6. 1 Asia and Europe

"Asia" and "Europa": Asia: the place of sunrise in the east; Europa: the place of sunset in the west.

The continental parts of Asia and Europe combined to form Eurasia. Asia borders the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean on the east, south and north, Europe on the west, Africa on the southwest and North America on the east across the Bering Strait. With an area of about 44 million square kilometers, Asia is the largest continent in the world. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the north, west and south, Asia in the east and Africa in the south.

Asian terrain dominated by plateaus and mountains: three characteristics: 1. Terrain is mainly plateau and mountain, with high average altitude; 2. The ground fluctuates greatly, and the height varies greatly. 3. Topographic features: high in the middle and low around.

Topographic differences between Asia and Europe;

Asia and Europe

The continent with the highest and lowest average altitude in the world.

The relatively high ground fluctuates greatly, but the ground fluctuates slightly due to the disparity in height.

The main terrain is plateau and mountain plain.

The terrain is high in the middle, and the surrounding plains and mountains are mainly distributed on the south and north sides.

Complex and diverse Asian climate: complex and diverse: continental characteristics are remarkable; Monsoon is the most powerful, typical and influential.

Asia with many rivers: most rivers originate in the central plateau and mountains and flow radially into the sea along the terrain; The internal flow area is very large.

6.2 Population and countries in Asia: Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with a total population of 3.68 billion in 2000, accounting for about 6 1% of the world's total population. Most countries in the world with a population of over 6,543.8 billion are in Asia (China, Japanese, Bangladeshi, Indian, Pakistani and Indonesian). One in Europe: Russia; One in Africa: Nigeria; One in North America: United States; One in South America: Brazil; Not in Oceania. Most countries in Asia are developing countries and a few countries are developed countries.

Chapter VII Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

7. 1 Japan

1, Japan with many volcanoes and earthquakes: East Asian island countries: Japan is located in the east of Asia and the west of the Pacific Ocean. Its territory consists of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu and thousands of nearby islands. The capital Tokyo. Common language: Japanese. Mountain topography: Japan is a mountainous island country, and 3/4 of its territory is mountains and hills. Kanto Plain is the largest plain in Japan. Mount Fuji: A famous active volcano, with an altitude of 3,776 meters, is the highest peak in Japan.

Humid climate: Japan mainly belongs to temperate monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate.

2. Developed processing trade economy: After World War II, Japan used its human resources and maritime advantages to import a large number of raw materials and fuels from abroad, actively introduced foreign advanced technology, processed imported raw materials, produced a large number of industrial products for export, and vigorously explored the international market, which made its economy develop rapidly and formed an economy dominated by processing trade. At present, Japan's GDP ranks second in the world after the United States. The per capita GNP also ranks among the top in the world. Japan is a capitalist country with developed economy, and its processing and manufacturing industry, high-tech industry, international trade, financial industry and information industry all rank among the advanced in the world. The main departments are electronics, home appliances, automobiles, shipbuilding, steel, chemistry, textiles and precision machinery. Japan has a small area of cultivated land and insufficient agricultural labor force, but the level of agricultural production has improved.

3. Japanese industry is concentrated in five industrial zones along the Pacific Ocean and Seto Inland Sea: Keihin Industrial Zone, Nagoya Industrial Zone, Hanshin Industrial Zone, Setouchi Industrial Zone and Kitakyushu Industrial Zone.

4. East-West compatible culture: In the Tang Dynasty, Japanese culture was influenced by China. In modern times, European and American cultures widely influenced Japan. Nationality: single Yamato nationality; Japanese clothing: kimono.

7.2 Southeast Asia: including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.

1. Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of Asia, including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. The northern part of Indochina Peninsula is high and steep, which is connected with the mountains and rivers of China. Mountains and rivers extend from north to south, forming a surface form with alternating mountains and rivers and vertical distribution. Malay Archipelago is the general name of more than 20,000 islands scattered between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Most islands in the Malay archipelago are rugged, with many mountains and rivers, and few plains and swift rivers. Indonesia is the country with the most volcanoes in the world and is called "Volcano Country". Japan is called "the country of earthquakes".

Regional topographic features and river features

The mountains and rivers of zhina Peninsula alternate from north to south.

The Malay archipelago is rugged, short and swift.

Malacca Strait: Southeast Asia is at the "crossroads" between Asia and Oceania, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and is an important hub for world shipping and air transportation.

2. Rich products: the world's important producing areas of tropical cash crops such as natural rubber, oil palm and coconut. Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are important rice exporters in the world.

Thailand is the largest rubber producer in the world; The Philippines is the world's largest producer of banana cannabis and exporter of coconut. Indonesia is the largest coconut producer in the world; Malaysia is the largest palm oil producer in the world.

3. Overseas Chinese are the most concentrated settlements, and Southeast Asia is also one of the most densely populated areas in the world. The population is concentrated in alluvial plains, estuarine deltas and coastal plains, while the tropical rain forest areas in mountainous areas and islands are sparsely populated.

4. Tourist attractions: Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar; Borobudur in Indonesia; Angkor Wat in Cambodia; Water market in Bangkok, Thailand; Halong Bay in Vietnam; Singapore's garden city.

7.3 India

1, the second most populous country in the world, has now exceeded 1 100 million.

2. Frequent floods and droughts: Most parts of India are located in the tropics and subtropics, with tropical monsoon climate as the main climate. Due to the influence of monsoon, the annual precipitation is extremely unstable, with many years and few years, and frequent floods and droughts. Flood and drought disasters have brought great influence to the production and life of the Indian people. In order to resist floods and droughts, the Indian people have built many water conservancy projects, but in the face of serious floods and droughts, the existing water conservancy projects in India still seem to be somewhat inadequate. The dominant wind direction of rainy season in India (June-September): southwest monsoon; The prevailing wind direction in dry season (10- May of the following year): northeast monsoon.

3. Self-sufficiency in grain production: In the 1960s, India implemented the "green revolution", improved grain production technology and gradually improved grain supply. Now, India's agricultural production technology has been greatly improved, and food is not only self-sufficient, but also has a certain surplus for export. Main food crops: rice and wheat.

4. Develop industry: At present, India not only has a certain scale in iron and steel industry, machinery manufacturing industry, chemical industry, cotton and linen textile industry, but also has certain achievements in high-tech fields such as atomic energy, aerospace and computer software. From 65438 to 0999, India's jute production ranked first in the world and cotton production ranked second in the world. Kolkata is India's largest hemp textile center and also the center of steel industry. Mumbai is the largest cotton textile center in India.

5. Topography: Ganges Plain and Deccan Plateau.

7.4 Russia

1, the largest country: Russia has a vast territory,17.07 million square kilometers, which is the largest country in the world and the only country that spans two continents and the eastern and western hemispheres.

2. Vast plains: Russia's terrain is high in the east and low in the west, and rivers and mountains have become important dividing lines of the terrain. 70% of Russia's territory is a vast plain, and most areas are relatively flat.

3. Temperate continental climate is dominant: most parts of Russia belong to temperate continental climate, with long and cold winters and short and cool summers.

4. Rich in resources: rich in natural resources and developed in industry. Russia's oil production ranks third in the world. Gold production ranks second in the world. Economy in reform: Russia is an important industrial power, with prominent positions in energy, steel, machinery, chemistry, aerospace and other sectors. The main agricultural products in Russia are cereals, potatoes, flax and dairy products. The Volga river basin in the eastern European plain is the main agricultural area. Lake Baikal in Siberia is the deepest lake in the world and the lake with the most fresh water in the world. 199 1 year Russia disintegrated from the Soviet Union to Russia. Moscow, the capital, is located in the plain of Eastern Europe and is the largest city. It is the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the country. There are the famous Red Square, the Kremlin, the library with the largest collection of books in the world and many museums. St Petersburg is the second largest city and an important port in Russia.

5. Developed transportation: Russia has a complete transportation department, with developed railways, highways, aviation, inland rivers, oceans and pipelines, but the distribution in Europe (very dense, with Moscow as the radiation point) and Asia (sparse, but with a very important railway-Eurasian Continental Bridge) is unbalanced.

6. Volga River: Russia's "mother river", with a total length of 3600 kilometers, is the longest river in Europe. Abundant flow, stable water flow and high shipping value. It is connected with the Baltic Sea, the White Sea, the Black Sea, the Azov Sea and the Caspian Sea, and is called "Navigation to Five Seas".

Other countries and regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

8. 1 Middle East (long-term hotspot: frequent conflicts and wars)

1, the land of five seas and three states: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Red Sea and Arabian Sea. Asia, Africa and Europe. This is also the famous Silk Road in ancient China.

2. Abundant oil resources: At present, the region with the largest oil reserves, the largest oil production and export volume in the world. Middle East oil is mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas, accounting for 25% of the world's total output. Shipped out through the Persian Gulf, most of the oil produced is transported by sea to developed countries such as Western Europe, the United States and Japan, which has an important impact on the development of the world economy.

3. Agriculture and animal husbandry in arid environment: crops need water for irrigation, and the State of Israel has done the best.

Arab countries: religion: the birthplace of Christianity, Judaism and Islam

4. Lack of water resources: The climate in the Middle East is dry, with few rivers, and there are no rivers in a large desert area. The distribution and competition of water resources in rivers and lakes has become another focus in the Middle East.

5. Cultural differences: The residents of most countries and regions in the Middle East, mainly Arabs, believe in Islam. These countries are called "Arab countries"; Jews are concentrated in Israel and mainly believe in Judaism; Persians are mainly distributed in Iran and mainly believe in Islam. Islam, Christianity and Judaism all regard Jerusalem as the holy city.

8.2 Western Europe

1. location and scope: western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, covering an area of about 5 million square kilometers, accounting for about half of Europe. Dense population and many countries, including more than 30 countries. Judging from the level of economic development, most of them belong to developed countries.

2. European Union (EU): In order to further strengthen the ties between western European countries, a regional international organization called the European Union has been established in this region. The EU has strengthened the political and economic ties between countries in the region and played an important role in the world economy and international political arena.

3. The birthplace of the industrial revolution. A large proportion of the population is engaged in manufacturing. Manufacturing is an industrial department that processes raw materials and makes them into various products. Many countries in this region import raw materials, fuel and grain from abroad, and export finished products such as machinery, automobiles, chemicals and food, which bring wealth to the country.

4. Traditional animal husbandry: developed animal husbandry: located in the middle latitude of the west coast of land → temperate maritime climate → juicy pasture, widely distributed grassland → developed animal husbandry. Western Europeans call pasture "green gold". In many countries, the output value of animal husbandry accounts for a high proportion of agricultural output value. Production has reached the level of mechanization and specialization.

5. Prosperous tourism: Western Europe has diverse natural conditions. Rich natural tourism resources, splendid history and culture, and unique customs provide good conditions for the development of tourism. Tourism income in many countries has become one of the main sources of national income. Tower Bridge of England in London; Netherlands-windmill; Nordic-fjord scenery; Switzerland-alpine skiing; Greece-the Parthenon in Athens; Italy-sunny beaches along the Mediterranean coast; Spain-bullfighting; France-Paris Eiffel Tower.

8.3 Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Hometown of blacks: There are more than 600 million blacks in central and southern sub-Saharan Africa in the world, accounting for more than 90% of the total population of sub-Saharan Africa. So sub-Saharan Africa is also called "black Africa". Black people in this area belong to hundreds of different tribes, and they have their own languages, customs and primitive religions. Black people can sing and dance, and have artistic talent in music, painting, sculpture and other handicrafts. Most black people can play drums, and they often play all kinds of drums according to different needs.

Terrain dominated by plateau:

(1) Latitude: the equator passes through central sub-Saharan Africa, the Tropic of Cancer passes through northern sub-Saharan Africa, and the Tropic of Cancer passes through southern sub-Saharan Africa. Most of sub-Saharan Africa is located in the tropics.

(2) A peninsula (Somali Peninsula), a big island (Madagascar Island), a bay (Gulf of Guinea) and its surrounding waters (Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean) and Cape of Good Hope in sub-Saharan Africa show the characteristics of the coastline of sub-Saharan Africa: the region faces the sea on three sides and the coastline is relatively straight.

(3) The Sahara Desert, the Ethiopian Plateau, the East African Plateau, the South African Plateau, the Congo Basin, the Nile and Mount Kilimanjaro (the highest peak in Africa) illustrate the topographical features of sub-Saharan Africa: Africa is a typical plateau continent.

(4) Climate types in sub-Saharan Africa: there are tropical rain forest climate, tropical grassland climate and tropical desert climate, with tropical climate as the main climate. Characteristics of climate distribution in sub-Saharan Africa: with the equator as the center and symmetrical distribution in the northern and southern hemispheres.

Under different climatic conditions, the natural landscape is different: the landscape of tropical rain forest, tropical grassland and tropical desert. From the landscape map, we can observe the local climate characteristics: tropical rain forest climate, hot and rainy all year round, so the vegetation is lush; The climate of tropical grassland is divided into obvious dry season and rainy season, so grass flourishes in rainy season, withers in dry season and there are many wild animals. Tropical desert climate, hot and dry all the year round, nothing grows, and deserts are widely distributed.

Three. The climate of sub-Saharan Africa

1. There is a large area of Savannah in sub-Saharan Africa. From the landscape map of Savannah, we can see that there are many wild animals living there.

2. Most wild animals living in Savannah are good at running. The characteristics of wild animals and the climatic characteristics of their living environment: the savanna can be said to be very hot all year round. There is relatively more precipitation in July, August and September, and relatively less in June 5438+0-April, June 5438+0 1 and June 5438+February. The tropical grassland climate is divided into obvious dry season and rainy season. In the rainy season, the weather is favorable, plants flourish, farmers have a good harvest and live a good life. In the dry season, there is little water and rain, plants are yellow, farmers' harvest is not good, and life is difficult to maintain. Therefore, savanna is threatened by floods and droughts. Therefore, only when wild animals have strong running ability can they migrate to fertile places on the edge of tropical rain forest in dry season and come back in rainy season. Therefore, animals on the tropical grassland have the characteristics of migrating with water plants.

3. Besides abundant wildlife resources, there are also abundant resources: hydropower, tropical cash crops (spices, cocoa, coffee, etc. ), ivory and minerals (gold, diamonds, copper, uranium, etc. ).

Fourth, foreign invasion.

(1) The original settlements of African blacks are mainly distributed in the basins and plateaus in the middle and southwest. The climate is dominated by savanna, which is often threatened by floods and droughts.

(2) Immigrants in this area: Arabs, Indians, China, Southeast Asians, etc. from Europe and the Middle East.

European colonists first plundered gold, ivory and spices, and then transported blacks as slaves to America for sale, so the African economy was greatly affected. Now, through hard work, all countries in black Africa are independent.

V. Single commodity economy

An economy that relies on one or several primary products is called a "single commodity economy". Minerals, timber and cash crops produced in sub-Saharan Africa are all industrial raw materials and semi-finished products, while most countries in sub-Saharan Africa are backward in industry, and many industrial products have to be imported from abroad. Such a single economy will have an impact on its own economic development: the "single commodity economy" only depends on the procurement of a few developed countries, and the price of export commodities fluctuates greatly in the international market. In this unequal transaction, what you want to sell is to sell at a low price, and what you want to buy is to buy at a high price. In this business, the wealth of sub-Saharan African countries is constantly losing, which is the result of colonialists' long-term plunder of resources in this region.

The economy dominated by a single commodity is very unfavorable to the development of sub-Saharan Africa. Measures: (1) change the situation of single product, develop national industries in this region, and reduce the import of industrial products. (2) Unite, unite and cooperate, give full play to the resource potential of the region, form a resource export organization like the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, and safeguard the basic interests of all countries. (3) Changing the structure of agricultural production, popularizing new varieties and solving the food problem.

(4) Developing agricultural products processing industry.

The intransitive verbs population, food and environment

For a long time, the production of agriculture and animal husbandry here is backward, the output of agricultural products is low, the growth rate of grain output is much lower than that of population, and the food supply is insufficient. Therefore, people cut down forests and reclaim grasslands to expand cultivated land or graze excessive livestock. These practices lead to the loss of land fertility, grassland degradation, intensified land desertification and gradual deterioration of the ecological environment.

Population, food and environment in sub-Saharan Africa. The vicious circle (reading) in this region makes it difficult for African economy to develop, and it is even more difficult for people to get rid of the increasingly poor life. Measures: ① Control the excessive population growth and improve the quality of the population. ② Protect the ecological environment and mitigate natural disasters. ③ Vigorously develop grain production and solve the problem of grain shortage. ④ Get out of the shadow of colonial economy as soon as possible and establish a perfect national economic system. ⑤ Strengthen unity and cooperation to reduce racial disputes and tribal conflicts. ⑥ Introduce talents and technology from developed countries.

8.4 Australia

1. owns a continent: Australia is the largest country in Oceania, bordering Asia in the northwest, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the west and the Antarctic continent in the south. It is the only country in the world that owns the whole continent. Australia's territory includes mainland Australia, Tasmania and other surrounding islands, with an area of about 7.69 million square kilometers, ranking sixth in the world. The capital of Australia is Canberra. The common language is English.

2. Low terrain: The Australian mainland is low and flat, with an average elevation of nearly 300 meters, making it the most gentle continent in the world. The west is a vast and flat plateau; The Central Plains accounts for about 25% of the total area of the mainland; Cape York Peninsula is located in the northern part of the eastern mountainous area.

3. Ancient Animals: "World Museum of Living Fossils"-There are many endemic creatures in Australia: kangaroos, emus, platypus, koalas and other endemic creatures, which are ancient biological species preserved during the evolution of the earth.

4. Developed agriculture, animal husbandry, industry and mining: Australia is a capitalist country with developed economy in the southern hemisphere.

Australia's natural conditions and the appropriate development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Australia is the country with the largest export of sheep and wool in the world. Because there are many sheep, it is called a country riding on the back of sheep. Australia is rich in mineral resources, many of which are in the forefront of the world. Because the export of mineral products accounts for a large proportion of the total export, it has the national reputation of "riding a mine car".

Chapter IX Countries in the Western Hemisphere

9. 1 USA

1, the territory of the United States: 9.97 million square kilometers; Composition: Alaska, "Native" and Hawaii. National flag: The Stars and Stripes. Highly developed economy: The United States is a highly developed capitalist country. After World War II, the total industrial output value has been ranked first in the world. America is a big agricultural country in the world. The United States is rich in natural resources, developed in transportation and abundant in science and technology, and has many advantages in developing industry. America is an industrial power in the world. In terms of foreign trade, the United States is not only the country with the largest export volume of industrial and agricultural products, but also the country with the largest import and export volume of automobiles, petroleum and textiles in the world.

2. Population and cities: the population in 2000 was 278 million; Indians are indigenous to the United States, and whites, blacks and Asian yellow people living in the United States today have all migrated to the United States in the past 200 years. After emigrating to the United States, after a long period of integration, immigrants from various countries gradually converge in language, culture and lifestyle, forming a unified American nation. The population of the United States is unevenly distributed. The densely populated areas in the United States are coastal plains and near the Great Lakes (Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario). However, the western plateau mountainous area is sparsely populated. Washington, the capital of the United States, is located in the District of Columbia. New york is the most populous city in the United States, the largest port city and one of the four largest financial centers in the world. Los Angeles is the largest port city and economic and cultural center along the Pacific coast of the United States. San Francisco, also known as San Francisco, is one of the financial, trade, educational and cultural centers along the Pacific coast of the United States and a famous natural harbor.

3. World high-tech industrial base: The United States has a complete industrial sector system, complete industrial products, large output and advanced technology, and is the most developed industrial country in the world. High-tech industries are widely distributed, forming numerous high-tech industrial parks. Located in the southeast of San Francisco, Silicon Valley is the earliest and largest high-tech industrial center in the United States. It is named after mass production of silicon wafers, the basic material of the electronic industry.

4. Resource-consuming countries: The United States is the largest economic power in the world, and the living standards of Americans are among the highest in the world. The developed economy of the United States is based on the massive consumption of global resources and the destruction of the earth's environment, so the United States is also the largest resource consumer and waste emitter in the world.

9.2 Brazil

1. Brazil is the largest country in South America with a land area of 8.54 million square kilometers. The topography of Brazil is mainly plains and plateaus. Amazon Plain accounts for about 1/3 of the whole territory, and the rest basically belongs to the Brazilian Plateau. There are dense forests and a wide variety of animals and plants here, and it is known as the "world animal and plant kingdom". The forest is dark and humid, sparsely populated and suffering. There are many tributaries of the Amazon River, with gentle water flow and convenient shipping. The estuary is a trumpet-shaped bay with a width of more than 300 kilometers. During the flood season, there is another Wang Yang, the so-called "river and sea". There are the famous Amazon Plain and Amazon River.

2. A rapidly developing industrial and agricultural country (from a single agricultural product to a large-scale iron ore reserve with excellent quality, the output and export volume are in the forefront of the world, and in modern industry, steel, shipbuilding, automobile and aircraft manufacturing have leapt to the ranks of important producers in the world): Brazil is the country with the strongest economic strength in South America. Brazil has a relatively complete industrial system and a relatively high level of industrial development. Brazil is the largest coffee producer and exporter in the world, with a high degree of agricultural mechanization. Brazil has large iron ore reserves, most of which are rich in iron ore (for example, Itabira open-pit iron mine is the largest iron mine in Brazil, with iron content as high as 60% to 70%). Brazil is rich in hydropower resources, and the proportion of hydropower in domestic power supply is gradually increasing.

3. Population and city: Brazil is the most populous country in South America, with a total population of 654.38+70 million in 2000. The first settlers who came to Latin America (referring to America south of the United States) were Europeans. They call the natives here "Indians". The Indians at that time created an ancient civilization as splendid as Europe. With the development of plantations in Latin America, the evil slave trade developed between Latin America and Africa, and a large number of black slaves were sold to Latin America. The largest city in Brazil: Sao Paulo. Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil. The capital of Brazil is Brasilia.

4. Crisis of tropical rain forest: There is the Amazon River, the largest river in the world, in northern Brazil. The Amazon basin covers the largest tropical rain forest on earth, 60% of which is in Brazil. Tropical rain forest has attracted worldwide attention because of its great environmental benefits. But since the 1960s, Brazil has been committed to the development of the Amazon region. Building large trunk highways; In order to develop the mining industry, open up large-scale farms; The development of poor farmers to solve food and clothing has caused profound environmental problems: forests have been destroyed, soil erosion has been serious, precious wild animals have been plundered, and the global ecological environment has been seriously threatened. 1In June 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The conference adopted the 2 1 century agenda with sustainable development as the core, which marked that the concept of sustainable development was accepted by the world and began to be put into practice.

5. Urbanization: Sao Paulo is the largest city and industrial center in Brazil and one of the world's megacities. The urbanization process in S? o Paulo is a process in which the population is highly concentrated in cities, which is typical in developing countries. Urbanization can bring people wealth and prosperity, but the high concentration of population will bring many difficult problems. "Urban disease" refers to various problems that affect human social life and production in the process of urbanization.

Chapter 10 Polar Regions

Arctic and Antarctic regions-the world of ice and snow, polar cold, windy, and scarce precipitation.

1, Arctic region: refers to the vast area north of the Arctic Circle (66.50N), including most of the Arctic Ocean, northern Eurasia, North America and some islands. The land area in the Arctic Circle is about 8 million square kilometers. In the Arctic Circle, the population living for a long time is close to 3 million. The local aborigines are mainly Inuit and Lapp.

2. Antarctic region: refers to the vast area south of the Antarctic circle (66.50S), including the Antarctic continent and its surrounding islands and continental ice, as well as a part of the South Pacific, South Atlantic and South Indian Ocean. There are Snow Plateau, White Desert and Wind Shore. Penguin is the symbol of South Pole; The polar bear is the symbol of the North Pole. Antarctica has no country and no permanent residents. The Antarctic region is the "big warehouse" of natural resources: rich minerals are buried underground; There are a lot of solid fresh water resources in the lower and upper layers; There are countless marine life along the coast; There is also a primitive natural environment, which provides scientists with the broadest natural laboratory for scientific research in meteorology, glaciers, geology, oceans, biology and other disciplines. Polar scientific expedition: China Great Wall Station and China Zhongshan Station.

3. Protection and peaceful use of polar regions: In recent years, a large number of whales in the Antarctic region and animals such as polar bears, seals, sea lions and walruses in the Arctic region have been killed at will. In order to protect the ecological environment of Antarctica and make peaceful use of Antarctica, 1959 12 countries, including Australia and Argentina, signed the Antarctic Treaty. 1983 China officially joined the south pole.