. He ordered his children to have an inheritance, which was so poor that he couldn't stand the loss. He cleans up beggars and works hard day and night. It is also difficult to die for the ambition of our ancestors after more than forty years of death. " It can be seen from the epitaph that Du Fu's descendants are still poor and unable to support themselves. "Laiyang County Records" said: "During the Yuan and Zhong Dynasties, his grandson moved to Gong County, taking this as his ambition."
Du Fu was finally buried in his native land, and his tomb was located at the foot of Mangshan Mountain in Xikangdian Village, Gongxian County. The tomb is square in height 1 1 m and width15m. The graves of his two sons, Wen Zong and Zong Wu, are also nearby. Zhou Xu, a Song Dynasty poet, hung a poem in front of Du Fu's tomb: Ling Du's poet's tomb, leaning against the top of Beimang.
I learned it from others, and I believe in the history of high fame.
Apes sound sad, trees are cold and smoke.
Only the article is in Zhu Tian.
During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, later generations erected the tombstone of "Mr. Tang Shaoling's Tomb" in front of Du Fu's tomb, and Du Shaoling's tombstone was rebuilt in the 19th year of Kangxi. Now there are pines and cypresses planted in front of the tomb. The scenery is beautiful, solemn and quiet, which expresses the admiration of the people of Zhongzhou for this great poet.
About 100 meters east of the north gate of Gongxian Old Town, there is a Bijia Mountain, and the courtyard on the platform at the foot of the mountain is Du Fu's former residence. The courtyard faces south, facing the mountains and waters, and close to Bijia Mountain. There is a hole in the east-west brick cave about 1 1 m deep, where Du Fu was born. Now it has been completely renovated for people to visit and enjoy.
Du Fu wandered all his life, struggling in poverty and suffering. Fortunately, it was his miserable life that narrowed the distance between him and the lower class, which made his poems reflect the sufferings and social contradictions of the people in the Tang Dynasty and filled with feelings of worrying about the country and the people. His poems reflect the history of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, so people call it "the history of poetry". Du Fu's poems are magnificent, with magnificent mountains and rivers, full of words and full of gods, so they are also honored as "poets". His poems inherited the excellent literary tradition of our country, reached the peak of ancient realistic poetry, and played a role in connecting the past with the future. Du Fu set up a monument in the history of China literature.
(3) Han Yu, the first of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, and his hometown. Han Yu, a native of Mengxian County, Henan Province, was born in 1989. In the Tang Dynasty, the surname of Han in Changli (now Daling River and Xiaolinghe River basins in Liaoning Province) was temporary, and Han Yu also called himself Changli, so later generations also called it Han Changli. Han Yu lost his father at the age of three and went to Lingnan with his cousin Han Hui, who was demoted. After her cousin died, she was brought up by her cousin. Han Yu knows that learning is not easy, so he studies hard. He writes thousands of words of notes every day. After mastering the Six Classics and letting a hundred schools of thought contend, he was admitted to the Jinshi in one fell swoop.
In Tang Dezong, because of Han Yu's integrity, he made a suggestion of writing to supervise. He saw that the palace market was a nuisance ("palace market"), that is, 100 eunuchs acted as messengers of the palace market and went shopping for the palace. Miyagi was rampant, bullying, buying at a low price, and even looting), so he impeached and demanded a strike. As a result, he offended the powerful and was demoted to Yangshan order.
While in Tang Xianzong, Han Yu was promoted to Assistant Minister of the Patent and Punishment Department of Zhi Zhi for his meritorious service in Pinghuai West. Xianzong believed in Buddhism and wanted to welcome the Buddha's bones. Han Yu remonstrated, saying, "The Buddha is a barbarian, and the bones of the Buddha are rotten things. We must "use this bone to pay for fire and water, and we will never get rid of the roots, the doubts of the world, and the confusion of the previous generation." (Biography of Han Yu in the New Tang Dynasty) Governing the world must be based on Confucianism. Xianzong was furious, and Han Yu was demoted to Chaozhou secretariat, and later transferred to Yuanzhou secretariat. At that time, Han Yu was called the son of the country, and Jing was the assistant minister of the Ministry of War and the assistant minister of the official department. In the fourth year of Changqing (824), Han Yu died at the age of 57, known as Han Wengong in history.
Han Yu is an outstanding essayist and poet in China. He is well-read and versatile, and is listed as the first of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His poem "Zhang Eighteen Members from the Water Department in Early Spring" says: "The sky street is drizzly and crisp, and the grass is far and near. The most important benefit is the spring of the year, which is better than the willow. " The whole poem is fresh and unique, with delicate observation and refined and accurate expression of early spring scenery.
Han Yuli is one of the advocates of the ancient prose movement. He opposed parallel prose since the Six Dynasties and advocated prose. His essays, Teacher's Notes, Understanding of Learning, The Original Way and Ruin, are vigorous, magnificent, forceful, ambitious and profound. Han Yu is regarded as the best essayist since Sima Qian.
Han Yu's life, outstanding literary achievements. He vigorously promoted evening classes and taught articles for them. At that time, many people, such as Jia Dao and Liu Yi, were called "Korean disciples". He often has difficulties? Loneliness is praised by people. He opposed Buddhism and aging all his life, advocated Confucianism and criticized the shortcomings of the times. Because his likes and dislikes are clear and his articles are vigorous and powerful, he can be called a masterpiece in prose.
Although Han Yu passed away for thousands of years, the people in his hometown have never forgotten this literary master and built a shrine to commemorate his achievements and contributions to literature. Han Yu's Tomb is located on the northern slope of Han Zhuang Village, six kilometers west of Meng County, Henan Province. There are three porters in the temple, and there are pavilions and steps in front of the mountain. Walking through the mountain gate, there is a monument with a huge body, which records the life story of Han Yu in detail. There are three dining halls in Qing dynasty style in the north of the monument building, and there is a stone statue of Han Yu in the hall. Han Yu's tomb is about seven meters high, surrounded by Gu Song cypress trees, which block out the sun. Han Yu's Tomb is a provincial cultural relic protection unit. ("Henan Tourism Grand View")