During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the economic development in Hangzhou brought about the prosperity of culture, especially the prosperity of poetry. Bai Juyi, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, and Su Shi, a great poet in the Song Dynasty, both worked in Hangzhou, and wrote a large number of masterpieces about the landscape of the West Lake, which are well-known and have been passed down to this day.
During the period of China, Hangzhou made the most outstanding achievements in cultural construction, among which the sixteen arhats in the cave and the seven statues on the stone wall on the south slope of Ciyun Mountain were exquisitely carved, especially famous. Its style from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty has distinctive Jiangnan characteristics. The statue of Feilaifeng also left a strong mark in the cultural history of Hangzhou.
Artists from Song Dynasty, Nandu, Bianliang and other places gathered in Hangzhou and other places, which greatly promoted the prosperity of art. During the Southern Song Dynasty, many famous painters appeared in Hangzhou. The Southern Song Painting Academy, established in Shaoxing, brought together Southern Song painters and Jiangnan painters. The unprecedented development of court painting has created a large number of versatile painting talents and created many paintings with the style of the times. In the history of the Southern Song Dynasty 150 years, there were nearly 120 painters with names to test, including Li Tang, Liu Songnian, Ma Yuan and Xia Jue, who were called the four great artists of the Southern Song Dynasty.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the book engraving industry in Hangzhou was also very prosperous, becoming the center of the book engraving publishing industry in Zhejiang and even the whole country. The area from Gulou to Zhongzhong in the urban area is the place where bookstores are concentrated, and it is also the main place for publishing. At that time, imperial academy carved exquisite books, ranking first in the country. There are 17 historical books engraved with Zhouyi Biography, Thirteen Classics and Historical Records, with a total volume of 1662. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the two major systems of China opera-Northern Opera and Southern Opera developed in Hangzhou, including zaju, primitive, aria, Zhugong tune, puppet and shadow play. The emergence of a large number of professional performance venues-Washe Goulan shows the prosperity of Hangzhou drama performance.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Hangzhou became another center of national drama after the capital (Beijing). From the Yuan Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty, a large number of zaju writers and outstanding actors emerged in Hangzhou. Zheng Guangzu, known as one of the four masters of Yuan Opera, wrote 18 kinds of zaju, among which Ghost Story of the Ghost Story was the most influential. Andy, a former manager of Hangdao, has three biographies, such as Huo Guang's Ghost remonstration. Guan Hanqing, a master of Yuan Zaju, once visited Hangzhou and had extensive contacts with talents of Hangzhou Bookstore, which further promoted the development of Southern Opera. Southern Opera, introduced from Wenzhou, has been popular in Hangzhou for more than 200 years, which is of pioneering significance in the history of China drama. Huang, a landscape painter in Yuan Dynasty, painted a 20-foot-long picture of Fuchun in three years, which is a treasure in China's painting history.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, legendary dramas developed from southern operas in the Song and Yuan Dynasties prevailed. Hong Sheng, a native of Hangzhou, has the same fame as Peony Pavilion and Peach Blossom Fan. Popular novels, including long chapters and short stories in vernacular Chinese, also appeared in Hangzhou, which is unique in the history of China's novels. The book collection industry in Hangzhou was very developed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty, with an endless stream of book collectors. There are tens of thousands of books in the mountain hall of Zhao's Er Lin (translated by his elder brother Gu Lin and his younger brother Lin), many of which are excellent. It is called "Gulin Mountain Hall is a secret province with a collection of books". Wu Zhuo, the owner of Bottle Flower Zhai, has a collection of books from Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Ding Bing, the owner of Hangzhou 8,000-volume building, was one of the four great bibliophiles in China in Qing Dynasty, with a collection of 200,000 books. Hangzhou Wen Lan Pavilion is one of seven libraries built for the collection of Sikuquanshu. Founded in the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (1784), there are 346 1 species and 369 17 volumes of Sikuquanshu. Butterfly lovers and The Legend of the White Snake all took place in Hangzhou, which played an important role in the history of Chinese folk literature.
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the urban population of Hangzhou increased and the ordinary citizen class rose, which created conditions for the further development of Hangzhou's national culture and art. At that time, local operas blossomed everywhere, and Hangzhou became the distribution center of operas along the ancient canal. The cultural and entertainment places around Chen Gong Bridge are developing abnormally. After Tianxian Tea Garden, tea gardens such as Ronghua and Yangchun were built. Most of these tea gardens perform Peking Opera, and famous Peking Opera actors such as Wang Guifang, Zhou Wei and Zhou Wei have performed here. Due to the competition and communication between various operas, Hangzhou local operas have also been able to learn from each other's strong points and form and develop rapidly. In the Republic of China 12 (1923), Xuanjuan fans organized a folk music club to rehearse the West Lake folk story drama. After the performance, it was well received by the masses and was designated as "Wulin Class", which is the embryonic form of Hangbang Opera. About 22 years ago, there were 65,438+04 opera clubs in Hangzhou, including Folk Music Club, Le Tong Club and Tongmin Club.
The burlesque in Hangzhou started as a rap "Shaoshao", and then gradually developed into a makeup performance called "one-man show"; Influenced by civilized drama, it formed a farce and developed greatly after entering Shanghai. Yue Opera originated from the tune of "singing local script" in Shengxian area. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1906), floor singers took the lead in taking the stage in Qianleping Township and Yuhang Chenjiazhuang in Hangzhou's counties, and then spread widely in Hangzhou and its counties. In 1930s, Hangzhou became the base camp of women's Yue Opera. Yao Shuijuan, Yuan Xuefen, Xiao Dangui, Xu Yulan and Zhang Guifeng, famous actors of Yue Opera, have performed in Hangzhou, and have successively entered Shanghai from Hangzhou.
In the 21st year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1895), after treaty of shimonoseki turned Hangzhou into a foreign trade port, western culture was continuously imported into Hangzhou. Hangzhou's national culture and art began to absorb foreign things and took a step on the road of combining Chinese and western. In April of Guangxu thirty-four years (1908), some members of Liu Chunshe, a new troupe composed of Japanese students studying in China, returned to China early to form Chunyang Society and Evolution Group to perform in Hangzhou and spread the seeds of the new drama. In the 6th year of the Republic of China (19 17), Fan Dimin founded the Sheng Di New Drama Club in Hangzhou, which was the earliest drama club in Hangzhou. After the May 4th Movement, Hangzhou drama has made new development. /kloc-in 0/7, the Nanguo Society led by Tian Han went to Hangzhou and performed in the Lakeside Gymnasium for five days. Tian Han also created and premiered the tragedy on Lake Hangzhou. /kloc-In 0/8, Shanghai Fudan Drama Club led by Hong Shen came to Hangzhou to perform. All these have greatly promoted the development of Hangzhou drama. At the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, a group of patriotic youths organized drama societies to publicize the anti-Japanese war and save the nation and sow revolutionary seeds.
Film art was introduced to Hangzhou in the 34th year of Guangxu (1908). In May of that year, Gongchenqiao Yangchun Tea Garden publicly screened "Western Electric Light and Shadow Play". In the future, foreign missionaries of Christianity and YMCA often showed films in Hangzhou and other places. After the Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway was opened to traffic, Hangzhou businessmen set up sheds on the roof of the hotel station, opened tea gardens (amusement parks) outside the building and showed movies. From 10 to the 26th year of the Republic of China, there were five fixed screening places in Hangzhou, namely the Great World Cinema, Hangzhou Cinema, Oriental Theatre, West Lake Auditorium Cinema and Lotus Theatre. In 1930s, Hangzhou Lotus Theater successively screened the left-wing progressive films "The Road", "The Robbery of Peach and Plum", "Remaining Refraction" and the Soviet film "Xia Boyang", which played an important role in awakening the people and inspiring the anti-Japanese will.
Western art began to influence China's art field. Before the May 4th Movement, Li Shutong taught painting and music in Zhejiang two-level normal schools, which initiated the introduction of western art into China. 17 (1928), at the initiative of Cai Yuanpei, the first national painting academy in China was established in Hangzhou, with the aim of "introducing western art, sorting out China art, reconciling Chinese and western art and creating art of the times". Lin Fengmian, the first dean, pioneered the integration of brush lines in Chinese painting with color blocks and tones in western painting, and his works such as landscapes, still lives and animals enjoyed high reputation at home and abroad. Huang, Pan Tianshou, Li Keran, Chang Shuhong, Ni Yide,,, Li Chaoshi, Cai Yi, etc. All the teachers in this school are famous artists in the national art world.
The literary revolution that took place in Hangzhou after the May 4th Movement, both in literary theory and creative practice, highlighted the contents of democratic science and the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal theme, and a number of famous modern writers emerged. Lu Xun, Liu Dabai, Zhu Ziqing, Ye Shengtao and Yu Dafu all worked or created in Hangzhou. Xiling Printing Company, which is the first in the history of printing, has gathered a large number of the most famous printers, epigraphy and calligraphy connoisseurs and collectors in China, pushing China's printing and calligraphy art to a new peak.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the people's government, Hangzhou's cultural and artistic undertakings have developed in an all-round way. Although there have been twists and turns, especially the ten-year "Cultural Revolution", the cause of culture and art has been greatly damaged; However, after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of 1978, Hangzhou's cultural and artistic undertakings quickly embarked on a normal development path and appeared unprecedented prosperity.
Literary creation has made great progress. In 1950s, various literary newspapers and periodicals were founded one after another, such as Zhejiang Daily Supplement, Hangzhou Daily Chuyang, East Sea of Zhejiang Federation of Literary and Art Circles and West Lake of Hangzhou Federation of Literary and Art Circles. In 1980s, Jiangnan, a large-scale literary publication, was born. Zhejiang Branch of Chinese Writers Association and Hangzhou Writers Association (later renamed Hangzhou Writers Association) were established one after another. Under the impetus of provincial and municipal writers' associations, a large number of literary creative talents have emerged, some of which have great influence throughout the country. Especially after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, literary creation has entered a new era, and many works have won prizes in the whole country and the whole province.
Under the guidance of the policy of "letting a hundred flowers blossom" and "bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new", the art of traditional Chinese opera continues to flourish. During the period of 1956, Zhejiang Su Kun Troupe performed the Kunqu Opera "Fifteen Biographies", which was arranged and adapted, and received the attention of central leading comrades such as Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. People's Daily published an article entitled "From" Saving a Drama with One Drama ". 1958, Hangyue Troupe performed in Beijing with programs such as Unmarried Girl and A Thousand Miles in a Day, which was welcomed by the literary and art circles and the masses in the capital and received by Premier Zhou Enlai. From 65438 to 0960, the modern drama Yang, created and performed by Changhua Yue Troupe, was performed in Hangzhou, with more than 450 performances in three years and hundreds of thousands of audiences. By 1966, there were 23 professional art performance groups in the city, with a variety of 1 1. There are provincial and municipal art schools, at the same time, a number of traditional Chinese opera plays have been established, and a number of outstanding plays and playwrights have emerged. After the "Cultural Revolution", in order to quickly change the situation in which the actors were left behind, the Hua Xiaobai performance of Zhejiang Opera was held in Hangzhou. Soon, Zhejiang Xiaobaihuayue Opera Troupe was established in Hangzhou. Since then, Zhejiang, Hangzhou and other places have set up "Hua Xiaobai" everywhere, which has had a great influence throughout the country. The Legend of the Embroidered Mother and the Tears of Tonghua, starring young actors of Tonglu Yue Opera Troupe, have been made into Yue Opera movies. Fuyang Yue Opera Troupe performed "Golden Temple Refuses to Marry" in Jinjing. Hangzhou Song and Dance Troupe and Hangzhou Acrobatic Troupe have performed in more than 20 countries including Europe, America, Japan, Middle East and Africa. A large number of young actors have won prizes nationwide and in the province.
The film industry has entered a stage of all-round development. 1958 Hangzhou film company was established, and film management stations were set up in counties, which were later changed to film distribution and projection companies. By 1985, there are professional cinemas, theaters, auditoriums ***2 1 screening places in the urban area, and 82 domestic and foreign film clubs; Seven counties in Hangzhou have successively built 208 county towns, market towns and rural cinemas, 440 rural projection teams and 16 individual film projection teams, forming a projection network at different levels throughout urban and rural areas, greatly enriching the cultural life of the masses.
Mass cultural undertakings have made great progress. By 1985, there are 4 municipal mass cultural institutions, 3 city and county cultural centers, 30 urban street cultural stations, 395 rural township cultural stations, 7 township cultural centers, and 2,647 industrial and mining clubs. The mass cultural activities carried out by these organizations have met the needs of people with different interests, occupations, ages and educational levels, and played a positive role in building socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization.
The public library in Hangzhou was once the only one in Zhejiang Province. Hangzhou Library was founded on 1958. 1982 Hangzhou Children's Library was established separately. By the end of 1985, there were a total of provincial, municipal and county libraries 10 in Hangzhou, and there were many libraries or reference rooms in cultural centers (stations), party and government organs, scientific research and cultural institutions, industrial and mining enterprises.
Art is thriving. Zhejiang, Hangzhou and other places have successively established artists' associations and held famous painting and calligraphy exhibitions, with frequent painting and calligraphy activities. 1980 1 West Lake Painting Association was established, and Pan Tianshou Memorial Hall was completed in the painter's former residence in September. 1983 Zhejiang painting academy was established in Hangzhou, and 1985 Hangzhou painting academy was established, which further promoted the development of Hangzhou art.
Arts and crafts have been reborn on the brink of despair. 1960 Hangzhou institute of arts and crafts was established; Hangzhou Arts and Crafts School was established in September, offering four majors: stone carving, wood carving, bamboo weaving and embroidery, and training a group of folk arts and crafts talents. 1979 In April, Hangzhou Arts and Crafts Exhibition was held in Beijing, with 1384 works on display. 1June, 983, the fan-shaped calligraphy "One Thousand Tang Poems" by the old artist Zhu Nianci won the first prize of the Third National Arts and Crafts Hundred Flowers Award and was permanently collected by the state.
Throughout the culture and art of Hangzhou, it has distinct regional characteristics. Mainly: it has a long history, from Liangzhu culture, Wuyue culture at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Six Dynasties culture after Qin and Han Dynasties, Wu Yueguo culture in Tang and Five Dynasties, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to culture and art after the founding of New China, which lasted for thousands of years and left a rich cultural and artistic heritage; It not only has a strong charm of Jiangnan, but also is permeated with the beauty of Jiangnan water town. Whether it is opera, painting, novels, poetry, arts and crafts, or the publication of ancient books, it shows a charm comparable to the mountains of the West Lake. Generations of artists have been nurtured, and painters, writers, artists and bibliophiles emerge one after another. All these have become the profound connotation of Hangzhou as a cultural power, which makes Hangzhou culture occupy an important position in China's long history and culture.