The birth of the computer has been brewing for a long time. 1946 In February, the first electronic computer ENIAC appeared in California, USA. It is the ancestor of the computer, which opened the prelude of the computer age.
Up to now, the development of computers has experienced four times, from 1946 to 1959, which we call "the era of electronic tube computers". The internal components of the first generation computers used electron tubes, which were mainly used for scientific research and engineering calculation.
From 1960 to 1964, we call this period "the era of transistor computers" because transistors more advanced than electron tubes are used in computers. Transistors are much smaller than electron tubes, do not need preheating time, consume less energy, and process faster and more reliably.
From 1965 to 1970, integrated circuits were used in computers, so this period was called "the computer age of small and medium-sized integrated circuits".
From 197 1 to now, it has been called "the age of large-scale integrated circuit computers". The components used in the fourth generation computer are still integrated circuits. But this kind of integrated circuit has been greatly improved, including hundreds of thousands to millions of transistors. People call it LSI and VLSI.
The development of computers is really fast, and the technological age has brought us great convenience.
The history of computer development is about 500 words, urgent! The history of computer development, about the history of computer development, the birth of computer has been brewing for a long time. 1946 In February, the first electronic computer ENIAC came out in California, USA. ENIAC uses 18000 electron tubes and 86000 other electronic components, which are as big as two classrooms, but the operation speed is only 300 operations or 5000 additions per second, and the cost is more than1000. Although ENIAC has many shortcomings, it is, after all, the ancestor of computers, which opened the prelude to the computer age.
Up to now, the development of computers has experienced four times, from 1946 to 1959, which we call "the era of electronic tube computers". The internal components of the first generation computers used electron tubes. Because a computer needs thousands of lamps, each lamp will emit a lot of heat, so how to dissipate heat is a headache. The longest service life of the electron tube is only 3000 hours, and the computer often crashes when it is running because the electron tube is burnt out. The first generation of computers were mainly used for scientific research and engineering calculation.
From 1960 to 1964, we call this period "the era of transistor computers" because transistors more advanced than electron tubes are used in computers. Transistors are much smaller than electron tubes, do not need preheating time, consume less energy, and process faster and more reliably. The programming language of the second generation computer has developed from machine language to assembly language. Then, high-level languages FORTRAN and cOBOL were developed and widely used. At this point, disks and tapes are used as secondary storage. The size and price of the second generation computers have decreased, and the number of users has increased. The computer industry is developing rapidly. The second generation computers are mainly used in business, university teaching and * * * institutions.
From 1965 to 1970, integrated circuits were used in computers, so this period was called "the computer age of small and medium-sized integrated circuits". Integrated circuit (R) is a complete electronic circuit made on a chip, which is smaller than a nail, but contains thousands of transistor elements. The third generation computer is characterized by smaller size, lower price, higher reliability and faster calculation speed. The representative of the third generation computer is IBM 360 series, which was developed by IBM at a cost of $5 billion.
From 197 1 to now, it has been called "the age of large-scale integrated circuit computers". The components used in the fourth generation computer are still integrated circuits. But this kind of integrated circuit has been greatly improved, including hundreds of thousands to millions of transistors. People call it LSI and VLSI. 1975, the American company 1BM introduced the personal computer (PersonaI Computer PC. Since then, people are no longer strangers to computers, and computers have begun to penetrate into all aspects of human life.
The development history of computer (commonly known as "computer") is one of the greatest scientific and technological inventions in the 20th century. Its inventor is john von neumann. It is an electronic device that can quickly perform arithmetic and logical operations on various digital information without manual direct intervention. It is a computer with microprocessor as the core, large-capacity semiconductor memory and powerful programmable interface chip, as well as peripheral devices (including external memories such as keyboard, monitor, scanner, printer, floppy drive and CD-ROM drive) and power supply. Short for microcomputer or microcomputer, sometimes called PC or MC. Microcomputer and system software constitute the whole microcomputer system (MSC).
Computers are developed from early electronic calculators. 1946, the first electronic digital computer "ENIAC" appeared in the world, which was made by Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA. ENIAC is huge, covering an area of over 170 square meters, weighing about 30 tons, and consuming nearly 150 kilowatts of electricity. Obviously, such computers are expensive and inconvenient to use.
1956, the transistor electronic computer was born, which is the second generation electronic computer. Only a few larger cabinets can be installed, and the operation speed is greatly improved. The third generation of integrated circuit computers appeared in 1959. The original computer was invented by john von neumann (at that time, the computing power of the computer was equivalent to the current calculator), which was as big as three warehouses, and then gradually developed.
Computers have had an extremely important impact on human production and social activities, and have developed rapidly with strong vitality. Its application field has expanded from the initial military scientific research application to all fields of current society, forming a huge computer industry, promoting technological progress around the world and triggering profound social changes. Computers have spread all over schools, enterprises and institutions, entered the homes of ordinary people and become an indispensable tool in the information society. It is one of the important signs of mankind entering the information age.
It should be pointed out that according to 1973, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the earliest electronic digital computers should be john atanasoff, an associate professor of physics at Iowa State University in 65438, and Clifford E. Berry, his graduate assistant (19 18- 1963). The reason for this misunderstanding is that a man named Moakley in ENIAC's research group plagiarized John Atanasov's research results in 194 1 and applied for a patent in 1946. For various reasons, this error was not reversed until 1973. (See "john atanasoff" in Baidu Encyclopedia for details. I hope everyone will remember ABC and john atanasoff, and I hope this mistake can be corrected in future textbooks). Later, in order to commend and commemorate john atanasoff's great contribution in the computer field, former US President Bush awarded john atanasoff the highest American science and technology award-"National Science and Technology Award" from 65438 to 0990.
What is the history of computer development? Electron tubes, transistors, small and medium-sized integrated circuits, large-scale or very large-scale integrated circuits.
The development history of microcomputer The development of microcomputer is mainly manifested in the development of its core component-microprocessor. Every time a new microprocessor appears, it will drive the corresponding development of other components of microcomputer system, such as the further optimization of microcomputer architecture, the continuous improvement of memory access capacity and speed, the continuous improvement of peripheral equipment and the continuous emergence of new equipment.
According to the word length and function of microprocessor, the development of microcomputer can be divided into the following stages.
1. stage 1 stage 1 (1971-1973) is the era of 4-bit and 8-bit low-end microprocessors, usually called1generation, and its typical products are Intel4004 and Intel 4004.
2. Stage 2 Stage 2 (1971-1977) is the era of 8-bit high-end microprocessors, which is usually called the second generation. Its typical products are Intel8080/8085, Motorola, Zilog Z80, etc. Their characteristic is NMOS technology, which improves the integration by about 4 times and the operation speed by about 10~ 15 times (the basic instruction execution time is 1~2μs). They have a relatively complete instruction system, typical computer architecture and control functions such as interrupt and DMA. In terms of software, besides assembly language, there are high-level languages such as BASIC and FORTRAN, corresponding interpreters, compilers, and later operating systems.
3. The third stage (1978—— 1984) is the era of 16-bit microprocessor, which is usually called the third generation. Its typical products are Intel's 8086/8088, Motorola's M68000 and Zilog's Z8000. Its characteristic is that HMOS technology is adopted, and its integration (20,000 ~ 70,000 transistors/chip) and operation speed (the execution time of basic instructions is 0.5μs) are one order of magnitude higher than those of the second generation. The instruction system is richer and more perfect, with multi-level interrupts, multiple addressing modes, segmented storage mechanism, hardware multiplication and division components and a software system. The famous microcomputer products in this period include IBM's personal computer. 198 1 year, the personal computer introduced by IBM uses 8088CPU. Then 1982 introduced the extended personal computer IBM PC/XT, which expanded the memory and increased the hard disk. 1984, IBM introduced the 16-bit enhanced personal computer IBM PC/AT with 80286 processor as the core. Because IBM adopted the strategy of opening technology when developing personal computers, personal computers are popular all over the world.
4. Stage 4 Stage 4 (1985— 1992) is the era of 32-bit microprocessors, also known as the fourth generation. Its typical products are Intel's 80386/80486, Motorola's M69030/68040 and so on. It is characterized by adopting HMOS or CMOS technology, the integration level is as high as 6.5438+0 million transistors/chip, and it has 32-bit address lines and 32-bit data buses. 6 million instructions (MIPS) can be completed per second. The function of microcomputer has reached or even surpassed that of super microcomputer, and it is fully capable of multi-task and multi-user operation. At the same time, some other microprocessor manufacturers (such as AMD and Texas) also introduced 80386/80486 series chips.
5. The fifth stage (1993-2005) is the era of Pentium series microprocessors, usually called the fifth generation. Typical products are Intel Pentium series chips and AMD K6 series microprocessor chips compatible with them. It adopts superscalar instruction pipeline structure internally, with independent instruction and data cache. With the appearance of MMX(MultiMediaeXtended) microprocessor, the development of microcomputer in networking, multimedia and intelligence has reached a higher level. In March, 2000, AMD and Intel quit Athlon and PentiumⅲIII with clock frequency of 1GHz respectively. In June, 2000, 165438+ 10, Intel introduced the Pentium4 microprocessor. Each chip has an integration of 42 million transistors, and its main frequency is 1.5GHz. In June, 2002, the clock frequency of the Pentium4 microprocessor introduced by Intel reached 3.06GHz, which is very important for personal computer users. Multi-tasking has always been a puzzling problem, because the multi-tasking of a single processor is realized by dividing time periods, and the performance loss at this time is quite huge. With the support of dual-core processors, real multi-tasking can be applied, and more and more applications will even optimize it, thus laying a solid application foundation.
6. Stage 6 Stage 6 (2005-present) is the era of Core series microprocessors, usually called the sixth generation. Core is a leading energy-saving new micro-building. The starting point of the design is to provide excellent performance and energy efficiency, and improve the performance per watt, which is the so-called energy efficiency ratio. The early Core was based on notebook processors. Core 2: English name is Core 2 Duo, which is a new generation product system based on Core micro-architecture launched by Intel in 2006. Published on July 27th, 2006. Core 2 is a cross-platform architecture, including server version, desktop version and mobile version. Among them, the development code of the server version is Woodcrest, the development code of the desktop version is Conroe, and the development code of the mobile version is Merom.
Core microarchitecture of Core 2 processor is a new generation Intel architecture improved by Intel Israel design team on the basis of Yonah microarchitecture. The most significant change lies in the strengthening of various key parts. In order to improve the efficiency of data exchange between two cores, a design of * * * shared secondary cache is adopted, and two cores * * * enjoy up to 4MB of secondary cache.
How many generations has the history of computer development? The world's first electronic computer was successfully developed by the University of Pennsylvania in February 1946. It is named ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, Chinese name is "Electronic Numerical Integrator"). ENIAC uses electron tubes as its main components. The whole machine adopts 18000 electron tube, 1500 relay and other components, weighs 30 tons and covers an area of 170 square meters. It is a real monster. The computing speed of this computer with power consumption of 140 kWh is 5000 additions or 400 multiplications per second. The birth of ENIAC opened the possibility of high-speed operation and marked the beginning of the computer age in human society.
Since the birth of the first electronic computer for more than half a century, electronic computers have developed by leaps and bounds. According to the upgrading of the core electronic components that make up the computer, the development of the computer can be divided into four eras. The table 1- 1 lists the various eras of computer development and the main characteristics of each era.
The above four generations of computers are all based on the structural idea of binary and program storage control put forward by Hungarian mathematician von Neumann. The computer based on this ideology consists of five parts: arithmetic unit, controller, memory, input device and output device.
Since the 1980s, Japan, the United States and other countries have invested a lot of manpower and material resources in the development of the fifth generation computer. The fifth generation computer is a kind of intelligent computer, which will break through the traditional structural mode of von Neumann computer and has the function of intelligent human-computer interface. People can talk with natural language, characters, graphics and images. It also has the function of knowledge base management, which can store and manage massive knowledge information and has the ability to collect, remember and retrieve relevant knowledge; He should also have the function of reasoning and judgment, be able to think, associate, reason and draw conclusions according to the stored knowledge, and be able to solve complex problems.
In 1970s, LSI technology integrated the arithmetic unit and controller on one chip, forming a powerful microprocessor chip. Microcomputer with microprocessor as the core has set off a new era of computer, thus making the application of computer popular rapidly. Microcomputer calculation has the characteristics of small size, strong function, low price and great flexibility, and its development speed is also quite rapid. From 197 1 to the present, the microprocessor has developed from 4-bit word length, 8-bit word length, 16-bit word length and 32-bit word length to 64-bit word length, and the clock frequency has also developed from the original one megahertz to the present.