A: 1864, International Working Men’s Association (First International) was established in London. As the founders and real leaders of the first international reality, Marx and Engels, based on their previous experience in revolutionary activities, especially the experience of the New Rheinische Zeitung, thought that in order to publicize proletarian internationalism, the General Committee of International Working Men’s Association had to set up an organ newspaper. 1864165438+1On October 22nd, the General Committee decided that the British trade unionist Honeycomb was its official newspaper. However, after the newspaper became an international organization, the editor-in-chief portal did not hand over control, but only provided pages for free. The Committee subscribes at the price of two pence each and distributes it to members and chapters. Although the newspaper edited by Portal was regarded as the best workers' newspaper for a period of time, he never gave up the wrong tendency of reformism. Later, he even arbitrarily falsified and abridged the reports of international conferences. 1869, the newspaper changed hands and completely fell into the hands of Cemir Murray, a liberal speculator, becoming "the mouthpiece of a handful of capitalists". This newspaper is closed.

1865, Defender of Workers was reorganized from Defender of Miners, the newspaper of British Miners' Union, and became the first international central publication. Marx pointed out that the significance of its name change is that its name itself explains its task, and it protects the interests of the working class anytime and anywhere. However, most reformists in the board of directors of newspaper companies have adopted the method of compromise with bourgeois radicals in order to obtain bourgeois funding. 1866, taking advantage of Marx's absence from the General Committee due to illness, they reorganized the editorial department, renamed the workers' defenders as * * * and the national newspaper, and put forward a program that did not contain the unique requirements of the working class. The position of the newspaper has changed. 1From September 8th, 866, this newspaper declared itself to be the organ of the Reform Movement and the mouthpiece of the radical bourgeoisie. Closed on July 20th 1867.