Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father, was appointed Taishiling, and his wish to write a general history of ancient and modern times was not realized. Before he died, he asked Sima Qian to fulfill his long-cherished wish. Later, Sima Qian's stepfather Taishiling began to write historical records, which was finally completed after more than ten years.
Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, and his view of history lies in "understanding the changes of ancient and modern times and becoming a unified statement when studying the relationship between man and nature". Sima Qian paid attention to the evolution of the relationship between heaven and man, instead of acknowledging the mysterious power of heaven, so as to understand the key of "the change of ancient and modern times", explore the level of historical dynamic development and change, and finally complete the "one-family statement". His motivation for writing is mainly in the following three aspects:
1. In order to inherit the legacy of his father Sima Tan, Sima Qian completed his ambition of compiling Historical Records. Sima was a historian of past dynasties, and Sima Tan devoted himself to inheriting the legacy of his ancestors-Taishiling, reappearing the spirit of Confucius' writing Spring and Autumn Annals, and sorting out and discussing the history of the previous generation. Sui Shu? Jing Ji Zhi said: "Tan became a family based on Zuo Shi Chun Qiu, Mandarin, Shiben, Warring States Policy and Chu Han Chun Qiu." It can be seen that Sima Tan intends to continue compiling the historical events after Chunqiu. In the first year of Emperor Wudi's Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Wudi closed the Zen ceremony. As an official, Sima Tan missed the opportunity to participate in contemporary events, which was a lifelong regret, leading to his angry death. Before he died, he told his son Sima Qian: "Today, I want to inherit the chitose system and seal Mount Tai, but I can't follow it. This is fate! When I die, you will be too old to forget what I want to write ... "Sima Qian replied:" My boy is not sensitive, please go and learn about the old news of my ancestors. " It can be seen that Sima Qian completed his historical work according to his father's wishes. The Book of Enchanting Zen is one of the eight books in Historical Records, which means to see my late father.
Second, Sima Qian should inherit the spirit of Spring and Autumn Annals. Sima Qian said in Preface to Taishi Gong: "The ancestors said that after the death of Duke Zhou, there was Confucius at the age of 500. After the death of Confucius, as for being 500 years old today, I have the opportunity to show the Ming Dynasty. What was the original meaning of Yi Zhuan, Chun Qiu, Shu, Li and Yue at that time? How dare this boy give way? " This just implies that it has the mission of understanding morality and showing people with lofty ideals. The lower limit of Chunqiu is the year when it was obtained in Lu Aigong. There is no complete historical record since then. Sima Qian followed the Spring and Autumn Annals, and wrote historical records on the basis of "winning the forest" in the first year of Emperor Yuanshou of the Han Dynasty and the lower limit of changing the calendar in the first year of Taichu. However, Sima Qian's inheritance of Chunqiu not only formally inherited the orthodoxy since the Duke of Zhou, but also attached importance to the nature of Chunqiu. In the preface to Taishi Gong, he said: "In the Spring and Autumn Period, Ming History, Wang Zhidao, we should distinguish between personnel and discipline, not be suspicious, distinguish between right and wrong, hesitate, distinguish between good and evil, distinguish between good and evil, and live and die." It can be seen that Sima Qian's interest in the Meaning of the Spring and Autumn Annals and the Writing Style of the Spring and Autumn Annals has a long history. This is because he wants to inherit the true meaning of Confucius and the praise and criticism spirit of Spring and Autumn Annals and write historical records.
Third, Sima Qian should shoulder the responsibility of historian. According to the Records of Officials in the Later Han Dynasty, "Taishiling" is only a small official with a salary of 600 stone. His duty is only to manage the atlas, in charge of astrology and astronomy. He only records past lives and contemporary events at most, and he has no responsibility to write. However, Sima Tan and Sima Qian were obviously not satisfied with "gleaning". Sima Tan had planned to sort out the history of the previous generation, but unfortunately, he died in anger. Before he died, he told Sima Qian that "the historical records have been released since the grant". Today, in the prosperous Han Dynasty, there are many virtuous and loyal people. As an official, they have the task of continuing the history of the previous generation. Sima Qian also pointed out his duty as an Taishi Gong in Preface to Taishi Gong, saying that "it is a great sin to want to dominate his official, abolish the virtue of saints, destroy the words of heroes, famous families and famous doctors, and praise the words of ancestors." Therefore, Sima Qian is determined to write historical records, adhering to the sense of responsibility of "telling the past to think of those who came." In An Shu, the guarantor, he also revealed the purpose of writing Historical Records. He said, "Every 130 articles should also learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and become a family statement." It can be seen that he should do his duty as a historian as well as an official.
Historical Records is a general history that runs through ancient and modern times. This book covers the history of China about 3,000 years ago, from the legendary period of the Yellow Emperor to the first year of Emperor founding ceremony. Book 130, including biographies 12, forms 10, 8 books, 30 families, 70 biographies, 5265 15 words. Ji Ji is the outline of the book, which records the words and deeds of the emperor every year. Table lists lineages, people and historical events in tables. The Book describes the development of the system, involving the system of rites and music, astronomical military law, social economy, river geography and other aspects. The "aristocratic family" describes the historical relics of the vassal's seal of the country. Biographies are biographies of important people. Among them, biography and biography are the main body.
According to Sima Qian, the purpose of editing is to "study the relationship between heaven and man, understand the changes of ancient and modern times, and become a family statement." "Studying the relationship between man and nature" is to explore the relationship between Tao and personnel in autumn. The author criticizes the original theory of "destiny" and puts forward the theory of "emperor-centered". "Connecting the preceding with the following" is to explore the development of history and its laws.
Historical records refer to many ancient books, such as Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu, Shi Ben, Warring States Policy, Chu and Han Chunqiu, A Hundred Schools of Thought contend, archives and folk ancient books. He also interviewed in person, made field trips, and then carefully selected and used materials, with a very strict academic attitude.
Historical works before the Han Dynasty can't be compared with Historical Records in terms of content, historical events, materials and compilation level of authors. It can be said that "Historical Records" is the first general history of ancient China, which is not only large in scale and complete in system, but also has a far-reaching influence on biographical history books, and the official history of all dynasties is basically written in this genre. At the same time, the vividness of words and narration in the book is also the highest achievement, and Mr. Lu Xun's evaluation of Historical Records is also very high.
After Sima Qian's death, Historical Records did not immediately become popular and received attention. By the time of Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian's grandson had begun to spread through hard work, but by the time of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was not complete.
In terms of annotation, The Collection of Historical Records written by Pei Qian in the Southern Song Dynasty is the earliest existing old annotation. There are many new ideas in Historical Records written by Sima Zhen in Tang Dynasty. In Tang Dynasty, Zhang Shoujie wrote Justice in Historical Records all his life and made great achievements.
One of the existing early editions of this book, Huang Jiashu Engraving in Southern Song Dynasty, is recognized as a rare book, which has been copied by the Commercial Press into Twenty-four History, Twenty-one History of Ming Dynasty and Twenty-four History of Engraving in Qing Wuying Temple, all of which have high reference value. During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, there was an engraving by Jinling Bookstore. Punctuation Collation, published by Zhonghua Book Company 1959, re-collates Historical Records on the basis of summarizing previous research results. ......
The book is slightly shorter than the pre-Qin period and more detailed than the Qin and Han dynasties. The history from the Reform of Shang Yang in Qin Dynasty to the last years of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty accounts for about three-fifths of the book. According to Sima Qian, biographies 12, tables 10, 8 books, 30 aristocratic families, 70 biographies and * * 130 books.
"Chronicle" is actually the biography of the emperor, because the emperor is the supreme head of state in charge of state affairs, and it is called "Chronicle" for their biography, which shows the position of the whole world and makes the officials and people act under certain discipline. It is also the general outline of this book, recorded in chronological order. In the writing of Historical Records, Sima Qian adopted the method of making the present a little more detailed, and the farther the times go, the more detailed it is. The origin of "Benji" is Huangdi, because he is the ancestor of the Chinese nation and the founder of "rectifying everything". Xiang Yu was included in the "chronology" because of the emergence of politics in Qin and Han Dynasties and respect for his personality. ?
"Book" is a special chapter that records chapters and sentences of past dynasties and national codes to clarify the evolution of ancient and modern systems. It is impossible to write a book unless historians are familiar with anecdotes. Ban Gu's Hanshu was renamed Records and became a general rule. The revision of "Book" provides abundant information for the study of various special history.
Home is the record of the vassal kingdom. This is because the princes founded the country, inherited the family and the descendants inherited it, which gave them a biography called the family. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the vassal states successively dominated the whole country, and it is very appropriate to describe this situation with the genre of "aristocratic families". Sima Qian's inclusion of Confucius and Chen She as "home" is an exception. Although Confucius is not a prince, he is the patriarch of three generations of culture, not to mention the dominance of Confucianism in Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Confucius is the founder of Confucianism, and his inclusion in "home" also reflects the reality in the ideological field. As for Chen She, he was not only the first leader who rose up against Qin, but also the first person who opposed the brutal rule of the civilian in three generations. He established many princes who died in Qin. Sima Qian listed him as a "noble family" and compared his achievements with the Spring and Autumn Annals written by Tang, Wu and Confucius, writing him as a great historical hero who shocked the rule of the Qin Dynasty and dominated the world, which reflected the author's progressive view of history.
Biography is a record of various historical figures other than emperors and princes. There are single pass, joint pass and category pass. A single biography is a biography written by one person, such as Biography of Shang Jun and Biography of Lisi. The joint biography was written by more than two people, such as Biography of Yan Guan and Biography of Zhuang Zi and Shen Han. Type biography refers to the activities of the same kind of characters in a biography, such as The Scholars, Biography of Officials, Biography of Assassins, etc. Sima Qian recorded the history of ethnic minorities around China at that time in the form of biographies, such as biographies of Xiongnu, Koryo and Dawan, which provided an important historical source for studying the history of ancient ethnic minorities in China.
Sima Qian said that Historical Records has 12 biographies, 10 tables, 8 books, 30 families, 70 biographies, 130 * *. Ban Gu mentioned in the Biography of Sima Qian in Hanshu that there are ten missing pieces in Historical Records. Wei pointed out that these ten articles are Biography of Emperor Jing, Biography of Emperor Wu, Book of Rites, Le Shu, Law and Discipline, Chronicle of Generals Since the Han Dynasty, Biography of Japanese People, Family of Three Kings, Biography of Tortoise and Biography of Fu Jin. Today's Historical Records is also 130, and several chapters are obviously not written by Sima Qian. Historical Records was written by Chu Sun Shao, a doctor in the Han Dynasty, when he became emperor, and Mr. Chu Yue in Historical Records was his supplement. Among them, four articles, The Ji of Emperor Wu, The Family of Three Kings, Biography of Turtle Policy and Biography of Japanese People, were all supplemented by Dr. Chu in the Han Dynasty. The Records of Literature and Art of Han Dynasty contains seven supplements to Taishi Gong, and notes that the merchants "received ten Yu Ben books from Taishi Gong". Liu Zhiji thought that there were not only Chu and Feng who supplemented Historical Records, but as many as fifteen schools. Historical Records was published at the beginning of the year, followed by Liu Xiang, Xiangzi, and various good people, such as Feng Shang, Wei Heng, Yang Xiong, Shi Cen, Shen Liang, Si Ren, Jin Feng, Duan Suze, Yan Feng, Wei Rong, Xiao Fen and Liu Yao. , written in succession, sequel, with mourning as the end. Most descendants disagree with Zhang Yan's statement, but the incompleteness of Historical Records is beyond doubt. With a few exceptions, the official history of the past dynasties after Historical Records was presided over by the imperial court and compiled according to the will of the monarch, which is a veritable official history. Although Sima Qian was a court historian, Historical Records did not reflect the will of the supreme ruler, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is said that after reading Historical Records, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very angry with several of them and ordered them to be deleted. This is also possible. Sima Qian wrote historical records directly and dared to criticize the court in some aspects, which was not allowed by feudal rulers. The imperial court hated and attached importance to historical records, and was secretive about others. The scope of reading is limited to a very small number of people in the upper echelons of the imperial court. The imperial court once abridged and supplemented historical records. According to Yang Zhongchuan, Yang Zhong was ordered to delete more than 100,000 words from Taishi Gongshu. The Records of the Historian, which was deleted only by more than 100,000 words, was lost after the Han Dynasty and has been passed down to this day.
(Note: Many people think that Chu Sunshao is the main supplement of Historical Records, but how much he supplements is different. Zhang Yan believes that Chu has added four more articles. However, Yao Zhenning said in the textual research of Sui Shu Jingnian that 15 articles were omitted from Historical Records, all of which were supplemented by Chu. Some people think that the style of The Legend of Love is similar to Sima Qian, and Sun Shao of Chu may not be able to write such an article. )
The author's life
[Edit this paragraph]
Sima Qian, the author of Historical Records, was born in xia yang, Zuo Fengyi. Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, he died in the third year of Emperor Zheng of Han Dynasty.
Sima Tan, the father of Sima Qian, made an official order in the central government of Han Dynasty, in charge of imperial books, collecting historical materials and studying astronomical calendars. Sima Tan intended to write a general history, but his wish didn't come true and he died. When he died, he told Sima Qian to finish his unfinished business.
Sima Qian worked hard as a child. At the age of ten, he began to learn the ancient prose at that time. Later, he followed Dong Zhongshu and Kong Anguo to study the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram and the History of Ancient Literature. In the third year of Han Yuanshuo, Sima Qian was twenty years old. With a desire for knowledge, he traveled all over China, visited the famous mountains and rivers of the motherland, visited historical sites everywhere, listened to folk stories and collected legends. Sima Qian broadened his horizons and increased his knowledge by on-the-spot investigation of places of interest and historical facts before and after the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, which made a good preparation for the later compilation of Historical Records. After Sima Tan's death, Sima Qian inherited his father's footsteps, formulated imperial edicts, and was able to see a large number of books, documents and national archives, which was an indispensable condition for Sima Qian to compile historical books.
In the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian began to write historical records. In the second year of Tianhan, Li Ling led the troops to attack the Huns with Li Guangli, and they were defeated and surrendered. Emperor Wu of Han asked Sima Qian what he thought of Li Ling, so Sima Qian thought that Li Ling surrendered because he was outnumbered and had no reinforcements, and the responsibility was not entirely on Li Ling. Emperor Wu condemned Sima Qian's intention to protect Liling under an excuse, and Li Guangli was the younger brother of Emperor Wu who loved Li Furen. So Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty put Sima Qian in prison and sentenced him to corruption (castration). Three years later, he was pardoned and released from prison, and worked harder to write history books. In about two years, the compilation was basically completed. Many years after Sima Qian's death, his grandson Yang Yun made this immortal masterpiece of more than 520,000 words public.
Historical Records has a wide range of materials. At that time, Shi Ben, Mandarin, National Policy, Ji Qin, Spring and Autumn Annals of Chu and Han Dynasties, Hundred Schools of Thought contend, and other national documents and archives, as well as materials obtained from field investigation, were all important sources of materials for Sima Qian to write Historical Records. What is particularly valuable is that Sima Qian carefully analyzed and screened the collected materials and eliminated some nonsense. For some problems that cannot be clarified, we either take a skeptical attitude or record various opinions. Due to its extensive materials and serious attitude in compiling history, Historical Records is informative and rich in content.
Research and Textual Research on Historical Records
[Edit this paragraph]
Historical Records spread widely after the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty and became the proper name of Sima Qian's works, which also began at this time. Prior to this, historical records were referred to as Taishi Gong Shu, Taishi Gong Gong Ji and Taishi Gong Gong Ji. According to the textual research of known materials, Sima Qian's earliest historical book "Historical Records" is the Donghai Temple Monument written by Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, scholars attached great importance to historical records because of the rise of the ancient prose movement. At that time, famous essayists Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan especially praised Historical Records. Ouyang Xiu, Zheng Qiao, Hong Mai and Wang Yinglin after the Song and Yuan Dynasties, as well as the Gong 'an School in the Ming Dynasty and Tongcheng School in the Qing Dynasty, all appreciated the writing of Historical Records. As a result, the prestige of Historical Records is increasing day by day, and books that annotate and evaluate Historical Records by various factions are constantly appearing. Among them, The Collection of Historical Records (Notes on Pei Zhi (Pei Songzhi Zi) in Liu and Song Dynasties) and Textual Research on Historical Records (Notes on Sima Zhen in Tang Dynasty, with a proper word, was born in Tanghe (now Qinyang)) are the most influential. From Kaiyuan official to Chao San doctor, bachelor of Hong Wen Museum, responsible for the compilation, writing and drafting of imperial edicts. A famous historian in the Tang Dynasty wrote 30 volumes of Historical Records, with the world number "Little Sima". Sima Zhen lost the meaning of the old annotations in Historical Records, and adopted the annotations of Southern Dynasties, Pei Jian's Historical Records, Historical Records, Historical Records of Tang and Liu Bozhuang and Historical Records Place Names. See Zhao Wei, Jia Kui, Du Yu, Qiao Zhou and others. Later historians praised this book as "more valuable than Pei and Zhang") and "Historical Records of Justice" (Zhang Tang's note on the festival). Xie Ji also adopted the previous research results of historical books that Pei Jian could see at that time, and indicated the names of the authors one by one. Meticulous. Suoyin further pointed out the mistake of Ji Jie's improper textual research. And put forward the rectification of the original version of Historical Records, and issued a warning. The author of Justice is good at geography, especially in the textual research of place names in Historical Records. Read the original Historical Records and pay attention to these three notes at the same time, and you will have a further understanding of the original. The Historical Records re-punctuated by Zhonghua Book Company 1959 is a book engraved with these three schools.
Pei Songzhi Zi Peiqian, known as the Dragon Pony. He inherited his family studies, was knowledgeable, and was famous for annotating history. Sima Qian's "Historical Records" is known as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme", and Pei Qian is famous in China's historiography circle for his annotation on "Historical Records". He repeatedly studied Historical Records, saying that "it is a true record to reason according to its good order, argue without floweriness, be good in quality, be straight in writing, be beautiful without hiding evil". He learned from hundreds of classics and pre-Confucianism, saying that everything that is conducive to annotation is widely recorded; Where you quote, you must get rid of its floating words and take its essence; If each family says that the notes are different, they will not stick to one pattern and refuse to give up; If there are any details, Que Ning will not discuss them and will explain them without imagination. Finally, it was written into the 80-volume immortal book Historical Records, which became the earliest existing annotation of Historical Records. Together with Sima Zhen's Index of Historical Records of the Tang Dynasty and Zhang Shoujie's Justice of Historical Records, they are called "Three Records of Historical Records".
After the Historical Records was written, because it was "absurd to saints, the Tao was yellow before the old, and after the six classics, the ranger retired from Chu Shi to become an adulterer, and Huo Zhi was snobbish and ashamed of poverty." (Biography of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty), accused of being a heretical representative who opposed the authentic thought of the Han Dynasty. Therefore, in the Han Dynasty, Historical Records has always been regarded as a deviant "book of slanders", which not only failed to get due fair evaluation, but also made scholars at that time afraid to annotate it. In the early Tang Dynasty, when introducing the spread of Historical Records and Hanshu, Sui Shu's Annals of Classics said: "The biography of historical records is very small", and Sima Zhen said: "The celebrities in Han and Jin Dynasties are unknown." We have noticed that during the Han and Jin Dynasties, there were some positive comments on Historical Records, such as Liu Xiang and Yang Xiong in the Western Han Dynasty, saying that they moved good historical materials, took good order, distinguished without flashy, qualitative but not vulgar, so they were called Historical Records. (Biography of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty) Huaqiang of the Western Jin Dynasty also said: "Moving the text straight is the core." (Biography of Ban Biao in the Later Han Dynasty). According to Li Xian's comments, this sentence is "Huaqiang's original words". ) In the Jin Dynasty, some people praised Historical Records from a simple perspective. Zhang Fu said: "The works of emigrants only talk about words and deeds, and only 500,000 words tell the story of 3,000 years." Although these comments are good, they are far from enough to reflect the special status of Historical Records today, because there are more than one historical book with similar comments. For example, Chen Shou, the author of the History of the Three Kingdoms, said, "People say that narrative is good and history is good." (Biography of Chen Shou in the Book of Jin) Liu Xie in the Southern Dynasties said that "Chen Shou's three ambitions are just right in quality." ("Wen Xin Diao Long? The Book of the Later Han Dynasty written by Qiao Hua was also very popular in the Western Jin Dynasty. At that time, people thought that "it was a qualitative problem, with rules of moving and fixing, and a wind of recording." ("Jin Shu? As for simplicity, it is not unique to Historical Records, such as Yang Qiu in Sun Sheng and Jin Ji in Ganbao (the biography of Wen Xin Diao Long). "Its books are concise, straightforward and graceful, and salty." In short, for a long time, people didn't regard Historical Records as special. This is quite different from our attitude towards historical records. Since the Song Dynasty, there have been many works on Historical Records, such as Liang Yu's Doubt about Historical Records, Cui Shi's Exploration of Historical Records, Zhang Senkai's New Notes on Historical Records, Japanese scholar Ji Chuan Yanzi's Annotations and Textual Research on Historical Records, Zhao Yi's Notes on Twenty-two Histories of Qing Dynasty, and Wang Mingsheng's On Seventeen Histories. Zhang Zhu's Annotation on the Righteousness of Historical Records carefully collates historical documents and historical records annotations. According to Qian Taiji's school-based and all kinds of old books and time books he saw, he chose the best and used them, drawing on the strengths of many families. Jinling Bureau was published after the examination in his school.
Japanese scholar Gao Chuan Yanzi wrote Textual Research on Notes of Historical Records Association, and the information in the textual research is more detailed. All versions of Historical Records have three annotated versions, and the textual research is based on Jinling Bookstore. Since the three annotations, about 120 kinds of Chinese and Japanese classics have been cited, including more than 100 works by Japanese and more than 20 works by Japanese, which started in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and ended in modern times. Don't choose to compile in comments, add detailed explanations from time to time, and connect the views of various scholars in 1200 years, which is more systematic.
There are abundant textual research materials, which are also reflected in the arrangement of lost articles in Justice. The three notes were originally written separately. After the Song Dynasty, they were combined under the text of Historical Records, and were arbitrarily deleted, which greatly lost their original appearance, especially Zhang Shoujie's Justice, which was the most serious. The three notes of Historical Records of later generations were all attacked here. However, Zhang Shu has neither a single engraving like Suoyin nor a Song version of Historical Records, which makes it extremely difficult to collect lost articles. Longchuan collected 12300 lost articles of justice from several ancient versions of Historical Records collected in Japan and added them to the book. Some people think that these materials are not all original works, but they are conducive to exploring the original appearance of justice or understanding historical records. Textual research is rich in content. Pei Zhu and other three annotations are generally limited to facts, but Longchuan synthesizes the research results of past dynasties, and makes textual research, collation and explanation on historical facts, figures and words, thus revealing the changes of some historical events, the differences of words, the meanings of difficult sentences, and the contradictions and errors recorded. Those who have not been explained or explained in detail by predecessors often take exams. Reread the book Historical Records, and adopt more old classics. Longchuan often pointed out that it was seen in a book under Zheng Wen; If there are differences with other books, please also indicate them. Due to the existence of Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu and pre-Qin philosophers, the origin of historical events in the Spring and Autumn Period is almost always explained paragraph by paragraph, which is convenient for tracing back to the source and comparative study. Textual research pays special attention to geography, and every place name should pay attention to today's place names, which is helpful to understand the evolution of events and the activities of people. In addition, the text and notes are broken sentences, which is the achievement before the punctuation book came out.
At the end of the book, there is a general introduction to Historical Records written by Longchuan, which discusses the materials, style, circulation, evolution and version of Historical Records of Sima Qian, which is useful information for studying Sima Qian and his works.
It should be pointed out that there are shortcomings in textual research, and some of them are still outstanding. First of all, there are still some omissions in the data, such as Bao Biao, Wu Shidao, Zhang and Lei Xueqi. It's a pity that I haven't learned much about stone inscriptions and approachable works, and even a word of Wang Guowei's "Yin Inscription First King's Public Examination" has not been included. Secondly, there are some things that are biased and ignored between the choices of materials; So quoting some comments is not only contrary to the style of textual research, but also quite pedantic. On some issues, it is vague and rarely invented. Thirdly, in exegesis, Gao Chuan Yanzi sometimes made mistakes in explanation and sometimes in sentence-breaking. But on the whole, Zhang Senkai's New Notes on Historical Records was photocopied in 1960s, but some of it is incomplete. Other collation works of Historical Records are well researched, but they have not been published. Therefore, although there are many shortcomings in textual research, it is still flawed. Before the appearance of the new annotation of Historical Records, Textual Research was the most abundant annotation of Historical Records, and it was an important reference book for studying Taishi Gongshu and the ancient history of China.
Although textual research is involved in the proofreading of some books, it is proofreading rather than proofreading. Later, in the 1950s, Shui Ze Jong Li wrote Annotations and Textual Research on Historical Records to make up for its shortcomings. Based on textual research, it has more than 30 widely circulated proofreading books and nearly 40 Chinese and Japanese proofreading reference materials. Among them, there are eight Song editions, two Yuan editions, four Japanese ancient editions, three braised brilliant manuscripts and more than a dozen Japanese ancient manuscripts, and the existing editions have been exhausted.
Textual research has collected the lost just articles, omitting the source, and proofreading is one of them. According to more than 20 kinds of Japanese ancient school records and other materials, more than 200 lost articles of justice were supplemented, among which a few lost ancient books were preserved. At the same time, the mistakes recorded by the three scholars were also corrected. It is a collection of annotations by scholars of past dynasties and their own textual research. The content is quite rich and the accomplishments are not shallow.
From the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the research monograph 10 1 department and single paper 1435 related to Historical Records, involving famous articles regulations, geographical evolution, textual collation, phonological exegesis, edition origin, deconstruction, reading, annotation and other fields. The method is basically as follows. For details, please refer to the Index of Historical Records Research Materials and Papers compiled by the First and Second Research Institutes of the Institute of History of China Academy of Sciences, and see Chen Naigan's Annotations on Twenty-four Histories in the Fourth Collection of China Historical Documents. The most important examples they cited are: Textual Research on Twenty-two Histories and Textual Research on History by Qian Daxin in Qing Dynasty.
The first four historical books in Wang Mingsheng's On Seventeen Histories and Zhao Yi's Notes on Twenty-two Histories in Qing Dynasty include Notes on Historical Records, Notes on Historical Records by Guo Songtao, Notes on Historical Records by Shen Jiaben and New Records. Among the above books, Qian Daxin, Liang Yu Suo and Guo Songtao are the most outstanding works of the Qing Dynasty. Close to Chen Zhi's works, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions, stone carvings, bamboo slips, bronzes and pottery were used to prove the Historical Records, which opened a new road and gained a lot. The textual research on the history of the Western Han Dynasty before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and its repetition in the draft of the New Chronicle of Historical Records were deleted because the New Chronicle of Hanshu was written before it.
Collected all kinds of annotated works of Historical Records, including a new proofreading draft of Historical Records written by Zhang Senkai, a close friend, in the 1920s, but unfortunately it has not been finalized. 1967 was edited by Yang Jialuo and submitted to the preparatory office of Xue Dian Museum in China, Taiwan Province Province for printing, but the text is incomplete. Nanjing Library has Zhang Senkai's manuscript of Historical Records. From the perspective of literary research, due to the limitations of the cultural environment of the times and the knowledge field of researchers, scholars before modern times mostly focused on the single reading experience of perceptual and intuitive comments, lacking comprehensive and logical macro-interpretation and literary ontology analysis with both literature and history. Since the 20th century, the academic research team of Sima Qian and Historical Records has been growing. In addition to textual research on Sima Qian's birth year, life and family background, as well as the name, limitation, system, materials, incomplete supplements and righteous examples of Historical Records, scholars have further expanded their comprehensive research on Historical Records. Historical materialism and historical evolution have influenced scholars for a century. Based on documents, drawing lessons from local archaeological achievements, combining with western historical theories and methods, they made rigorous textual research, prudent judgment and logical analysis, which greatly promoted the progress of Chinese mainland's Historical Records from "historical materials study" to "historical records study" and achieved many breakthrough results. For example, Wang Guowei first used Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze to prove that the three generations of history recorded in Historical Records are credible. From Wang Guowei and Guo Moruo's textual research on Sima Qian's birth date with Han bamboo slips to Chen Zhi's New Historical Records, archaeological documents have been greatly used. The textual research in this century mainly focuses on Sima Qian's traveling years, the mystery of historical records, the similarities and differences between horses and classes, historical records and ram studies, historical records and three notes. Scholars draw lessons from the theories of western psychology, sociology, ethnology and folklore, and promote the further study of Sima Qian's personality and social, ethnic and folk thoughts, while the literary study of Historical Records is still the highlight in the past hundred years.
Among the reference books of Historical Records, the index of historical records research materials and papers mentioned above is the most useful. The contents of the index include edition, catalogue, explanation, research on the whole book and parts of Shiji, research on Sima Qian's life story and academic contribution, catalogue of manuscripts and unpublished manuscripts, daily records of non-specialized works related to Shiji, text entries related to Shiji in notes of Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, catalogue of foreign research papers and monographs, etc. , are very detailed. In addition, there are books such as Comprehensive Introduction to Historical Annotations compiled by the Introduction Compilation Department of Harvard Yanjing Society, Historical Records Index compiled by Huang Fuluan, Historical Records Name Index compiled by Zhong Hua, and Historical Records Three Notes Citation Index compiled by Duan Shu 'an. Among them, Huang Fuluan's Historical Records Index is the most useful for searching names, places, events, vocabulary and idioms in Historical Records. Many of them were selected for China's books.
Punctuation Collation, published by Zhonghua Book Company 1959, re-collates Historical Records on the basis of summarizing previous research results, which is suitable for contemporary readers.