In 2004, he was awarded the "985 Hundred Talents Program" by Tsinghua University. In 2006, he was elected as distinguished professor, a Changjiang Scholar. He is an excellent teacher in Peking University.
It mainly studies the ancient history of China and the history of cultural relations between China and the West.
He used to be the president of the Chinese Tang History Society and the vice president of the Chinese-foreign Relations History Society.
Won the 30th Anniversary Excellent Paper Award of Historical Research (1984). After being admitted to Tsinghua University, he won the first prize, the second prize, the popular reading prize, the first prize and the second prize for outstanding works of philosophy and social sciences in Beijing, as well as the "China Good Book" prize, the Jinwen Book Award and the China Excellent Publishing Award.
The History of Sino-Western Cultural Relations offered by Tsinghua University is an excellent course in Tsinghua University, Beijing and the Ministry of Education, and An Introduction to Tongzhi Jian is an excellent course in Tsinghua University.
Why is Zi Tongzhi Sword irreplaceable?
Speaker: Zhang Guogang Address: Tsinghua University Humanities Tsinghua Forum Time: June 2202.
Zi Tong Zhi Jian is the largest chronological general history in China, edited by Sima Guang, a politician and scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty. It records the history of 1362 from the Warring States to the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, involving 22 dynasties, with a total of 3 million words.
Many people know the Purple Tongzhi Sword, but few people can read it carefully. Because of the large space, many clues and complicated words.
However, politicians, scholars and even cultural celebrities think it is necessary to read such a good book as Zi Tong Zhi Jian.
Excellent historical works should not only provide historical records, but also have historical value and enlighten historical wisdom.
The preface to the first edition of Chen Yinque's Political History Review of the Tang Dynasty said: "Most of the old history of my husband's family and my country belongs to political history, but the book Zi Tong Zhi Jian is especially an unprecedented masterpiece.
"Liang Qichao even said that in the new historiography, it has not been surpassed so far." Sima Wengong's Zi Zhi Tong Jian is also a great article in heaven and earth.
Because of its grand pattern and rich materials, some people want to make a general history for future generations, and its momentum has to be counted as a blue book, but so far no one can rule it.
Wen Yiwei is a man! "
Why do you read such a big book? This is the beginning of our lecture today.
The portrait of Sima Guang in the Qing Dynasty painting "The Story of the Late Laughter Hall".
Information photo
The National Classic Museum collects Sima Guang's manuscript of Zi Tong Zhi Jian.
Information photo
Why do you want to read history?
First of all, let's start with the section selected as the middle school textbook.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sun Quan ascended the throne at the age of 18. When he ascended the throne, the most important problem to deal with was the integration of different talent teams.
This team was left by his father Sun Jian, such as Cheng Pu. And what his brother Sun Ce left behind. For example, Zhou Yu, of course, also has Lu Meng, Lu Xun and other talents who need his personal promotion.
Lv Meng wanted to go to war with his brother-in-law since he was a child. What if there is a problem? His brother-in-law quickly told his mother-in-law.
Therefore, Monroe was scolded by her mother, but he told her that life was too bitter and he wanted to contribute to the war and win a little future.
After Sun Quan ascended the throne, he took a fancy to Monroe and promoted him to be a soldier.
However, such a noisy person from an early age can really lead troops? Sun Quan told Lv Meng that it is not enough to just make up your mind to kill the enemy. You must learn.
Lv Meng replied that he was very busy and had no time to study.
Sun Quan said, "Are you busier than me? I have been reading books since I took office, although I am very busy. I think this is very beneficial. I'm not asking you to study like Dr. Five Classics.
It is helpful to know the past and history.
Later, Lu Meng did as Sun Quan said, but he made progress.
When Lu Su came to Jiujiang to see Monroe, when talking about some things, Lu Su said with emotion: "Your talent today is not as good as it used to be."
What did they say to surprise Lu Su? Although it is not recorded in Zi Tong Zhi Jian, after examining other historical materials, they are all talking about how to deal with Guan Yu.
From then on, Monroe crossed the river in white, and Lu Xun sheltered from the wind and rain, truly defeating Guan Yu.
"If you know everything, you can say everything", which is what this story tells us.
Give another famous reading story.
When Taizong was a prince, he became sworn and made suggestions for himself. There are eighteen bachelors in the team.
After he acceded to the throne, he continued this tradition, and asked Wei Zhi to compile a book "Collection of Books".
This book is presided over by Wei Zhi and compiled by a famous scholar.
First of all, let's start with Zhouyi. Then there is history. Starting with historical records. And philosophers.
After reading it, Emperor Taizong wrote a letter to Wei Zhi. The letter said: "I grew up with a gun as a stick and rarely read books. I read the book you made for me, which I have never seen or heard of before. In this way, the purpose of governing the country and politics has been achieved, and we can learn from the success or failure of the ancients.
Through these two stories, I want to say how important reading is.
So what kind of books should I read? Zeng Guofan said: "Self-cultivation is nothing more than reading classics, and helping others is nothing more than reading calendars."
Self-cultivation is nothing more than reading classics, which is the principle of classics, especially Confucian classics. If you know the principle, you will know right and wrong.
"The economy doesn't read history", only by reading history can it help the world. Because history books teach people success or failure and provide experience and operational skills.
Why should we learn from history?
So, what should the history books read? In the late Qing Dynasty, Luo Zundian wrote a letter to Zeng Guofan, asking him to tell me which book to read after work.
In Zeng Guofan's collection of letters, there is a reply to Luo Zundian, which reads: "Isn't Sima Wengong's Zi Tong Zhi Jian very good at stealing the book of the ancient philosophers?"
"Why do you say that Purple Tongzhi Sword is the best? Zeng Guofan's evaluation is "managing the poor and exercising the right to be holy", and "Learning from the same resources" can not only explain the truth of the matter, but also explain the change of management rights.
1. What is "keeping the right and being flexible"?
China and hundreds of schools have their own ideas and thoughts on governing the country. However, "keeping the righteousness and being flexible" is spoken by Taoism, Confucianism, Legalism, military strategists and strategists.
Mencius devoted himself to some people.
There are selfish people like Yang Zhu.
Mozi is "the Ferris wheel that benefits the world". He doesn't think for himself at all, only for others, and he doesn't hesitate to brush his teeth and break his heel.
Besides, people named Mozi not only consider themselves, but also others. This is called "catching the middle". Not selfish, not selfish.
However, "power without authority is suspended for a while", which cannot change power, but can only be a dogma of death.
This is the core of China's ideological spirit, that is, "being correct and flexible".
This is also related to the historical and cultural characteristics of ancient China. In the case that rules and order are difficult to establish and improve, it is particularly important to "change power" for the purpose of completing things as well as possible.
Mencius also said: "Men and women are not close, but also polite; Mother-in-law drowned, armrest, right also.
Mencius believed that men and women could not pass things on to each other. For example, my brother is an official outside, and my sister-in-law and my brother are at home. It is best not to let them meet.
Then Mencius asked, if one day my sister-in-law drowned and fell into the river, what would my brother do? -Go find my brother? Finally, my brother may have come, but my sister-in-law disappeared because she didn't have executive authority.
So my brother should jump into the river to save my sister-in-law at this time. Other considerations are dogmatism, focusing on the dead.
2. What is common sense and adaptability?
So we should distinguish between commonsense and adaptability. Zeng Guofan talked about "poor reason, advocating power to become a saint". The book "Learning from the Same Resources as a Mirror" can not only "keep the right", but also talk about the right path, avenue and common sense, which is even more "an opportunity", that is, in an extraordinary period.
Give an example of Zi Tongzhi sword.
At that time, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu competed for the world. Liu Bang failed to defeat Xiang Yu. However, Liu Bang's means are flexible, and he can handle things well. Whether it's a banquet at the Hongmen or employing people, he is soft and can bow his head.
For example, his general Han Xin, from west to east, "built a plank road to cover his battle". After that, he won the battle between Jin and Jingxingkou, and most of Liu Bang's territory from west to east was laid by Han Xin.
At the same time, Liu Bang played against Xiang Yu in Guangwu Mountain and Xingyang in the Central Plains, only at a disadvantage.
But when he heard of Han Xinjie's victory, Liu Bang was half happy and half worried. He was glad that Han Xin had laid such a big site for him. Worry is that Han Xin is too powerful, afraid that he can't control it.
At this moment, Han Xin sent him a letter. I said that this place in Shandong needs people's management and must have a king. Now, since we have arrived here, I will ask Han Xin to be a "pseudo-King of Qi", that is, to act as an agent for the King of Qi.
This requirement of Han Xin is what Liu Bang is worried about. If Han Xin becomes a force in Shantung, can Liu Can control the situation? So Liu Bang was a little angry when he received the letter. He loudly reprimanded the emissary sent by Han Xin, saying that I was here to crusade against Xiang Yu. How could Han Xin think of calling the king there? Ah! At this time, Sean and Chen Ping hurriedly reminded Liu Bang that he couldn't do that. They touched Liu Bang's body and stepped on him. Liu bang to react immediately, immediately a face of generosity, "appointed Sean and Han Xin as the king of qi.
"Liu was afraid of Han Xin, and he soon realized that under the current situation, the most appropriate thing to do was to agree with Han Xin.
After this incident, Xiang Yu sent someone to plan against Han Xin.
Han Xin replied. "Hanwang gave me general print, gave me tens of thousands of people, took off my clothes, ate me and listened, so I can do this.
"Han Xin in the king, officer but LangGuan, holding ji, no future.
Since Liu Bangli made Han Xin king of Qi, why did Han Xin betray him?
There are many similar things in Zi Tong Zhi Jian.
As Zeng Guofan said, from the truth of right and wrong and the gains and losses of success or failure, we can see common sense and intelligence.
3. What do you mean by "violating the road of economic cooperation"?
There are similar expressions in the annals of the three kingdoms and the history of the same country. The History of the Three Kingdoms says "it's against the economy", while Zi and Jian say "it's appropriate to use power".
It takes several skills to "combine Dao" and "violate Jing".
In A.D. 189, Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty passed away and the younger emperor succeeded to the throne. Mother He Taihou has a brother blades, that is, an uncle.
When Blade becomes a general, he must punish eunuchs. Among them, there are both arbitrary factors of eunuchs in the Eastern Han Dynasty and factors that eunuchs want to harm people.
However, He Taihou disagreed.
Confucianism has occupied a dominant position in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and men and women are not closely giving and receiving. He Taihou is only about thirty years old. She must do political work behind the scenes. I can't do morning exercises with the literati every day. Only through eunuchs can it be convenient.
Of course, he has other calculations in mind. For example, if blades lost her confidant eunuch, then when blades tried to monopolize power, He Taihou did not intervene.
If He Taihou doesn't agree, everyone will abide by an imperial decree. This is a "classic", a truth and a principle.
So Yuan Shao gave blades an idea and invited foreign troops Dong Zhuo to Beijing to intimidate the Queen Mother. The queen mother will agree to punish the eunuch if she is afraid.
On the surface, Yuan Shao's idea is a kind of deception, which carries certain risks. Assistant Chen Lin said: "When foreign soldiers entered Beijing, the strong ones were men." Dong Zhuozhen has gone to Beijing. Although the queen mother is afraid, how to control Dong Zhuo? This move seems obedient, but it is actually deceptive, and it brings so many risks, so it is not appropriate.
Chen Lin's suggestion is that you are a general now, and you are the one who is really in charge of state affairs. How many eunuchs have you arrested? It's like burning your hair in a stove. After a simple arrest, you explained to the queen mother why you took this measure.
This is "against the road of economic cooperation". These four words are impressive.
But Sima Guang dare not use these four words. In The History of the Three Kingdoms, it is said that "Heaven and Man follow the judgment power when exercising it", and it is also said that "violating the judgment power will benefit".
Zhao Kun of the Tang Dynasty was a friend of Li Bai. He wrote a book called Anti-Classics and Long and Short Classics. In order to demonstrate his "contingency theory", he described a lot of deeds before the Tang Dynasty, especially during the Three Kingdoms period, and the book also recorded "violation of economic cooperation"
Through comparison, it is found that Sima Guang quoted Zhao Kun's long and short classics in many places when compiling Zi Tong Zhi Jian.
There are some famous examples of "violation of economic cooperation".
Wei Zhi, Wang Duo and others were the subordinates of Li Jian and Li Yuanji, the rivals of Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin for the throne. Emperor Taizong refused to be hired as prime minister and took refuge in his confidant.
In this regard, Emperor Taizong himself talked about history. This history is very famous.
This period of history is described in the last article "Xian Wen" in The Analects of Confucius. Students Luz and Zigong asked Confucius. Qi Huangong's assistant Guan Zhong is not a kind person. Why did Qi Huangong use him? That year, Qi Huangong and his brother's son competed for power. Guan Zhong stood beside his son. On the way, Qi Huangong usurped the throne of Linzi, shot Qi Huangong with an arrow, and almost killed Qi Huangong.
Later, when he got this position, he asked Lu to put his son who had taken refuge in him to death, and then extradited Guan Zhong to avenge himself.
At this time, Bao suggested that it was Guan Zhong's duty to denounce you for his son at that time, and now he is a better talent than me. If you hire him, you will definitely show your talents.
Young Qi Huangong took this advice, and then Guan Zhong really helped Qi Huangong become a champion.
Lutz and Zi Gong felt that Guan Zhong was unkind, because Guan Zhong's colleague committed suicide suddenly at that time, so they went to correct it with the childe.
Guan Zhong didn't keep up with the pace of death, but instead assisted the object that the childe was fighting for.
However, Confucius replied that "benevolence is like benevolence" and thought that Guan Zhong was a benevolent person. He said, "I am Wei Guanzhong. Give him a left cassock." Guan Zhong helped the vassal states of Qi Huangong conquer the world nine times, and people have praised him so far.
Emperor Taizong will use this story to explain why he used the talents of his former political opponents.
This is the difference between great loyalty and loyalty, great benevolence and small benevolence, and great righteousness and small righteousness in ancient cognition.
Talents like Guan Zhong and Wei Zhi should serve the people, the country and the nation. If the new owner can make positive achievements in the country, society and people's livelihood, he should help him. This is called loyalty and benevolence.
The "Tao" that "violates the Tao of economic cooperation" is not selfish, but a higher realm beyond self.
To sum up here, what is "Jing" and "Dao"? Classics are divided into three levels. The first level is the usual truth, as we all know. The second level is the general procedure; The third level is moral rationality, which belongs to the category of utopia.
"Tao" is also divided into three levels, the first level is fundamental interests; The second level is the best result; The third level is practical rationality, which belongs to the category of practical needs.
In fact, this kind of thing often happens in our life.
For example, when a fire breaks out in a certain place, "going through the motions" is a general procedure, and the loss cannot be recovered at this time. It is pedantic to put out the fire without the boss's approval.
At this time, from the second level of "Tao", we must pursue the best results and wait until the fire is extinguished.
The third realm is moral rationality and ideal realm.
We must have no ideals. What kind of society and governance we want is a beautiful ideal.
However, there are also realities. We should consider the third level of Tao and practice rationality.
Tolerance and harmony are actually reflected here. We must still keep our feet on the ground. To deal with problems, we should "keep pace with the times, adjust measures to local conditions and govern by doing nothing".
In short, the relationship between "Jing" and "Tao" means that when we deal with problems, we are influenced not only by the truth of right and wrong, but also by the harmony and contingency when dealing with complex problems.
If Zi Tong Zhi Jian was only about these contents, the book would not have won so many praises in past dynasties.
As a matter of fact, The Lessons Learned from Mutual Adversity is like a large case library, which contains a wealth of successes and failures of people and things and gives us a lot of enlightenment.
The rise and fall of dynasties recorded in Zi Tong Zhi Jian
Zi Tong Zhi Jian has a history of 1362 years, which records the rise and fall of 22 dynasties.
No general history book can describe the history of 1362 years from the Warring States to the Northern Song Dynasty in such a clear and detailed way.
During the Warring States period, a hundred schools of thought contended, and countries reformed their laws one after another. This is the axis era of China culture.
This axial era finally plays the role of a unified country in Qin and Han Dynasties, and the Qin Emperor Hanwu represents the era of laying the foundation for Chinese civilization.
In Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism was introduced to China, and the Northern Wei regime was established for the first time.
For hundreds of years, various complicated changes gave birth to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which reached the peak of China's feudal era, and the Tang Dynasty was called the flourishing age.
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is a national pattern brewed again after the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
This historical trend is different from other civilizations in the fulcrum era.
From Qin to Qin, after 550 years, the Han Dynasty continued. It happened to be the Greek and Roman times around the Mediterranean. In 753 BC, Rome built a castle. Homer's Epic is also a work in the 8th century BC, which is equivalent to the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in Rome and the Republic of China. In the Roman Empire, in 27 BC, it happened to be the period when the late Western Han Dynasty entered the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Following the "Five Chaos", the Roman Empire collapsed in 476 AD due to the invasion of barbarians in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Since then, the West has experienced a dark age, and in the 8th century-10 century, the situation in Europe began to be a little clear. This dark age in the West is the prosperous time of China's Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the trend is quite different.
1. The basic pattern of Chinese civilization was constructed during the Qin and Han Dynasties.
Let's see how Sima Guang, the author of Zi Tong Zhi Jian, describes this history.
From the state of Qin to 550 years of Qin Dynasty, Shang Yang's political reform was a crucial moment.
In the hundred years since Shang Yang's political reform, VI rose fiercely, and Ying Zheng dominated the country.
550 years later, after Ying Zheng unified the world 15 years later, Qin actually perished. Why? Han people are most concerned about this matter.
Jia Yi, a beginner in the Han Dynasty, said in On Qin: "Without benevolence and righteousness, the offensive and defensive situation is different."
The so-called "nonsense" is the military means adopted by Qin in the process of destroying the six countries and unifying the world. This is a tough policy, and the intensification of social contradictions is inevitable.
After reunification, it is necessary to use the law of benevolence and righteousness to ease social contradictions and heal the wounds of war, but Qin can't.
In this regard, Qin Shihuang is responsible. He went because he was busy with the specific rules. He didn't stay in Xianyang for a long time in more than ten years after the reunification of the country. Yan, Qi, East Yunnan and other places. He goes everywhere.
These specific tasks have been done well, but his system construction has not kept up.
"Offensive and defensive trends are different", attacking the world, defending the world and governing the world. The man who rules the world must change his policy and take measures to heal the wounds of war, but he has not changed.
Later Liu Bang did it.
Liu Bang was forty-eight years old when he conquered the world. He came from the Song Dynasty and went to Chu with Song Dudong. He became a native of Chu, and Chu died. He became a native of Qin and built the world by himself after the death of Qin. He witnessed many victories and failures.
Liu bang inherited the Qin system, but he didn't use Qin politics.
Xiang Yu opposed the abolition of Qin system, wanted to change Qin politics, and stressed benevolent governance. Han Xin said that Xiang Yu's benevolence was "a woman's benevolence".
Finally, Liu bang succeeded, and the Qin system did not need Qin politics, so it was quiet and inaction. The Biography of Historical Records and Huo Zhi tells this story in many places.
Liu bang mainly used the county system, and also left some small bags.
During the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion broke out. After Emperor Jing put down the chaos, it was realized during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
This process lasted for sixty or seventy years.
Today, Qin Huang Hanwu laid the basic foundation of China civilization and China ancient state structure, but the path is different. Qin Huang conquered the world, and Emperor Wudi held his ground in theory, but he reformed the previous problems.
The reform of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty first set up an inner dynasty and an outer dynasty, and the inner dynasty set up the decision-making of Zhongqing, which was carried out by the Prime Minister. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was not as busy as Qin Shihuang.
Qin Shihuang handles about 48 kilometers of official documents every day, about 300 thousand words. He took a bus while dealing with official documents during his trip, and he met an assassin like Sean.
So Qin Shihuang died at the age of 50.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty lived to seventy years old. Among the emperors of the ancient unified country, he lived a long life and ruled for 54 years.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had a ruling system, in which important affairs were managed by him, while general affairs were handled by Zhongshangshu and handed over to foreign officials.
The local government has set up a 13 secretariat department to patrol various places. Later, these places became roads and provinces. Today, institutions above the county level are established in this way.
Economically, because of the war between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu at that time, Zhang Nuotong needed money in the western regions. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed the economic policy in the past, nationalized the main resources and set up a salt and iron official camp, which temporarily solved the country's financial problems.
Ideologically depose a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone.
Jia Yi talked about two major issues of public safety policy. One is the problem of local governors, which has been partially solved by Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing, and further solved by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
The other is the question of propriety and righteousness. Criminal law is of course very important. Under the principle of rewarding diligence and punishing laziness, if there is a problem, it will be punished, but everyone will abide by etiquette and justice. If there is no problem, it will be fine. Jia Yi discussed the problem in detail.
By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he respected Confucianism alone and made the people obey the rules through Confucian education, which changed the political situation of Qin State at that time.
Of course, the exclusive respect for Confucianism also includes the concept of unity.
However, although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty admired Confucianism, it was not only Confucianism that was actually used for state rule.
Xuan Di, the great-grandson of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, asked his son, the future Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. How can we use Confucianism purely? Then he said to his son, "The Han family has a system." Overlord mixes Taoism ",hegemony is legalism, and kingly way is Confucianism, and the two are confused."
Looking down on Wang Zhidao is actually the integration of Confucianism with a hundred schools of thought contending. In Confucianism, morality dominates punishment and propriety and law govern together.
What is outstanding here is to improvise, not to cling to shortcomings, not to engage in dogmatism, and to do something strange if you want to maintain it. In other words, as mentioned above, it sometimes "runs counter to the road of economic cooperation".
However, Yuan Di was unknown, and Xuan Di, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, felt that "there must be a prince in chaos". Sure enough, after Yuan Di's death, something went wrong in the Western Han Dynasty.
2. The historical impetus from Qin and Han Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties
It has been six or seven hundred years since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism and unified the Sui Dynasty. The historical process of this period is well recorded in Zi Tong Zhi Jian, which records the three major thrusts that transformed Qin and Han Dynasties into Sui and Tang Dynasties.
The first driving force is the management mode of monopolizing Taoism and the education mode of monopolizing Confucianism.
The ideological structure of ancient Confucian internal law has tension.
The ruling clique of the feudal dynasty knew how to govern the country by "dominating the country", but it told the people that Confucianism was the only one, and that benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith were the only ones. Otherwise, it will go out of shape and get away with it.
Pedantic people and armchair strategists don't know that "the overlord is miscellaneous", so there will be problems.
What's the problem? Since the fall of Wang Mang in the Western Han Dynasty and even the Eastern Han Dynasty, pseudo-Confucianism and corrupt Confucianism prevailed, and capital talks prevailed in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
The second driving force was the introduction of Buddhism into China and the prosperity of metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, which provided ideological resources for reforming Confucianism.
Metaphysics criticized Confucianism and said, "Let Kong Zhou be thinner, not Tang Wu, abandon his name and teach, and let nature take its course." But it did not eliminate Confucianism.
At this time, western Christianity and Judaism spread to the Roman Empire, grew up in the Roman Empire, and became the state religion in the early 4th century.
As a result, Buddhism in history embarked on another road to China, and embarked on the road of China through Daoan, Hui Yuan and Huineng.
Buddhism supplemented "Wang Hua" and contributed to the birth of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties.
The third thrust is Hu-Han fusion.
During the period of opposition between North and South, the Northern Wei Dynasty was established, and Chinese civilization moved south, followed by the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties.
However, the main body of the north is still China people, so the final result is the integration of Wuhu, which ushered in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
The Sui and Tang royal families, including the Northern Zhou royal families, actually started from six towns.
However, this process was different from exile in Rome at that time.
After the barbarian invasion, the Romans and Roman culture disappeared. The Renaissance rebuilt Roman civilization.
Different from China, after the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, other ethnic groups that entered the Central Plains merged into the Chinese nation one after another, and Chinese civilization continued.
Academic Thought and Fund Therapy of Zi Tong Zhi Jian
As a politician, scholar and historian, Sima Guang originally wanted to write a detailed history, which was academic at the same time.
The compilation and revision of Zi Tong Zhi Jian was supported by the Northern Song Dynasty court, and both Song Yingzong and Song Shenzong donated money.
Song Shenzong himself prefaced: "Stop evil and treat faults, speak deeply, remonstrate deeply and be fully prepared." .
Sixteen generations of 296 volumes, recorded in households, unified ancient and modern, better than its needs, simple and not conducive to Zhou, but also for the punishment general meeting, the book is deep forest.
This preface encourages and clarifies the significance of reading and compiling history.
With the support of the two emperors and the highly independent personal will and teamwork spirit of Sima Guang, the editor-in-chief, it took 19 years to ensure the high level and high quality of this book.
Zi Tong Zhi Jian permeates the author's experience of being an official and studying.
The editor-in-chief is knowledgeable, arbitrary and professional. The historical works of both are incomparable to the revision of the historical system of ordinary officials, and cannot be completed by the personal strength of future generations.
Sima Guang also hopes that this book can be managed by capital, so that future generations can not only send out nostalgia for the past, but also get some reference.
As Hu Sansheng, a famous scholar in Song and Yuan Dynasties, said, the truth lies in self-cultivation, governing the country, being an official and dealing with the world.
Have wisdom, action, the right to change, and ideals.
Editor's notes emerge in an endless stream, and the detailed and professionally verified historical records in the book strive to be accurate and credible, so as to achieve the unity of historical talents (narrative ability) and historiography (insightful), the unity of history and wisdom, that is, the unity of history and history.
With regard to the relationship between "Jing" and "History" in Zi Tong Zhi Jian, Hu Sansheng thinks that "rate theorists discuss the world", and the classics carry the Tao and the history writes the newspaper. History and classics are different from Japanese.
The husband has no way, and he is scattered for things. Success or failure depends on the gains and losses of things, which shows that there are many disadvantages in the world to die. ..... It's like using the military to learn from the law, but you don't know what the ancients got, but you have to learn what the ancients lost. To win is to lose, but to gain is to suffer.
This sentence by Hu Sansheng not only distinguishes the importance of history, but also reveals the relationship between Tao (truth and principle) and technique (operation technology).
Zeng Guofan said, "Learning from the Same Resources as a Mirror" is both "the principle of the poor" and "the right of the saints".
While history is on the road, there are also changes and strategies of power, which is why Zi Tong Zhi Jian is worth expounding.
In a word, "Learning from Our Ancestors" is a classic, which contains our ancestors' rich experience in governing the country and social life.
At the end of the book Reading as a Mirror, Wang Fuzhi, a university student in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, said that the book Zi Zhi Tong Jian looked at the rise and fall of past dynasties, knowing whether people knew it or not. "It is self-taught, can teach people, and is happy to know it."
Through self-improvement, sharing with others, talking with sages and classics, we can experience wisdom and thoughts and feel joy. These three realms are the purpose of tasting Purple Tongzhi Sword.
Guangming Daily (September 07, 2022 10 ()).
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