Never support moral issues instead of practical technical issues. Therefore, this paper discusses the change of Xuanwu Gate, hoping to communicate with you by this reason: First, the actual number of operators of Xuanwu Gate incident: The Old Tang Biography 18: "On June 4, Gong Jin and Sun Chang Wuji and other nine people fell to Xuanwu Gate to be changed. And cut into the building, Yuanji and his party attacked Xuanwu Gate, and the soldiers were very strong. The public has the courage to reject it behind closed doors. General Zuo Wuhou has made contributions, and Dingyuan Gong has made contributions, giving 1,000 households. " "Biography of the Old Tang Dynasty" 18: "On June 4th, I finished and died. Jingde led seventy people to ride on the heel, Yuan Ji rushed, shot from left to right, and fell off the horse. Emperor Taizong escaped from the forest on horseback, but was caught by the cross and could not fall down. Yuan Jiyun came to grab the bow. He wanted to grab the bow. Jingde jumped on the horse, scolded him and left, wanting to go back to Wudetang. Jingde rushed up and shot him. " It can be seen from these two articles that the actual number of operators, including Emperor Taizong, should be around 8 1 person (this number should be within1person if Jingdezhen had not followed him with seventy riders). In fact, Tang Taizong was very dangerous at that time, and immortality was just a chance. "Taizong rode a horse, escaped from the forest, was caught by the cross, and could not fall. Yuanji came to grab the bow, lowered his arm, and threw himself at Jingde ... "If Jingde came late, there would be no Emperor Taizong in history. Judging from Li Shimin's personal participation in the fighting, this reflects the other side of the small number. Let's look at other classics: Zi Tongzhi Jianjuan 19 1: "After completion, Yuanji went to the temple by the lake, and I felt different, that is, I left Ma Dong and went to the palace. Therefore, Shimin called it Yuanji who shot Shimin with a bow, and it never failed. Shimin shot it and killed it. Wei Chijingde rode his 70-year-old horse and shot Yuanji from left to right. Yi went into the forest and was killed by a branch. He couldn't get up. Yuanji arrived, grabbed the bow and strangled it, and respected the virtues. Yuanji wants to rest Wudetang, and respects virtue to pursue it. " "The 14th Biography of the New Tang Dynasty, Qu Shi, Wei Chi, Zhang Qin Tang": "When Prince Yin died, Jingde led him to ride to Xuanwu Gate at the age of 70, and Wang Mayi fell into the forest. Yuanji will seize the bow and embarrass the king. If he respects virtue and scolds Chizhi, Yuanji will shoot it. " From the above two, it can be supported that the actual number of operators exceeds 80. Obviously, this is more like an assassination than a battle. Let's study this: The Fourteen Biographies of the New Tang Dynasty, Qu Shi, Wei Chi, Zhang Qin and Tang Dynasty: "When Prince Yin died, his disciples attacked Xuanwu Gate, which was very sharp, and he was willing to close the door alone. General Zuo Wuhou has made great contributions, and he has sealed a thousand households. " "Biography of the Old Tang Dynasty" 18: "The generals in his palace, Xie, led a great army to Xuanwu Gate and killed them. Jingdezhen held on with Yuan Jishou to show it, and the palace soldiers dispersed. " Zi Jian Juan 19 1: "Feng Yi and Feng Yuqi, the motorized generals of Yiwei, died after their completion, sighing," How hard is it to get rid of their lives? "But as a deputy imperial, and Fu as a left rider, Xie as a handsome East Palace, a good soldier of Jifu, aiming at Xuanwu Gate in two thousand. Zhang tried his best to shut himself out and refused to go in. After General Yun Hui respected Jun Hong and took charge of Su Wei, he moved to Xuanwu Gate and stood up to fight. He said, "It's not clear. Guan Xu has changed. Once the soldiers are assembled, it is not too late to line up. " Not sure, I shouted with the corps commander Lu, and both of them died. Hong Jun, the great-grandson of Xianjun. The gatekeeper and Wan Che fought for a long time. Wan Che clamored to attack the Qin government, and the soldiers were afraid. When Wei Chijingde was completed and Yuan Zhenshou was presented, the palace soldiers collapsed, and Wan Che and dozens of riders died in Zhong Nanshan. Li Feng killed Jing, saying that his disciple said, "It is enough to report less to the prince!" So he dismissed the soldiers and fled to the wild. It can be seen from these that when Yuan Ji was killed, his palace soldiers immediately attacked Xuanwu Gate and killed the defenders. From "Killing Jing says disciples:' It's enough to report less to the prince!'" ""yes, Hong Jun is a key figure, kill him, enough to repay the grace of the prince. Why do the soldiers in the East Palace hate Hong Jun so much? Because he is also one of the murderers, but he is a murderer who didn't do it (when he was killed and Yuanji). Chen's Political History of the Tang Dynasty said: "The northern army of the Tang Dynasty was the army of the Wei Palace, and its strength was far above that of the southern army and the acropolis. ..... The reason why Emperor Taizong won, built and lost Yuan Dynasty was because he could seize the military power according to the Xuanwu Gate in the north gate of Miyagi, and soldiers were not allowed to enter Xuanwu Gate. " It can be concluded that this is a mass murder case, not only the actual murderer, but all bystanders are murderers. The troops stationed in Xuanwumen are not only bystanders, but also murderers of Yuanji, including the station troops general and corps commander Lu who died in battle. Although Zhang made great efforts, judging from the fact that "the gatekeeper fought with ten thousand chariots for a long time", many people in the gatekeeper's military forces surrendered to the king of Qin, and they should be close to the East Palace and its family in order to resist the forces of the East Palace and its family (2,000 people) who were burned by revenge at that time, especially heroic and tragic. You should know that Xue Wanche was a superstar in the Tang Dynasty. From the demise of Dou Jiande, to the later demise of Xue Yantuo, and then to the conquest of Korea, his bravery is beyond doubt. Biography of Xue Wanche in Old Tang Dynasty called it "preparing for war, bravely winning the crown and conquering foreigners". Therefore, when we calculate the actual operators of this incident, we have every reason to be sure that it is more than 80 people, but more than 80 people plus the number of defenders who surrendered to the king of Qin can resist the attack of 2000 people. In this way, the number may be thousands. It was with the participation of so many people that Li Shimin dared to launch this incident. Second, Chen Yinque discusses the problems existing in the political history of the Tang Dynasty. 1, Chen cited the "Political History of the Tang Dynasty" old Tang Taizhuan 18: "On June 4, nine people, including Wuji, fell to Xuanwu Gate. And cut into the building, Yuanji and his party attacked Xuanwu Gate, and the soldiers were very strong. The public has the courage to refuse alone. " At that time, the old Tang book was mistaken for the new Tang book. As a great scholar, this is very inappropriate. As a descendant, no one has pointed it out for him for so long, nor should he, nor should he be rigorous, nor should he learn the attitude he should have. 2. Chen Yinque saw the Epitaph of the Long River written by Li Yifu in the Paris Library, which showed the academic circles that the new historical materials could "supplement and explain what the old history could not solve". Yes, the last sentence of this epitaph is clearly written. "... on June 4th, nine years, delivered to the North Gate of General. "Nine years is undoubtedly Wushu nine years, that is, in 626 AD. Chen Yinque believes that Zhang He was appointed as the Shoujiang of Xuanwu Gate at that time, and was lured by Li Shimin to participate in the massacre. However, I would like to list the following doubts here: (1) Li Yifu wrote in "The Monument to the Long River": "In seven years, on the orders of Emperor Taizong, I chased into Beijing and gave the North Gate a golden knife to lead the athletes. I still entrusted dozens of golden knives to the public and gave them to my brave husband, paying attention to the vassal dynasty, participating in the news and taking off clothes. 1June 4, 999, the order was sent to the north gate of the general. " Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Volume 49, Four Officials: "Tang and Qin Dynasties set generals in ancient times and Yi Wei set generals in chariots. In the seventh year of Wude, the generals in title of generals in ancient times changed to corps commanders, and all the generals in chariots and horses were corps commanders, about two points. " The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, volume 49, went to four officials: "There are left and right corps commanders in the left and right prisons." What is certain is that before the Xuanwumen Revolution, Changhe's official position was a corps commander. "Zhenguan Politician, Jundao First" contains: "Ma Zhou was born in chiping, Bozhou. In the five years of Zhenguan, I went to the capital and lived in the home of the corps commander Changhe. " It can be seen that five years after Li Shimin acceded to the throne, Changhe's official position is still the same as that of the corps commander. If it was the person who helped him in the most dangerous and crucial battle in Li Shimin at that time, Li Shimin, as a monarch with clear rewards and punishments, would never fail to reward Changhe's achievements. In fact, in the five years of Zhenguan, Li Shimin gave Zheng He 300 silks. See "The Twenty-third Biography of the New Tang Dynasty". "Where did the emperor get a person? Give him 300 pieces of silk. " This is an interesting story: Emperor Taizong ordered hundreds of ministers to write about gains and losses. The corps commander often has poor writing and wet ink, so he invited a guest to play with more than 20 pieces of grass in Ma Zhou. After what you often play, everything goes according to your will. Emperor Taizong was puzzled, because he had always been a military commander, but he was as knowledgeable as Xu Zhuo. He asked why, and often replied, "This is beyond my power. I have grass at home." Emperor Taizong summoned Ma Zhou today, and before he arrived, he sent envoys to urge Si. Meet and talk, deeply satisfied, immediately awarded the post of officer, in order to save it. Finally, I'm tired of the secretariat. Changhe also recommended a person for honesty and won a generous reward (paragraph 300). It is conceivable that if Changhe was really the key figure in the change of Xuanwu Gate, how would Emperor Taizong reward him? The only possibility is that Changhe didn't participate in the change of Xuanwu Gate that day. (2) If Changhe was really the key figure in the change of Xuanwu Gate, the official history such as New Tang Book and Old Tang Book would not fail to record Changhe. Teacher Chen doesn't need to look for clues from an epitaph. (3) This tombstone was written by Li Yifu. Considering Li Yifu's despicable behavior all his life, this person's words are by no means credible, so the credibility of Changhe tombstone is also questionable. "Biography of Li Yifu in Old Tang Dynasty": "The righteous government looks gentle, courteous and frugal, and will greet people with a smile, but it is not a thief. Those in power, who want others to attach themselves, who care a little, need to be trapped. Therefore, people say that there is a knife in the righteous government's laughter, and it is also called "Li Mao". "During the first year of the Qing Dynasty, the official to the right illegitimate son of the Prince was named Hou. There is a woman in Luozhou, surnamed Luo, who married in Dali. Yizheng heard her beauty and asked Dali to seek justice for his daughter, especially to avenge her crime. " Why do we trust such an unscrupulous, criminal and dishonest person instead of official history? In fact, the idiom "hiding a knife in a smile" that we are talking about today comes from the prototype of Li Yifu himself. To sum up, the Changhe Monument is not credible, and Chen Yinque's point of view cannot be established. Chen Yinque is one of the most admired scholars of Lin Qiaolong. He has a keen sense of history. You know this is the most important thing in academic research. Without a keen sense of history, he will only be a mediocre scholar. In fact, Chen's popularity stems from his profound knowledge on the one hand and his keen sense of history on the other. He is really an admirable scholar.

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Four changes of Xuanwu Gate in the history of Tang Dynasty. There was a country in the Tang Dynasty for nearly 300 years. Read relevant historical books (old and new books of the Tang Dynasty and Zi Zhi Tong Jian-Ji Tang). ), we can find an interesting phenomenon: during the 93 years from the reign of Emperor Gaozu Kaiji to the reign of Xuanzong, there were four palace coups, but all of them involved the northern front door of the palace wall at that time-Xuanwumen. The first coup took place in the ninth year of Wude, Tang Gaozu (AD 626), which was the total outbreak of the struggle for the throne among Li Shimin, Li and Li Yuanji. Shimin, Cheng Jian and Yuanji were all born to Empress Gaozudou. Cheng Jian is the eldest son, Shimin is the second, and Yuanji ranks fourth. In the process of Tang Gaozu's national reunification, Shimin first participated in the planning of Taiyuan Uprising. After the Uprising, Shimin made the greatest contribution to the war to win peace. But because Shimin is not the eldest son, according to traditional customs, the throne should be inherited by the eldest son. Therefore, after Tang Gaozu acceded to the throne, he was established as the Crown Prince. Because Li Shimin was used to fighting, he became the most important leader in the Tang army. In the fourth year of Wude, Tang Gaozu appointed Shimin as "General Ce Tian", ranking above the kings. He also served as Stuart, the host of Shaanxi, and the official minister, and also made an imperial edict in the king of Qin. Relying on their talents and outstanding achievements, Shimin opened a literature museum in the government to recruit scholars from all over the world. They were treated with great courtesy, and these people became counselors and military strategists of the people. In addition, Shimin went to the north and gradually recruited many brave soldiers in Ce Tian Palace. With so many counselors and brave generals, a powerful political group in the political arena at that time naturally formed around Shimin, the king of Qin, which directly threatened the establishment of the prince. In order to consolidate his position and ensure the succession to the throne in the future, he took refuge in Yuanji, the king of Qi who was dissatisfied with Shimin because of his political ambitions, and adopted strategies such as connecting concubines to help him, strengthening his military strength, buying Shimin's Ministry to strengthen himself and weakening Shimin's power, and even developed to the point where Shimin was poisoned when drinking. In the ninth year of Wude, Cheng Jian, Yuanji and Houguan concubines often spoke ill of Shimin in Gaozu's ear, which gradually made Gaozu doubt Shimin, and the situation was very unfavorable to Shimin. The king of Qin and his entourage were so worried that they decided to stage a coup. On June 4th (July 2nd, Gregorian calendar, 626), Shimin led Sun Chang Wuji and others into the palace through Xuanwu Gate, ambushed near the temple in the middle of the lake, and suddenly shot and killed Tuohe Yuanji, who was preparing to enter the DPRK. Then he claimed that "the king of Qin made an insurrection with the prince and the king of Qi, and transferred troops to punish him", and sent his cronies to "Suwei" Gaozu, forcing Gaozu to accept the fait accompli. Three days later, Gao Zu established Shimin as the Crown Prince, and ordered the military to appoint the Prince to carry out everything. In August, Gao Zu was born in Shimin, claiming to be the Emperor Taizi. Shimin acceded to the throne for Emperor Taizong. This is called "the change of Xuanwu Gate" in history. On the surface, there were four participants in the first Xuanwumen Revolution: Gaozu, Prince, King of Qin and King of Qi, but in fact there was only one contradiction behind it, that is, the dispute between Prince Li and King of Qin. As the emperor and father, Li Yuan held a negative attitude before and after the Xuanwu Gate Revolution, and Li Yuanji, the king of Qi, stood on the side of the prince. Because there is only one contradiction, when Li and Li Yuanji are killed at the same time, this contradiction is solved, and the future successor of the dynasty is destined to be. Unless you want to overthrow Li Tang and establish a new regime, you have no interest in continuing to be an enemy of Li Shimin, not only the original members of the prince, but also those loyal to Tang Gaozu, and there is no need to offend future masters. Funnily enough, in the change of Xuanwu Gate, the most serious casualties were neither Qin nor Donghong Heqi, but the camp stationed in Xuanwu Gate. After the prince and the king of Qi were killed, He Xie led the guards of the East Palace and Taitai Palace to Xuanwu Gate to rescue them. So, General Jing and Lieutenant Lu, who were guarding the camp, entered the camp before the army was assembled and were defeated. When they arrived, they found Jing and Lu dead. The most surprising thing is that today, later generations have not figured out why Jing and Lu participated in the war. Some people speculate that they have already been bought by the king of Qin, but if they get the news in advance, how can they rush into battle and even be defeated and killed? After Jing and Lu died, the situation was once critical. At this point, Weichi Gong cut off the heads of the Prince and the King of Qi, and the guards of the East Palace and the King's Palace were scattered, trying to attack Qin's department, which completely collapsed after receiving the imperial edict of Tang and Yuan Dynasties. Took the opportunity to kill Li's five sons and Li Yuanji, completely eliminating the competitors. At this time, Li Shimin has become the center of people. From the second day on, people of insight around the former prince turned their backs. Among the military commanders, Xie, Xie, etc., who led the East Palace to fight against Qi Qiwei at Xuanwu Gate, once fled after the defeat and soon came back to confess their sins. Li Shimin pardoned them one by one and sealed them with high officials. Except for Xue Wanche who was killed by Emperor Gaozong for rebellion, the other two were later regarded as models of loyalty to the monarch. Among the civil servants, Wei Zhi, the trusted minister of the Prince, surrendered and eventually became a famous official in the history of China. He defected to Wagangjun in his early years, returned to Tang after the defeat, was captured by Dou Jiande, and fell to Dou Jiande. After the defeat, Dou Jiande returned to Tang Dynasty and became Li's trusted minister. After Li died, he returned to. Well, he has become the fifth master. Supposedly, Wei Zhi is not afraid of death, so his switch to Li Shimin should be very telling. There are many people who know the times like him. In a word, the prince disappeared in the blink of an eye, and there was no need for Li Shimin to clean it up. In fact, it is of little significance to discuss the number of people participating in the war, because no matter how it is calculated, Qin's military strength is at an absolute disadvantage. Li Shimin must have bribed the commander of Xuanwu Gate, but it is still inconclusive who bribed him. And the reason for buying it is that his special team can sneak into the ambush smoothly, instead of fighting the soldiers and princes of the East Palace with the defenders of Xuanwu Gate. Facts have proved that the soldiers in the camp are simply vulnerable. In addition, judging from the sentence "once the soldiers are assembled, it is not too late to fight in columns", Jing and Lu were unprepared in advance, and even rushed out without assembling the military and horses. It was the heads of Cheng Jian and Yuanji and the imperial edict of Li Yuan that eventually disintegrated the prince, which should be mainly attributed to the beheading action of the special squad. The second coup took place in January of the first year of Tang Zhongzong Shenlong (AD 705). At that time, Wu Zetian had been proclaimed emperor for fourteen years, and she was very old and very ill. Some officials who had long been dissatisfied with her "Wuzhou Revolution" and hoped to restore the Tang Dynasty took the opportunity to launch an uprising in Fengge Luantai under the leadership of Prime Ministers Zhang Jianzhi and Cui Xuanyong. General Zhang, Cui, Zuo Liangyu and Lin Wei led more than 500 people to occupy Xuanwu Gate, greeted the Prince from the East Palace, and then marched into the Palace together until the Yingxian Palace where Wu Zetian was buried, killing our station supervisor and Wu Zetian's favorite assistant minister Zhang Zongchang, forcing Wu Zetian to abdicate and establishing the throne of the Prince and the title of the dynasty. The third time was the coup of Prince Li Zhongjun in the first year of Tang Zhongzong Jinglong (AD 707). After the reset, Tang Zhongzong Li Xian was weak, while Queen Webster was strong. She colluded with Wu Sansi and took charge of state affairs. Wei Hou doesn't like Prince Chong because he is not his own. Sansi was also jealous of Chongjun, conniving at his son, General Xu, Wu Chongxun, and his daughter-in-law, Princess Anle, who often abused Chongjun and even called Chongjun a slave. Chongxun also taught the princess to ask Zhongzong to depose the prince and be the wife of the emperor himself. I finally couldn't help it. In July of the first year of Jinglong, Li Duozuo, a general of Zuo Yulin, joined hands and pretended to serve a letter. He led Zuo Yulin and thousands of cavalry to rush into the mansion of Wu Sansi and Wu Chongxun, killed them, and then sent troops to surround the palace and demand Wei Hou and Princess Anle. When Hou Wei heard of the change, he took Zhongzong to the Xuanwumen Gate and transferred troops to suppress it. Chongjun led an army to attack the front of Xuanwu Gate. Zhongzong declared to the sergeant that he admired the monarch and rebelled, so the sergeant rebelled and killed Li Duozuo and others. The partisans who worshipped the army immediately broke up, and the coup suddenly fell apart. Jun Jeong fled to Zhong Nanshan and was hunted down. The fourth time was a coup in Li Longji in the fourth year of Tang Zhongzong Jinglong (AD 7 10). In June of that year, Wei Hou and Princess Anle conspired to poison Emperor Li Xian of Zhongzong and made Li Zhongmao Emperor Wen. I wanted to follow the example of Wu Zetian, so I planted Wei's children in the key departments of both capital and capital, gathered party members, and prepared to depose Mao and start his own business, but I was afraid of opposition from Qiu Lidan, so I tried to kill him. Li Longji, the son of King Xiang and King Linzi, received a tip-off, that is, he joined hands with Princess Taiping to pre-empt the attack and sent a false message. Yu Lin Wei Jun led the guards Zhuo Wei and Webber out to pick up the news, but he fell for it. As a result, Li Longji was killed by a bunch of people. Li Longji occupied Xuanwu Gate, and then soldiers broke into the palace and killed Wei Hou and Princess Anle. Li Dan, the prime minister, and Longji's father and son hold the military and political power. Later, they prevented the young emperor from giving way to Mao, and the Prime Minister ascended the throne for Tang Ruizong. The four coups have one thing in common, that is, whether Xuanwu Gate can be controlled is the key to the success or failure of each coup. In the coup, whoever controls the Xuanwu Gate is the winner, who can't control the Xuanwu Gate, and finally fails. It can be seen that Xuanwu Gate played an extremely important role in these four coups in the early Tang Dynasty. To understand why Xuanwumen played a decisive role in all previous coups in the early Tang Dynasty, we must know the imperial palace regulations in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the imperial palace in the capital was the main place where emperors lived and listened to politics, which was also the center of political power. Therefore, the architectural patterns of Taiji Palace, Daming Palace and Luoyang Miyagi are exactly the same, which are symmetrically arranged along the north-south axis and divided into two parts: the outer court and the inner court. The outer court is mainly the palace where the emperor listens to state affairs and holds banquets, as well as some government offices. The imperial palace is the bedroom and garden of the emperor and his empresses, and the place where the emperor and his empresses live and rest. Most importantly, the outer court is located in the south of the palace and the inner court is located in the north of the palace. Therefore, the door to the north of the palace wall plays a major role in the safety of the palace, among which Xuanwu Gate, as the main entrance to the north, plays a decisive role. In the Tang Dynasty, all the gates of the palace wall were guarded by imperial guards, and there were two cloisters outside Xuanwu Gate. The headquarters of the imperial army is stationed here, called "Beiya", with strong fortifications and strong troops. Accordingly, the significance of controlling Xuanwu Gate first is self-evident: because controlling Xuanwu Gate can control the palace, controlling the palace can also control the emperor, thus controlling the central government and even the whole country.