Pinyin has initials and finals. Vowels are larger and initials are lighter. Vowels are divided into single vowels and complex vowels. If there is only one vowel, it is called single vowel. Consisting of several vowels or a combination of vowels and consonants, it is called a compound vowel. The vowels of Chinese syllables consist of three parts: the beginning, the belly and the end. Rhyme, also known as alto; Rhyme belly, called vowel; There are vowels and consonants at the end of the rhyme. As far as the word "card" is concerned, Q is the initial and ia is the final. I rhymes; A rhymes.
First of all, vowels
A (ah) has a wide mouth, the lowest tongue position and a slightly upturned back.
O (Oh) The mouth is round, the tongue is slightly backward, and the back of the tongue is slightly upturned.
E (Goose) has a flat mouth, and its tongue position is roughly the same as that of O, except that its mouth is spread to both sides.
I (clothing) teeth are arranged neatly, and the mouth shape is flat. The tip of the tongue touches the back of the lower teeth, making the front of the tongue convex.
U has a pointed mouth, a round lip, a small hole and a backward tongue.
The pronunciation of "fish" and "I" is basically the same. The tip of the tongue touches the back of the lower tooth, but the lips are round and slightly protruding forward, and the tip of the tongue touches the back of the lower tooth.
Second, initials
B (glass) lips are tightly closed to block the airflow, and then the lips suddenly open to let the airflow erupt and the vocal cords vibrate.
The pronunciation position and method of P (slope) are the same as that of B, but the airflow is stronger than that of B, and the vocal cords vibrate.
M (touch) lips are closed and the air is blocked. When pronouncing, air flows out of the nasal cavity and the vocal cords vibrate.
The upper teeth of F (Buddha) contact with the lower lip, forming a slit, so that the airflow rubs out of the slit and the vocal cords vibrate.
D) The tip of the tongue abuts against the upper gum, blocking the airflow, and then the tip of the tongue suddenly leaves, spitting out weak airflow and vibrating the vocal cords.
T (special) pronunciation position and method are basically the same as D, but the difference is that the airflow is stronger.
N (what) The tip of the tongue abuts against the upper gum, blocking the airflow, allowing the airflow to flow to the nasal cavity and out of the nostrils, and the vocal cords vibrate.
The tip of L (Le) is pressed on the unsatisfied upper gum, which makes the air flow come out from both sides of the tongue and the vocal cords vibrate.
The root of π (elder brother) tongue is raised against the soft palate, blocking the airflow, and then suddenly opens, spitting out weak airflow, and the vocal cords vibrate.
The pronunciation position and method of K (a) are basically the same as π, but the airflow is stronger.
H (drinking) The base of the tongue is close to the soft palate, forming a slit, allowing the airflow to rub out of the slit and the vocal cords to vibrate.
The front of J (machine) tongue is lifted and attached to the front of hard palate, and then the tongue is slightly separated to form a slit with hard palate, so that air is squeezed out from the slit and the vocal cords vibrate.
Q (7) pronunciation position and method are basically the same as J, but the airflow is stronger.
The front of the X (western) tongue is raised close to the hard palate, forming a seam, allowing the airflow to rub out and the vocal cords to vibrate.
The tip of the Z (sub) tongue stretches horizontally forward, against the back of the upper teeth, holding your breath, and then the tip of the Z tongue leaves slightly, forming a slit, allowing air to squeeze out and the vocal cords to vibrate.
The position and method of C (secondary) pronunciation are basically the same as Z, but the airflow is stronger.
The tip of the tongue of S (Si) extends horizontally forward, close to the back of the upper teeth, forming a seam through which air can be squeezed out and the vocal cords vibrate.
The tip of zh (Zhi) sticks up to the front of the hard palate (the part behind the upper gum), and then the tip of ZH leaves slightly, so that the air is squeezed out of the slit and the vocal cords vibrate.
The pronunciation position and method of ch (eat) are basically the same as that of zh, but the airflow is stronger.
The tip of the tongue of sh (the teacher) is tilted upward, close to the front of the hard palate, forming a gap, allowing air to squeeze out and the vocal cords to vibrate.
The pronunciation position and method of R (Japanese) are the same as sh, but the two sides of the tongue should be rolled up when pronouncing.
Third, compound vowels.
Ai begins with a sound, and this A is in front of the tongue when reading A alone. After A, the tongue is slowly lifted, the mouth is slowly closed, and it stops when it reaches the tongue position of I, and there is a sliding process from A to I.
Ei starts with the sound of e, and then slides to I. When e is pronounced, the tongue position is higher than that of single e, and the pronunciation is louder.
Ui is a combination of u and ei. When pronouncing, u is pronounced first, then ei, and the mouth shape changes from round to flat.
Ao begins with a, which is longer and louder than when you read A alone, and then your tongue rises gradually, your mouth closes and becomes round, making a sound like U, which is lighter and shorter.
Ou sounds o first, and then the lips gradually close, making a u sound. O is long and loud, and u is short and vague.
Iu is a combination of I and ou. Pronunciation, I first, and then gradually turn the sound to U, U is a little bit wider than the single vowel U, and the tongue position is a little lower, and the loudness of U is greater than I.
When ie is pronounced, it starts with I, then starts with faint, with the mouth half open and the air in the middle constantly. The pronunciation of E in ie is different from that of Yixin E. The pronunciation of E here is that the mouth is half open, the corners of the mouth are open, the tip of the tongue is attached to the back of the teeth, the tongue is forward and the throat is hard.
When you pronounce üe, you start from ü, then slide to your mouth, and the mouth is closed to half-open, without stopping breathing in the middle. E is also pronounced here.
When pronouncing "er", e indicates the position of the tongue when pronouncing, and r indicates the tongue rolling action. When you pronounce the vowel E, roll your tongue up against the hard palate and it becomes er.
En in un ün
Consists of vowels and nasal sounds. When the nasal coda is -n, when it is -n, you should put the tip of your tongue against the upper gum, and the soft palate will droop, so that air can flow out of the nasal cavity.
Ang starts from a, then the root of the tongue presses on the soft palate, and the airflow comes out of the nasal cavity.
Eng begins with e, then the root of the tongue retracts and air flows out of the nasal cavity.
Ing starts from I, the tip of the tongue is downward, the tongue is retracted, the base of the tongue is raised against the soft palate, and the airflow comes out of the nasal cavity.
Ong begins with o, then the tongue retracts, the root of the tongue moves closer to the soft palate, and the airflow comes out of the nasal cavity.
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phonetic feature
The characteristics of Putonghua pronunciation are as follows: the initials have no voiced sound except the fricative sound, nasal sound and marginal sound behind the tip of the tongue; Vowels are polyphonic, and nasal vowels are divided into two types: front and back; Initial consonants have no voiced opposition, no entering rhyme, sharp combined sound flow, few tones, simple mode, soft voice and nursery rhymes.
Compared with Indo-European languages, the pronunciation of Putonghua has distinct characteristics:
1. The syllable structure is simple and the sound is loud. In Putonghua, there are only four phonemes in a syllable, among which the vowel is the main one, which is an indispensable component in general syllables. There can be several vowels (up to three) in a syllable, such as "huài". There are no consonants in Mandarin syllables, that is, there are no "lightning" in English and "встреча (meeting)" in Russian.
2. Clear syllables and strong sense of rhythm. Chinese syllables are generally composed of initials, finals and tones. The initials come first, the finals come last, and then a tone runs through the whole syllable, so there is an obvious syllable boundary. From the perspective of phoneme analysis, consonants and vowels appear regularly at intervals, which gives people a sense of' circulation' and is very convenient for syllable segmentation.
3. Tone cadence, expressive. The tones of Putonghua have obvious changes, such as rising, rising, turning and falling, which can strongly express one's feelings.
The pronunciation of modern standard Chinese basically follows the phonetic system of Beijing dialect, but there are differences in local standards. For Chinese, monosyllabic (single word) pronunciation can be divided into five elements: initial consonant, middle tone (rhyme head), rhyme belly, rhyme tail and tone. Together, rhyme head, rhyme belly and rhyme tail are called "vowels". The pronunciation of super syllables (words) also has some components such as tone sandhi. Pronunciation and anticlockwise are ancient Chinese phonetic notation methods. By 1926, The Romance of Mandarin was written by Qian, Yuan, Yuan and others. 1928 was officially published by Nanjing University. Thus, 193 1 year, the "Latinized New Characters" formulated by Qu Qiubai and Wu came into being. Latinized neologisms and Putonghua Roman characters are two relatively perfect schemes for Chinese Pinyin of Latin letters, which greatly surpass their previous schemes.
According to the phonetic system of phonetic symbols, its phonological system * * has 2 1 initial, 3 middle, 13 initial and 4 tones.
According to the phonetic system of Chinese Pinyin, its phonological system * * * has 23 initials (including two semi-finals of Y and W), 39 finals (similar to all single vowels and combined vowels in phonetic symbols) and 4 tones.
Monovowel or compound vowel (of Chinese syllables)
Open call: no intermediate sound, with vowels such as /a/, /o/,/and /e/ at the beginning (phonetic symbol: ㄚㄛㄜㄝ, Chinese pinyin: a, o, e, ê).
In modern Chinese, vowels are divided into four categories according to the intermediate sound, which is called four calls, that is, vowels in modern standard Chinese can be composed of seven vowels (/a/, /o/,//,/e/, /i/, /u/, /y/) and two noses (/n/,//). Only one vowel or vowel with nasal consonant is called vowel, and nasal consonant is called vowel. A vowel consisting of two vowels is a vowel with a large opening. The vowel before the vowel is called a vowel or alto, and the vowel after the vowel is called a vowel. If a nasal consonant has three vowels or two vowels, the middle vowel is rhyme, the first vowel is rhyme, and the vowel or nasal consonant after rhyme is rhyme.
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(Chinese pinyin: u).
Wearing a green hat: starts with /y/ (phonetic symbol: ㄩ, Chinese pinyin: ü).