1. Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo.

2. Three Kingdoms: Wei, Shu and Wu.

3. Four classic works: A Dream of Red Mansions, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and The Journey to the West.

4. Four folklores: The Legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl, butterfly lovers, Meng Jiangnv and White Snake.

5. The world's four great short story masters: Chekhov, Mo Bosang, Mark Twain and O'Henry.

6. Su Shi's prose represents the highest achievement of prose in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his poetry and Huang Tingjian are called Su Huang.

7. Ma Zhiyuan's masterpiece Tianjingsha Qiu Si is regarded as the originator of Qiu Si.

After ten years' study, Cao Xueqin created Dream of Red Mansions, the greatest realistic work in China's classical novels. After its publication, it has been widely circulated and deeply loved by people, and some people have studied A Dream of Red Mansions, which has now become an important topic in the study of world literature.

9. Lu Xun is the founder of modern literature in China, and Chen Yi is known as a marshal poet.

Cang Kejia is regarded as a clay poet, because most of his poems are about rural areas.

In other places, Wen Yiduo is known as the drummer of the times.

10, three friends in the cold: pine, bamboo and plum.

1 1. Four gentlemen in flowers: plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum.

12, four friends of literati: piano, chess, books and paintings.

13, Four Treasures of the Study: pen, ink, paper and inkstone.

14, Sikuquanshu: Scenery, History, Zi and Ji.

15, The Book of Songs has six meanings: style, elegance, ode (classification), fu, comparison and xing (expression).

16, Tang poetry, Song poetry, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels.

17, laurel, top, top, champion: first.

18, three cardinal guides and five permanent members: three cardinal guides: the father is the son, the monarch is the minister, and the husband is the wife; The five permanent members: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith.

19, The Four Books and Five Classics are the main classics of Confucianism: The Four Books are The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean and The University; The Five Classics refer to poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period.

20. Huang San: Emperor, Huangdi, Ren Huang or Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong;

Five Emperors: Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao and Yu Shun.

2 1. Hardware: gold, silver, copper, iron and tin.

22. Five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty.

23. Five elements: gold, wood, water, fire and earth.

24. The eight methods of permanent characters mean that permanent characters have eight strokes: point, horizontal, vertical, left, press, fold, hook and lift.

25. In ancient times, there were names such as Yao, Xu and imperial academy. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the highest institution of higher learning was imperial academy.

26. Three religions and nine streams: three religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; Jiuliu: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism, Mohism, Militarism and Miscellaneous Farmhouse.

27. Ancient imperial examinations (Sui Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties):

(1) Boy's Test, also known as Boy's Test, is called Boy's Test for all ages. Candidates pass the qualification (scholar and "xianggong"), thus taking part in the imperial examination.

(2) After the provincial examinations in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the examinations were held in the provincial capitals every three years, and the scholars took part. The person who passed the exam is called Jie, and the first person who passed the exam is called Jie.

(3) Examination: The Ming and Qing Dynasties held an examination every three years in Beijing. Juren from all provinces and imperial academy Guo Jian students could take the examination, and 300 students were admitted as Gong Shi, and the first one was named as a member.

(4) the palace examination, is the highest level of the imperial examination system, the emperor in the palace, to try to admit Gong Shi, ask yourself, in order to make a first-class merit. Admission is divided into three classes: first-class and third-class, respectively awarded the titles of Jinshi and Ji, the first place in the champion (Dingyuan), the second place in the second place and the third place, collectively called the third-class tripod; A number of dimethyl, given the title of Jinshi origin; A number of the top three, given the title of Jinshi origin.

Second, the most China literature.

1, the earliest collection of poems is The Book of Songs;

2. The earliest patriotic poet was Qu Yuan;

3. The earliest pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty;

4. The earliest and most outstanding frontier poets were Gao Shi and Cen Can in the prosperous Tang Dynasty;

5. The most outstanding uninhibited poet in ancient times was Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty;

6. The most outstanding poetess in ancient times was Li Qingzhao of the Southern Song Dynasty;

7. The most famous patriotic poet in ancient times was Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty;

8. The greatest romantic poet in ancient times was Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty;

9. The greatest realistic poet in ancient times was Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty;

10, the patriotic poet who wrote the most poems in ancient times was Lu You in the Southern Song Dynasty;

1 1. The most famous novel in ancient times was The Journey to the West in Wu Cheng'en in the Ming Dynasty.

12, the most famous historical novel in ancient times is Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the early Ming Dynasty;

13. The earliest novel of peasant uprising in ancient times was Shi Naian's Water Margin at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty.

14. The greatest realistic novel in ancient times was A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin in Qing Dynasty.

15. The most outstanding satirical novel in ancient times is Wu's Scholars in Qing Dynasty.

16, the most outstanding collection of classical Chinese short stories in ancient times is Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in Qing Dynasty;

17, the earliest recorded prose in ancient times was The Analects of Confucius;

18, the earliest recorded history book in ancient times is Zuo Zhuan;

19, the earliest biographical history in ancient times is Historical Records;

20. The most outstanding inscription in ancient times was Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription in the Tang Dynasty;

2 1, the greatest writer in modern times is Lu Xun;

22. The most outstanding novel in modern times is Midnight by Mao Dun;

23. The most influential collection of short stories in modern times is Lu Xun's Scream.

Third, common loanwords

1, Mulberry: Hometown

2. Li Tao: Students

3. State and Xuanyuan: State

4. Nanguan: prisoners

5. Classmate: Classmate

6. Mist: War

7. Women

8. Four Books: Music

9. Men: Men

Chang 'e: The Moon

1 1, brother: brother

12, history: history

13, husband and wife: husband and wife

14, Ding Bai, Buyi people: people.

15, bent, yellow hair: old man

16, Sang Ma: Farming

17, Support, Care: Children

18, three feet: method

Below the knee: parents.

20. canopy: luck

2 1, letters, letters, notes, Hongyan, Zagreb: letters

22. Temple: imperial court

Fourth, the author's works

1, eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong.

2. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, also known as Liu Han, were advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty.

3. Father and son poets: Su Xun (Lao Su), Su Shi (Da Su) and Su Zhe (Xiao Su).

4. Bold poets: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, also known as Su Xin; Graceful lyricist: Li Qingzhao (poetess).

5. Du Li: Li Bai and Du Fu. Xiao: Li Shangyin and Du Mu.

6. Qu Yuan: the earliest great poet in China. He initiated the new poetic style of Chu Ci and the romantic style of China's poetry.

7. Confucius, named Zhong Ni, was a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is the founder of the Confucian school, known as the sage of Confucius and the sage of Mencius, both of whom are called Confucius and Mencius.

8. Su Shi praised Wang Wei for having pictures in his poems and poems in his paintings.

9. Du Fu was a great realistic poet in Tang Dynasty. His poems reflect the social reality extensively and profoundly, and are called the history of poetry. Du Fu was therefore honored as a poet, with three famous officials: Tongguan official, Shi Haoguan and Xin 'an official. Three farewells: farewell to the wedding, farewell to the old and welcome the new, and homelessness.

10. China's first biographical general history was Historical Records written by Sima Qian in Han Dynasty (also known as Taishi Gongshu). Lu Xun called Historical Records the swan song of historians, while Li Sao has no rhyme, including: 12 biographies, 30 families, 70 biographies, 65438+.

1 1, Four Histories: Historical Records, Hanshu, Houhanshu and the History of the Three Kingdoms.

12, four masters of the Yuan Dynasty: Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu and Ma Zhiyuan.

13, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is the first excellent collection of short stories in classical Chinese in China, written by Pu Songling, a famous novelist in Qing Dynasty. Liaozhai is the name of his bookstore. Strangely, ambition is narrative and strangeness.

14. Four great calligraphers: Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Ou Yangxun and Zhao Meng (f incarnation).

15, the main schools and their representatives in the Warring States Period:

Confucianism: Confucius and Mencius;

Legalist: Han Feizi;

Taoism: Zhuangzi and Liezi;

Mohist: Mozi.

16, four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao.

17, frontier poets: Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling.

18, Tang Zong: Emperor Taizong, Li Shimin, Song Zu, Song Taizu, Zhao Kuangyin, Qin Huang, Qin Shihuang, Ying Zheng, Hanwu, Emperor Wudi, Liu Che.

19. The first pastoral poet in China was Tao Yuanming (Tao Qian) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He didn't bend over for five buckets of rice.

20. Four misers in world literature: Grandet, Shylock, Overflow Higgins and Abalone.

2 1, a typical miser in China: Yan Jiansheng.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) poem and person

1, San Gu is frequently used in the world, and he has devoted his heart to two generations. Zhuge Liang

But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. Zhuge Liang

3, the real name started, and it is comparable for thousands of years. Zhuge Liang

4, knowing that there are three points in the world, you are still a teacher. Zhuge Liang

5, integrity, keep positive; You are worried about me and angry, writing the glory of history. Sima Qian

6, consider hops grinding needle stone, relying on the sword to hang a bow to help mulberry. Lipper

7. There are thousands of ancient poems, and the bones of great writers are your brushes, in Tianyuan; Proudly speaking, violet laity is immortal. Lipper

8. Weng has been gone for 800 years and his hometown is still drunk; Six or seven miles in the mountains, the pavilion is not alone. Ouyang Xiu

9. After Dongpo sang "The River of No Return", Meiqin mourned and flew south with Hongyan to the Southern Song Dynasty. Xin Qiji

10, the world is pale, and the sage in the poem; Human suffering, pen bottom waves. Du Fu

165438+ Wen Tianxiang

12, holding high white, pure and loyal, and tens of thousands of ancient haters in Guluo River. Qu Yuan

13, lakes and mountains, thousands of people are worried. fan zhongyan

14, the translation hasn't been finished yet. I was shocked to hear the sound of meteorites. China, who took the lead in shouting? Mr. Wang has passed away, recalling the past rain, and the literary world has been at a loss since then. Lu Xun

15, Lenin praised Gorky: the most outstanding representative of proletarian art.

16, the incarnation of ballet: ulanova.

17, Guan Hanqing is called: Shakespeare of the East.

Six, a word storytelling

① Romance of the Three Kingdoms: The words are not very deep and the words are not very vulgar.

② A Dream of Red Mansions: Every word is well-written, and ten years of painstaking efforts are extraordinary. (Cao Xueqin)

③ Meng Qian's pen talk: the coordinates in the history of science and technology in China. (Needham)

④ Dragon Entry: Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

⑤ Mirror of the Emperor: Purple Tongzhi Sword

⑥ meaningful rhetoric: Warring States policy.

⑦ Immortal Art of War: Sun Tzu's Art of War

8 Old Corona Odds: Camel Xiangzi.

Seven, the title of the person

(1) Calling character: the name given by my father and elders when I was a child. As an adult (male 20, female 15), the word Yan Bing was taken from Shen Dehong and Cai Yu from Lu Xun.

(2) Appellation: generally, it is only used to claim to express a certain interest or express a certain emotion, regardless of age, such as Li Bai's Qinglian layman, Bai Juyi's Xiangshan layman, and Li Qingzhao's Yi 'an layman.

(3) Calling posthumous title: titles added after the death of ancient princes, senior officials and famous scribes, such as Fan Zhongyan calling Zheng Wen and Ouyang Xiu calling Wenzhong.

(4) Place of birth: named after the place where people were born, such as Meng Haoran's name is Meng Xiangyang and Liu Zongyuan's name is Liu Hedong.

(5) Official name: named after the official name of the people, such as Du Fu called Du Gongbu.

(6) Official land: named after the place where people are officials. For example, in Cen Can, Liu Zongyuan of Zeng Jiazhou was named Liu Liuzhou.

(7) Ancient emperors' titles of noble heroes (ranks): male, Hou, Bo, Zi and Male (level 5).

Eight, the name of modesty

1, claiming to be: stupid, humble, humble, servant.

The emperor claimed to be lonely and embarrassed.

3. Ancient officials claimed to be: Xiaguan, Last Guan and Xuli.

This scholar calls himself a pupil, a late student, a late student, a poor talent and a corrupt official.

The ancients said that relatives and friends use home or home, such as my father, mother, brother, brother, sister and nephew.

6. Other self-deprecating words:

The elders claim to be: on earth;

The younger generation calls itself: next;

The old man claimed to be old, old;

Women are modest: concubines.

Nine. Respectable address

1. For the emperor: Long live the saint, the son of heaven, the holy driving, your majesty, your majesty.

2. to the general: under his command

3. Use honorifics in an orderly, respectful and virtuous manner to the other party or relatives of the other party.

Order: Your father (opposite father), your mother (opposite mother), your brother (opposite brother), your son (opposite son), and your love (opposite daughter).

Zun: Used to refer to people and things related to each other.

Respect (the other parent), the public, the monarch and the government (the other father).

Zuntang (the mother of the other party) respects relatives (the relatives of the other party), lives (the orders of the other party), and cares (the meaning of the other party).

Xian: Call them peers or younger generations.

Xianjia (referring to the other party) Xianlang (the other party's son) Xian Di (the other party's brother)

Jen: Call those friends who are older than themselves my good friends. Call a superior person a benevolent person.

4. Call the old man husband. After the Tang Dynasty, my father-in-law was called my father-in-law, also known as Mount Tai. The wife and mother are the mother-in-law, also known as Taishui.

Adding the word "death" before the title is used to address people with high status or older people.

Calling for the dead father: the first exam, the first father.

The name is dead mother: virtuous words, virtuous words.

The dead and the talented: sages.

The late emperor.

6. Jun pays tribute to his ministers: Qing and Ai Qing.

7. For people with noble character and wisdom, call them holy tables. Confucius is a saint, Mencius is a saint and Du Fu is a poet. Later, saints were used for emperors, such as saints and holy drivers.

Special appellation

1. Names of common people: Buyi, Limin, Sublime, Ordinary People and Mang.

2. Bo (Meng) Zhong: the ranking order of the elders among the brothers.

Bo (Meng) is the eldest, Zhong is the second, Uncle is the third and Ji is the fourth.

3. Appellations between different friends:

Poor friends: friends you made when your status was low.

Friendship in Jin Lan: Friendly and close friends like brothers.

A friend in need: a friend in need.

Forget the turn of the year: friends of different generations and ages.

Friends of the opposite sex who grew up together.

Cloth friend: a friend who associates as a civilian.

A friend in need: a friend formed when encountering hardships.

4. Age name:

I am three or four years old and eight or nine years old.

Overall angle: eight or nine years old, thirteen or fourteen years old.

Cardamom: thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen (figuratively speaking, a person is still underage, and a juvenile is called cardamom. )

Weak crown: 20 years old.

Standing: 30.

There is no doubt: 40 years old.

Know destiny: 50 years old.

Flower: 60 years old.

Gu Xi: 70 years old.

Octogenarians: 80 years old, 90 years old.

Period: 100 years old.

XI. Appointment and removal of ancient official positions

1, relocation: transfer, generally refers to promotion; Moving to the left is demotion and transfer.

2. Demotion and remote adjustment.

3. worship: granting official positions.

4. Grant: Grant an official position.

5. Selection and promotion.

6. Except: Withdraw the old post and take a new post.

7. Strike: recall and suspension.

8. Exemption: Exemption from official position.

9. Deprivation or demotion is also used to deprive the throne or prince of his inheritance.

Twelve. Geographical part

1, Yin: Mountain North Water Nanyang: Mountain South Water North.

2. Left: East is left and right; West was right.

3. River: Yellow River. Jiang: The Yangtze River.

4. Five Mountains: Mount Tai (East), Mount Hengshan (South), Mount Huashan (West), Mount Hengshan (North) and Mount Songshan (Middle).

5. Four famous Buddhist mountains: Wutai Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain, Emei Mountain and Putuo Mountain.

6. Liuhe: six directions: heaven, earth, east, south, west and north.

7. Eight Barrens: East, Southeast, South, Southwest, West, Northwest, North and Northeast.

8. Ancient names of China: Kyushu, Shenzhou, Chixian, Huaxia, Jiutu, Zhonghua and Huaxia.

9. Names of important towns, comparing ancient and modern times.

Suzhou: Gusu;

Chengdu: Jinguan City;

Nanjing: Jinling, Jianye, Jiankang, Danyang, Jiangning, Baixia and Shicheng;

Yangzhou: Weiyang, Yangcheng, Huaishang, Jiangdu and Guangling;

Beijing: Dadu, Yanjing and Shenjing;

Kaifeng: Daliang, Bianliang, Tokyo;

Zhenjiang: Jingkou;

Hangzhou: Lin 'an, Wulin and Qiantang.

10, nicknames of some cities in China.

Kunming Cheng Chun

Venice in Suzhou, China.

Mountain City and Fog City in Chongqing

Lhasa sunshine city

Guangzhou Huacheng, Yangcheng and Wuyangcheng

Xuzhou pengcheng

1 1. Three stoves on the Yangtze River: Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing.

Thirteen. Astronomical part

1 The Big Dipper, also known as the Big Dipper, is a symbol of the northern sky. In the morning, there are seven bright stars arranged in a bucket (spoon).

2, leap year, the lunar year divided by 4 or 100 (year number 00 divided by 100), the year that can be divisible is a leap year.

3. Twenty-four solar terms: (see dictionary solar terms Song)

4. Traditional festivals.

Shangyuan, or Lantern Festival, falls on the fifteenth day of the first month.

Cold food, 2 or 3 days before Qingming.

Chongyang, the ninth day of September.

The Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of May is to commemorate Qu Yuan.

Mid-Autumn Festival, August 15th.

5. Chronological method

(1) A.D. year.

(2) the emperor, year number, four years of spring celebration.

(3) heavenly stems and earthly branches chronology method.

Heavenly stems: A, B, C, D, E, Ji, G, Xin, Ren and Gui.

(except 10) 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. , 0, 1, 2, 3

Dizhi: Zi, Ugly, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu and Hai.

(except 12) 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. , 10, 1 1, 0, 1, 2, 3

Calculation method: the Gregorian calendar year is divided by 10, and the remainder is the order of heavenly stems.

Divide the Gregorian calendar year by 12, and the remainder is the order of earthly branches.

For example: 19 19, the year number of the lunar calendar. When calculating the heavenly stems, divide 1 9 by 10, and the remainder is 1, which is the table1symplectic; When calculating the earthly branch, divide 19 19 by 12, and the remainder is 3, which is Hai in Table 3. Then 19 19 is the year of Xinhai, so the Revolution of 1911 occurred in19/kloc-.

6. Calendar method (not commonly used, omitted).

7. Date marking method

Look at the fifteenth or sixteenth day of the first lunar month (the fifteenth day of the first lunar month and the sixteenth day of the first lunar month).

8. Chronological method

Sunrise 5-7; Food time 7-9; Angle 9-11; Japan and China11-13; sunscale 13- 15； When15-17; The daily date is17-19; At night19-21; People set 21-23; Midnight 23-1; Cockcrow1-3; Pindan 3-5.

References:

Literature Common Sense-Baidu Encyclopedia