The Internet started at 1969. Under the agreement made by ARPA (Research Projects Agency of the US Department of Defense), it connected the main computers of four universities in the southwestern United States (UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles), StanfordResearchInstitute (Stanford University Research Institute), UCSB (University of California) and UniversityofUtah). The agreement was implemented by Hema of Cambridge University, and was launched in February 20 10 and February 20 10 respectively. By June 1970, MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Harvard (Harvard University), BBN and System Development Company Santa Monica (Santa Monica, California) joined in. By June 1972, Stanford (Stanford University), LincolnLabs of MIT (Lincoln Lab of MIT), Carnegie Mellon (Carnegie Mellon University) and Case-WesternReserveU () joined in. A few months later, NASA/Ames, Mitre, Burroughs, RAND Corporation and the University theUofIllinois also joined in. Since then, more and more companies have joined, so I won't list them here.
1968 when senator TedKennedy heard that BBN had won the ARPA protocol as an internal message processor (IMP), he sent a congratulatory message to BBN to congratulate them on winning the spirit of the "internal message processor" protocol.
The Internet was originally designed to provide a communication network that could work normally even if some places were destroyed by nuclear weapons. If most of the direct channels are blocked, the router will guide the communication information to spread in the network through the intermediate router.
The original network was for computer experts, engineers and scientists. It was not friendly at the time. At that time, there were no computers for home and office use. Anyone who used computers, whether computer experts, engineers or scientists, had to learn very complicated systems. Ethernet, the protocol of most local area networks, appeared in 1974, which is a by-product of Harvard student BobMetcalfe's paper on "Packet Broadcasting Network". This paper was initially rejected by the school because of insufficient analysis. Later, he added some factors before he was admitted.
Due to the development of TCP/IP architecture, the Internet developed rapidly in 1970s. This architecture was first proposed by BobKahn of BBN, and then further developed by Kahn and VintCerf of Stanford University in the 1970s. In the 1980 s, the Ministry of National Defense adopted this architecture, and by 1983, this architecture was widely adopted all over the world.
1978, UUCP(UNIX and UNIX Replication Protocol) was proposed in Bell Laboratories. 1979, a newsgroup network system based on UUCP. Newsgroups (discussion groups focusing on a certain topic) also appeared, which provided a new way to exchange information all over the world. However, newsgroups are not considered as a part of the Internet, because they don't enjoy the TCP/IP protocol. They connect UNIX systems all over the world, and many Internet websites make full use of newsgroups. Newsgroups are a very important part of the development of the online world.
Similarly, BITNET (a computer network connecting educational institutions around the world) is connected to the mainframe of IBM, a world education organization, and mail service has been provided since 198 1. Listserv software and later other software were developed to serve this network. A gateway has been developed to connect BITNET with the Internet and provide e-mail sending and e-mail discussion lists. These list servers and other e-mail discussion lists constitute another important part of the development of the Internet.
When the commands of e-mail, FTP and telnet are standardized, it becomes very easy for non-engineering technicians to learn and use the network. Although it is not as easy as it is today, it has greatly promoted the application of the Internet in universities and special fields. Other departments, including computer department, physics department and engineering technology department, have also found ways to make use of the benefits of the Internet, that is, to communicate with universities around the world and enjoy literature and resources. Libraries have also taken a step forward to make their retrieval catalogue face the whole world.
The first achievement of searching the Internet was invented in 1989, which was created by PeterDeutsch () of McPherson University in Montreal and all his members. They created a file for the FTP site, which was later named Archie. This software can visit all open file download sites regularly, list their files and build a searchable software index. The command to retrieve Archie is a UNIX command, so only using UNIX knowledge can give full play to its performance.
McFill University, the university with the first Archie, found that half of the communications from the United States to Canada visit Archie every day. The school is worried that the management program can support such a large communication flow, so it has to close external access. Fortunately, there were a lot of Archie available at that time.
At about the same time, BrewsterKahle () invented WAIS (Wide Area Network Information Service) in ThinkingMachines, which can retrieve all files in a database and allow file retrieval. There are many versions according to complexity and performance, but the simplest one can be used by anyone on the Internet. At its peak, intelligent computer companies maintained more than 600 database clues, which could be searched by WAIS all over the world. Including all the frequently asked questions in newsgroups and all the papers and documents developed for network standards. Like Archie, its interface is not very intuitive, and it takes a lot of effort to use it well.
199 1 year, the University of Minnesota developed the first friendly interface to connect with the Internet. At that time, the school just wanted to develop a simple menu system to access files and information on the campus network through the local area network. Then the debate between mainframe believers and those who support client-server architecture began. At first, the followers of mainframe system prevailed, but because the advocates of client-server architecture claimed that they could quickly build a prototype system, they had to admit defeat. Advocates of client-server architecture quickly developed an advanced demonstration system called Gopher. This hamster proved to be very useful. In the following years, more than 10000 hamsters appeared all over the world. It does not require knowledge of UNIX and computer architecture. In the gopher, you only need to enter a number to select the menu option you want. Today, you can use theUofMinnesotaGopher () to select all the Gopher systems in the world.
When Reno of UniversityofNevada created Veronica (an automatic retrieval service used by Gopher), the usability of Gopher was greatly enhanced. It is called the acronym of "very simple modern-oriented network document". Gopher all over the world collects network connections and indexes like the web. It's so popular that it's difficult to connect with them, but in spite of this, a lot of VERONICA has been developed to reduce the load. A similar single-user indexing software named Jughead (Suniversalgopherhierarchy Exclusion and Display by Jonay) has also been developed.
PeterDeutsch, the inventor of Archie, has always insisted that Archie is short for Archie. When Veronica and Jughead appeared, they showed great disgust.
1989, another great event happened in the history of Internet application popularization. TimBerners and others at the European Particle Physics Laboratory, who are very famous at CERN, proposed an agreement to classify Internet information. This protocol is called WorldWideWeb after 199 1 year. It is based on Hypertext Protocol, a system of embedding one text into another. When you read these pages, you can always use them to select text links. Although it appeared before gopher, it developed very slowly.
The appearance of the graphic browser Mosaic greatly promoted the development of this protocol, which was developed by MarcAndressen and his team in NCSA (International Supercomputer Application Center). Today, Anderson is the head of Netscape, which has developed the most successful graphical browser and server to date, which is an achievement that Microsoft has been unable to surpass.
Since the Internet was originally invested and built by government departments, it was initially limited to research departments, schools and government departments. No other commercial activities are allowed except commercial applications that directly serve research departments and schools. In the early 1990s, independent commercial networks began to develop, and this situation was broken. This makes it possible to send information from one commercial website to another without going through a government-funded network center.
Dephi is the first international business company to provide online network services for customers. E-mail service began in July, and all-round network service began in 1992 and 10. 1in may, 995, when NFS (international science foundation) lost its position as an internet hub, all rumors about the limitations of commercial websites ceased to exist, and all information dissemination depended on commercial networks. AOL (America Online), Prodigy () and CompuServe (America Online Service) have also started online services. During this period, due to the widespread use of commercial applications and the self-reliance of educational institutions, the loss of NFS cost investment is immeasurable.
Today, NSF has given up funding for network centers and higher education institutions. On the one hand, we began to build K- 12 and local public libraries, on the other hand, we studied how to improve a large number of high-speed network connections.
Microsoft has fully entered the market of browsers, servers and Internet service providers (ISP), and realized an Internet-based business company. June 1998 Microsoft's browser and Win98 integrated desktop computer show Bill Gates' determination to invest in the rapidly developing Internet.
The success of Microsoft in the past few years has led to lawsuits about their dominance. Do you think this argument will end in court or in the market?
The popular trend of future development is to improve the connection speed of the network. The rapid development of 56k modem and the hardware manufacturers supporting it are only a small step in the future. However, with the rapid development of new technologies such as multi-core modem, DSL (digital private line) and satellite broadcasting network, it has been realized on a small scale and will be realized on a large scale in the next few years. At present, these technical problems are not only the connection of users, but also the problem of ensuring the high-speed and reliable transmission of data from information sources to users. I believe these problems can be solved in the near future.
In the period of rapid development and growth of the Internet, it is not standard for businesses to enter the Internet to find economic laws.
Free service cancels the direct cost of users. Dephi now provides free home pages, forums and information boards. Online sales of books, music and computers are also growing rapidly, and their profits are negligible in price, but the public is still not at ease about the safety of online sales.
Internet is also called network, a computer interaction technology. The characteristics of the Internet are: global, massive, anonymous, interactive, growing, flat, instant, multimedia, addictive and noisy. The importance of the Internet should not be underestimated. This is a solid step towards the global village.
For more information, please try the following three articles:
What is the Internet?
1at the end of 969, when ARPANET was born, only four hosts were connected to the network. At that time, even the technology of local area network (LAN) did not appear. Up to now, there are at least160,000 hosts running on the Internet, and these hosts have a history of nearly 30 years.
How much do we know about this network when we access the largest network in the world every day, communicate with friends and peers through the network, and learn news and get information through the network? In the fast-paced modern life, do we have the time and mood to spend some time thinking about the meaning of the Internet? I often ask myself: What is the Internet? What does the Internet mean? What is the essence of the Internet? Why does the Internet have such a development today?