/qikan/ periodical. Article/sxwlxyxb/sxwl2002/0202/020211.htm
On the Similarities and Differences between Gao Shi and Cen Can's Frontier Poems
On the Style of Frontier Poems by Gao Shi and Censen
Xu Liying
This paper mainly analyzes the similarities and differences between Gao Shi's and Cen Can's frontier poems, and probes into the reasons for their different poetic styles.
Keywords: high fitness; Cen Can; Frontier poems; Poetic style
Classification number: I207.22 document identification number: a.
Article number:1008-293x (2002) 02-0045-04.
About the author: Xu Liying (1964-), female, from Zhuji, Zhejiang, is a lecturer at Shaoxing Economic and Trade School, Zhejiang.
Author: Xu Liying (Zhejiang Shaoxing Trade and Economic School, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 3 12000)
References:
[1] Qing Patten et al. Tang Poetry (Vol.6 and Vol.7) [M]. Zhonghua Book Company, 1960.
[2] Sun Qinshan and others. Selected Poems of Gao Shi Cen Can [M]. People's Literature Publishing House, 1985.
[3] Zhou Xunchu, editor in chief. Dictionary of Tang poetry [Z]. Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1990.
[4] Zhang Fuqing. Aesthetic exploration of Tang poetry [M]. China Press, 2000.
[5] Chinese Department of Northwest Normal University, Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest Normal University. Selected poems of frontier fortress in Tang Dynasty [S]. Gansu Education Press, 1988.
Date of receipt: 20 February 2002
Release date: April 2002 1 day
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Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, Gao Shi and Cen Can have been called two poets. For example, Du Fu said, "The speed is so slow that Shen Bao has to go with him. The meaning is just flying, and the article is finally mixed. " ("Send a letter to Pengzhou Senior Three and Fifteen Ambassadors, Shiyizhou Cen Twenty-seven Long History and Thirty Rhymes") Yan Yu said: "Gao Cen's poems are tragic and sad to read." "Shen told Xin that ... it has a particularly high poetic tone, and ... it is quite similar to Gao Shi's style, which makes people feel generous to read. Hu Yinglin said, "Gao Cen is solemn and stirring, and Wang Meng is carefree." This is mainly because their poetry styles are similar, and they are all famous for their "strength of character". They are all good at writing frontier themes in the form of ancient poems, especially seven ancient poems, which are full of gratitude. However, the two poets have similarities and differences, and they have made different contributions in the field of poetry.
Gao Shi (704-765) was born in Guo County of Bohai Sea (now Jingxian County of Hebei Province).
Gao Shi's life experience is rich. He lived in poverty in his early years. At the age of 20, I traveled to Chang 'an in the west, and in the 19th and 20th years of Kaiyuan, I went to Jimen in the north. After staying in Songzhou for about ten years, I lived a wandering life for many years. Forty-six years old, he won the first prize in Youdao, but he was only appointed as the governor of Fengqiu in Bianzhou. Three years later, he abandoned his post and went to the Yue-Han shogunate in Hexi to take charge of the secretary's order. After the Anshi Rebellion, Gao Shi met Xuanzong from Luogu West, and Chen Tongguan fell, and went from Xuanzong to Shu County to visit doctors. In the first year of Zhide (756), he was ordered by Su Zong to conquer Lin, and was also an ancient scholar, governor of Yangzhou Metropolitan Government and an envoy of Huainan. Since then, he has served as several local officials.
After Dai Zong acceded to the throne, he successively entered the DPRK as an assistant minister in the official department, an assistant minister in the criminal department, and a marquis of Bohai County. The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty says that he "has been a poet since the Tang Dynasty, but he is just comfortable." What worried him most was when he first left the fort. At that time, he wandered around northern Hebei and wanted to join the army, but failed to do so, so he had to live in Liang and Song Dynasties, but this was the climax of his creation. After becoming a big official in his later years, although there are some excellent works, they are inevitably not as good as before. There is the Historical Records of Gaochang.
Gao Shi's character is wild and uninhibited. When I was young, I made friends with rangers and lived a dissolute life of "playing chess at night and drinking and singing Yang Liuchun" ("Not Joining the Army"); Wandering in the Liang and Song Dynasties is also "staying in restaurants for a long time, but staying in fishing ponds again and again" ("Three Reports of Rewarding Xue on Qi Sending Guo Shaofu Wei"), and his behavior is uncertain. Du Fu called him "a tall man who straddles the pommel horse and looks like harmony" ("Fifteen Rhymes, Secretary of Senior Three and Fifteen"), and Yin Yun called him "a man with infinite temperament" ("The Collection of Heyue Shadow Tombs"). He is also a man with lofty aspirations and practical political talents. For the first time in his life, he was appointed as an official (Fengqiu County Commandant) and left because he didn't agree with Hong Kuo's ambition. In the Anshi Rebellion, he took the initiative to offer suggestions, and was appreciated by Xuanzong and Su Zong successively, and was ordered to face danger. It can be seen that he is ambitious and talented, not a good talker.
The poet's personality and experience are reflected in his creation, which makes his poems have profound characteristics. He is full of confidence in his ambition and talent: "The princes are all my generation and used in strategy. Sages are talented and talented, and they must come to cut sunflower. " ("On Chuqiu City with Cui Dazhai") He also yearns for the heroic achievements in history: "Go north to Jimen and you can see the desert. Rely on the sword against the dust and think of Huo Wei. " ("Shang Qi rewarded Xue San with Guo Shaofu Wei") "Draw Kirin Pavilion and enter Mingguang Palace. Laugh at the scribes, once they are poor. " Because of this, the misfortune in reality makes the poet particularly angry. In the poem "Xiao Gu Gifts Tweety", he mocked those aristocratic officials who "soar in the sky" and only know pleasure, while talented people can only sink into the grass, revealing the opposition between cloth and power. He is eager to be appreciated and reused by wise masters, and often expresses his feelings through ancient personnel. Such as "Ten Poems of Song Dynasty":
Liang Wang used to be very prosperous, and many guests were very talented. A thousand years later, history is just a high platform. Lonely Xiang Qiu grass, thousands of miles away hate Taiwan.
The poem borrows the historical records of Liang Xiaowang's recruitment of talents and scholars in the Western Han Dynasty, and expresses the sadness that bosom friends are hard to find, which is quite similar to Chen Ziang's Qiu Ji Nostalgia. But the magnanimous and uninhibited character makes the poet have heroic spirit even when he is frustrated, such as "leave Zheng Sanwei as nine, love the gentleman":
I can't waste time, but I'm still trying to be over forty. Long song reached for the cup and laughed at his predecessors' fame.
The poet's strong personality is an important factor in forming his vigorous poetic style.
Gao Shi is ambitious, boasting "strategy" and indulging in the middle and lower classes of society for a long time, which makes him full of enthusiasm for many practical problems and expresses them in his poems. For example, the countryside he wrote is no longer the idyllic peach garden in Meng Haoran's and Wang Wei's poems, but a world full of misfortune and pain. For example, in Dongping Road, there was a flood, saying, "Insects and snakes have their own trees, and elk rush to sail. The tragic situation of "the harvest goes with the flow and the west is unattainable". " The poet further pointed out that man-made disasters, especially exorbitant taxes and levies, have deepened the people's misfortune: "The tiller is disappointed, and the wanderer hurts the body. "It used to be a well tax, but now there is no bucket storage?" This kind of poem with the meaning of pleading for the people is rare among contemporary poets. In frontier poems, Gao Shi also keenly raised many questions and opinions. For example, "Fortress" pointed out: "Turning over barrels is not a long-term solution, let alone a long-term solution." Oppose dealing with temporary expedient measures and advocate making full preparations to fundamentally solve the border issue; The fifth part of "Five Songs of Jimen" protests that the ruling clique is not kind because of the low treatment of the garrison. Zuo Zhongji, on the other hand, is a rebellious phenomenon from tribes beyond the Great Wall, which further expresses the deep concern that the frontier only pays attention to the self-respect of soldiers and has no intention of fixing the border. There is a lot of discussion about this kind of poem, which may not be so good as a poem, but we can see the poet's mind from it.
Gao Shi's poems are good at archaism, especially seven ancient poems. His ancient poems were obviously influenced by Zhang Shuo. For example, Zhang said that there are five ancient poems "Ode to Five Kings" that praise contemporary outstanding figures, while Gao Shi has five ancient poems "Ode to Three Kings", and the forms and themes of the two poems are exactly the same. Zhang Shuo's Ye Du Yin is a masterpiece of seven ancient books, and Gao Shi also wrote Gu Da Liang Hang in the seven ancient books, which is obviously the work of the former. However, Gao Shi's seven-character poem is more creative and has always been regarded as a model in poetry. For example, Hu Yinglin called it "clear syllables, emotional folding, coarse fiber pruning, one integrated mass" (poetry), and Song was known as "the ancestor of seven words" (three words in Tang Dynasty). His seven-character songs not only inherited the singing system since the four masters, but also absorbed the simple and vigorous characteristics of ancient poems of Han and Wei dynasties, and they were able to move freely and win with "bones and muscles" in galloping, such as Ge Yanxing:
The northeast border of China is shrouded in smoke and dust. In order to repel the barbaric invaders, our generals left their families. Stride forward together, looking like heroes should watch, and received the emperor's most cordial favor. They walked through the elm pass with the sound of gongs and drums. They waved a row of flags around the stone tablet. Until their captain in Shahai gave the order with feathers, the hunting fire of the Tatar chieftain flashed along the Wolf Mountain. The highlands and rivers on the outer border were cold and desolate, but soon the barbarians' horses ran wild in the wind and rain. Half of us were killed at the front, but the other half are still alive, and the beautiful girls are still singing and dancing for them at the camp. In autumn, the desert is full of grass, the sun sets, and there are only a few surviving watchmen by the lonely wall. Serve the just cause and despise life and enemies. However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still unsafe. Still in the front line, the real clothes are thin, and it's time for Bai Weiling to look after his departure. Still in this southern city, the young wife's heart is broken, while the soldiers on the northern border are looking forward to going home in vain. The wind blew. It doesn't matter, in a place of death and blue void, there is nothing ahead? Three times a day, the dark clouds of slaughter rose over the camp. All night, the drums on the hour trembled and gave a cold rumble. Until the white sword is seen again, spattered with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame? However, when it comes to the hardships of desert war, today we will mention Li, a great general who lived a long time ago.
This poem breaks through the layout of previous poems with the same topic, exaggerates people's yearning for women and the mode of lingering lovesickness, and greatly expands the content of lyrics. Military capacity, the urgency of military affairs, the desolation of the desert, the cruelty of war, the uneven bitterness and joy in the army, the courage of soldiers, the sadness of parting, the prayer for peace, etc. , all melted into a furnace. The sentence patterns of parallel prose, the rhymes between parallel prose and parallel prose, and the writing method of adding ancient styles are exactly the same as those of Lu and Luo, but the arrangement of the storm is not comparable to those of predecessors. The poet's brushwork is not fixed on a simple emotion, but ups and downs between complex inner waves, changing scenes from time to time in intense lyricism, forming the characteristics of refined specifications, intermediary, algae washing and vivid images. Another example is fengqiu county:
I am a fisherman and a savage, and I have been an idle person all my life. At first glance, you can sing wildly in the grass, and you would rather be an official. Just say that the town is idle and the public is crowded. It's sad to see the CEO and lash out at Li Shu. Sad to go home and ask his wife, the family laughed happily. The cause of the trouble should be a field in Nanmu, and the situation in the world will be ruined. Dreaming that the old mountain is safe, I will return late for the topic. Knowing that Belle was his disciple, he remembered Tao Qian's return.
The whole poem is straightforward, eloquent, clear in rhythm and unconstrained. Formally, four sentences rhyme, two sentences are scattered before each festival, and the last two sentences are expressed in even sentences, and antithesis is always the most incisive and passionate inner monologue. In particular, the words "greetings" and "flogging" not only show his arrogant character of not being willing to bend over for five buckets of rice, but also show his inner conflict of not having the heart to punish the people, which is really touching. At this point, Gexing has become a lyrical style full of personality.
Gao Shi's poems are good at creating momentum, even some ordinary themes, once handled by poets, have full tension and appear full of vitality. Such as the Seven Laws "Reward Yan Shaofu on September 9th":
It's a pity to spend the day before. Whose yellow flowers are under the fence? The shopkeeper can't sell wine until he gets the money. Su Qin was haggard and tired, while Cai Ze was ugly in his later years. Even if it's just heartache, it's better to sit and scratch your head alone.
This poem is shocking and unexpected. In the daytime, the chrysanthemums bloom in vain, and the poet first spits out his grievances in an anti-picking tone to cover the whole article, and finally turns over my grievances with the cadence of "even if" and "not as good as". This artistic expression of expressing feelings with the teacher's heart and choosing words with God makes Gao Shi's poems smooth and slow, showing the face of "qi bone above" and "upright" (meaning Yan Yuan Yan).
Some of Gao Shi's quatrains are also written in a broad realm, which is awe-inspiring For example, "Listen to the bunker and play the flute": "The snow is clear and the horse is still grazing in the lake field, and the strong flute is guarding the moonlight building. Excuse me, where did the plum blossom fall? The wind blew all over the mountain overnight. " Turn the snowy night outside the Great Wall into an incomparably beautiful picture. "Two Poems of Biedong" Part II: "Huang Yun, thousands of miles away, shines in the daytime, and the north wind blows geese and snow one after another. Mochow has no confidant in the road ahead, and no one in the world knows you. " The desolate desert is magnificent and moving because of the hero's mind. The last two sentences are more heroic than Wang Bo's "However, as long as China keeps our friendship, heaven is still our neighbor".
Cen Can (715-769) was born in Jiangling (now Hubei). After the age of 20, he spent 10 years in and out of Luo Jing, seeking an official position. At the age of 30, he should be promoted and given the right to lead the government soldier Cao to join the army. Later, he was appointed as a replacement officer and governor of Guo in history. Later, he was transferred to the secretariat of history and died in Shu after being dismissed from office. There are CenJiaZhou's poems. From the eighth year of Tianbao to the spring of the second year of Zhide, Cen Can went to the village twice. The first time I went to Anxi (now Kuqa, Xinjiang), I was the family member of Gao Xianzhi, our ambassador to Anxi. I entered the Feng Changqing shogunate for the second time and stayed in the North Yard (now Jimsar, Xinjiang) for three years, often going back and forth between the North Yard and the Luntai. His life experience is similar to Gao Shi's. For example, when he was young, he failed to apply for an official position in Chang 'an. He was once humble and finally abandoned his official position and joined the army. His thoughts also have a lot in common with Gao Shi, for example, his yearning for military exploits: "fame is only in front of you, it's really a hero who makes a husband." ("Send Vice-envoy Li to the West of China") The powerful people are disgusted: "Where is the hardest way to go? The hardest thing is in Chang 'an. There are many amazing people in Chang 'an, and Ke Pei's voice is also very nice. Confucian scholars are as straight as strings, and powerful people don't have to do it. " ("Send Secretary Zhang") These can be said to be far-sighted and thoughtful. However, Cen Can's imagination is richer and his personality is more peculiar, which forms his unique artistic personality in poetry creation.
Cen Can is famous for his frontier poems. Shen Deqian said: "Participating in poetry can make strange words, especially in frontier fortress." Weng Fanggang also said: "The wonder of history has never happened since the Tang Dynasty. It's a border jam again, and the strange spirit benefits. " (Zhou Shihua)
Most of the high-pitched and optimistic works in frontier fortress poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty were produced in the Kaiyuan period. For example, Wang Wei's poems went to Liangzhou in the 10th and 27th years of Kaiyuan, Cui Hao's poems were written in Daizhou, Hedong, from the 18th year of Kaiyuan to Tianbao three years ago, Wang Changling's poems were written before the middle of Kaiyuan, and Wang Zhihuan's poems were written before the first year of Tianbao. During the Tianbao period, due to a series of adverse consequences caused by the militaristic policy of the ruling clique, poets began to adopt a critical attitude, and Du Fu's Chedian is a famous example. Cen Can's two frontier expeditions were both in the late Tianbao period, but he lived in the special environment of the northwest imperial court. At that time, the western regions had not been affected by the open frontier policy, and they could still maintain harmonious ethnic relations. Therefore, his poems are full of positive and optimistic spirit, and he became the temple of frontier fortress poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Cen's poems are "fantastic" (He Lingji), which can already be seen in his early poems. His landscape poems like to capture unusual wonders, such as: "The thunder is too white, and the rain is in Jiu Feng. Looking east at the Tingyun in the north, half into the Zitingsong. " He also likes to write clever thoughts in the language of Qi Jun, such as "Flowers in the stream burn at dusk, trees in the pool warm in the spring clouds" ("Zhao Zhengzhang in the mouth of Gao Guan Gu"), which exudes a burning sense of temperature from the gorgeous flowers in the stream, so that the trees in the pool are immersed in the warmth of spring.
"Lonely lamps burn guests' dreams, and they feel homesick in cold" ("People who stay in Kansai Guest House to see off Dongshan Mountain and Xuyan Mountain") turns homesickness and guests' dreams into something that can be pounded and combustible. These poems all show the poet's unique artistic conception.
Since Frontier fortress, the peculiar features of Cen Can's poems have been further developed. He likes to describe exotic new things or strange scenery with magnificent style, which opens up a novel realm for frontier poems. Some of his poems describe with great interest the new things brought about by the exchanges between various ethnic groups, such as the exotic flowers and grasses with "six petals, nine rooms of flowers, and many exotic flowers at night" in Song of Fallen Flowers in the Deep Waves; "Drunk on Jiuquan Taishou Table" is a local drinking banquet: "Pipa and flute are in harmony, and Qianger sings with Hu Chu. Stir-fry cattle and wild camels and make rivers to make wine. " According to some researchers' research, Jingelo refers to a drinking straw, which can be inserted into a bun as a hairpin. Up to now, drinking straws are still widely used by Tibetans. "Tian's dance is beautiful like a lotus singing in the north" enthusiastically describes the music and dance introduced from other ethnic groups. He also described the exotic scenery of the frontier fortress with rich and active imagination, such as writing the Flame Mountain in the north of Turpan:
The red volcano stands tall, and the fire clouds are dense over the volcano in May. Fire clouds cover the mountains and stranded birds dare not fly thousands of miles. The fire cloud was just blown away by Hu Feng in the early morning and turned back with the rain in the evening. This circle is full of iron-closed trees, transpiration half of the covered Jiaohe River. You travel all the way in the fire in Shandong, and the lonely clouds on the mountain will follow you to the East. (Farewell to Yun Ge Volcano)
Fire clouds gather with the wind and rain in the morning and evening, and the hot air is everywhere, writing its changing wonders. Another example is The Return of Cui Shi to Beijing, which describes the salty and unfrozen Lake Issyk. With the help of rumors and imagination, it wrote a colorful fairy tale world with strange language and exaggerated techniques, which left a very vivid impression on people. This magnificent scenery description is unique in frontier fortress poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Cen's poems are also good at expressing heroic feelings with extraordinary imagination, turning ordinary into magic, and making his poems full of exotic and vigorous feelings. For example, he wrote about the thoughts of friends in Chang 'an: "Where is Chang 'an? Only under the horseshoe. I will go back to Chang 'an tomorrow, and I will hurry for you. " (The second part of "Recalling Chang 'an Opera and Sending Pang Yun for the Second Time") The feeling of thinking of friends under the sound of hoofs landing. The famous "Bai Xuege Farewell Tian Shuji Wu Homecoming" was written by the poet on his second trip, and the poem wrote:
The north wind swept across the earth and messed up Pennisetum, and the weather in August will be covered with heavy snow. Suddenly, like a night wind blowing, like a pear tree in bloom. Snowflakes fell into the curtains and wet them. The fur was not warm and the gold cup was too thin. The general used cold hands to protect his hands. The armored steel was too cold to wear. The vast sea is full of ice and the clouds are gloomy. Wan Li condenses. In the manager's account, this wine is a farewell party, and the Huqin Pipa flute ensemble adds luster to this entertainment. In the evening, in front of the headquarters gate, heavy snow fell, the red flag froze, and the wind could not drag. Luntai East Gate, welcome to the capital. Go, the mountain road is covered with snow. I haven't seen you in the winding mountain road, leaving only a row of horseshoe prints.
The poet writes about the flying snow in the north, but uses the spring breeze and pear blossoms in the south as metaphors. This is not only because pear flowers and snow have the same color, but also because the scene of blooming flowers can convey the situation of heavy snow. This whimsy suddenly turned the bleak coldness into flowers, and set a bold and optimistic tone for the whole poem from the beginning.
"Red Flag in the Wind" is written in poetry, but it is described in solidified words. This is in a colorful picture, highlighting the feeling of strange cold. These descriptions are intended to avoid reality, return to nothingness, and turn ordinary life scenes into artistic images full of aesthetic feeling through imagination and fiction. Similar examples can be found everywhere in Cen Can's poems (most of them can be understood from this perspective at the same time). Chen Yi once said that "poetry is skillful in dominating the scenery" (quoted from Tang Yin Gui Qian) and Hu Yinglin said that he was "fresh and unique" (poetry), all of which pointed out the different style characteristics of Cen Can Gao Shi.
The rhyming rhythm of Cen Can's poems also shows the characteristics of deliberately seeking novelty. He is good at changing the melody according to different content needs, and pursuing the aesthetic feeling of sound and emotion in the colorful and eclectic rhythm. Many of his poems are frequently rhymed and have dense rhymes. This rhythm and jumping talent bring out the best in each other, such as his Liangzhou Pavilion and Judge's Night Set:
The crescent moon climbed into Liangzhou city, city to city, and the sky was full of Liangzhou. There are 700,000 people around Liangzhou, and the conference semifinals here know how to play the pipa. The touching pipa pipa piano is very heartwarming, only feel the wind, oh, the night is long. There are many old friends in Hequ shogunate, so I won't come on March 5. Looking at autumn grass in front of the flower gate now, how can you watch each other grow old and poor? You can laugh several times in life, and you must get drunk when you meet everyone today.
There are two rhymes in the poem, the last four rhymes, and the twelve * * * changes into five rhymes. Each sentence is convoluted by hyphenation, resulting in a complex convoluted sound, which has won the charm of folk songs. Similarly, there are "Song of Sunflower in Shu" and "Song of Flower Tree in Wei Waijia".
Another example is the farewell to Feng, the general of the Western Expedition, in Song of the Wheel Tower:
"The horn of the wheel platform blows in the night, and the flag of the wheel platform descends in the north of the wheel platform." . The military book was sent overnight, but Khan had invaded the west of Jinshan. From the observation deck, we can see dust and black smoke, and the China army is encamped north of the Lunta. Admiral Lu Bing marched westward, and the whistle began to sound at dawn. The drums are like thunder, and the three armies shout and play strings in the mountains. The enemy camp is grim and ferocious, and the bones still hold the roots. The river is cold and snowy with goose feathers, and the sand mouth is cold and the water chestnut is off. Wang Qinzheng, the son of Xiang, vowed to serve the country in order to calm the border jam. Since ancient times, the history of history has always been there, and today's generals are better than the ancients.
The form of rhyme is similar to that of the last poem, but different from the last poem is that the rhyme is mainly flat and the tone is mainly heavy and turbid, such as angle, falling, black, north, wide and close. Among them, only "drums on all sides, ten thousand people roar, and the mountains shake" uses the rhyme, and these two sentences happen to be in the center of the whole poem. This caused the ups and downs of the voice, echoing the atmosphere of the army's expedition. And the same is to send the commander-in-chief to lead the expedition, and The Journey to the West is another rhythm:
If you can't see me, I travel in the snow, sand, from the desert, yellow flies to heaven. On the night of the ninth month, there was a cold wind blowing in the wheel tower and the valley, and the valley was full of broken boulders like pecking rice, which went down and forward with the wind. Despite the dust, the Tatar horse fat, the west of the Jinshan Mountain, and the gathering of smoke and dust, Oh, general of China's army, start your campaign! . Wear your armor all night and let your soldiers March with rumbling weapons! And the sharp tip of the wind cuts his face like a knife. The sweat of snow evaporates on horseback, freezing the pattern of five-flowered coins, your challenge from the camp, and the ink bottle from the ice. It has cooled the heart of the barbarian leader, and you will no longer need a real battle! We are waiting for the news of victory in Xiguan! .
Contrary to the traditional practice of rhyming in pairs, this poem takes three sentences as a rhyming unit, and each sentence rhymes and three tones are exchanged, resulting in an awkward syllable, which seems to be in full swing and more stressful than the song of the platform. If we compare these two poems with the Bai Xuege quoted before, the latter basically ends with rhyme, which is much more soothing and stable in sound and emotion. It can be seen that the arrangement of the rhythm of Cen's poems is determined by the content and artistic conception of the poems, which in turn strengthen the tone of the poems. This is also one of Cen Can's creative contributions.
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