Technician's dream

CBS Sony, which is backward in the recording industry, has cultivated the first large-scale music group in Japan, pushing the performance of Columbia Film Company to the first place in the United States. Sony, the hardware company that knows most about software, is a technology-based enterprise company.

When talking about Sony's development history, Sony President Akio Morita revealed this feature: "This is a series of stories to realize Mr. Inoue's dream."

Mr Masaru Ibuka, the founder of Sony, was a famous scientist and inventor before the Pacific War. Morita and Inoue met when they went to the Institute of Naval Technology Distribution School. After Morita acquired Columbia Film Company, he made the following remarks at the press conference:' Sony, founded by technicians, took the software industry as an opportunity. Hardware without software can't be a truly great cause. "

In order to expand the hardware business, software business is absolutely necessary, which is the conclusion of Sony for many years. Sony, which has invested heavily in acquiring software companies, is the company that knows the software industry best. Even after Sony invested heavily in the acquisition of Columbia Pictures, it never let the concept of hardware-based and software-based collapse.

1989 10 In October, Sony announced the acquisition of Columbia Film Company, which caused strong repercussions in the United States. In the headline of Newsweek, the Statue of Liberty was replaced by a kimono with the title "Japan bought the soul of America", which caused quite a lot of criticism in the United States (because the film made in Colombia used the Statue of Liberty in the title). In addition to publicly countering such remarks, Morita said in an interview in Japan that he was very disappointed with the United States.

The background of disappointment is quite mysterious. It caused an uproar because some people in Japan and the United States also asked why no one made any criticism when Australian investors bought MGM /UA and 20th Century Fox, which was simply racial discrimination.

However, Morita did not come to the conclusion that he was disappointed with the United States because of this. Morita mentioned in the conversation: "When I gave a speech in the United States, I mentioned why no one said anything when CA was sold to the French. This is the fundamental problem of the United States. When I was a child, I liked electricity very much, and I was particularly fascinated by radio. RCA is the representative of American high-tech industry. After the war, all the electronics industries in Japan required RCA to purchase patent rights. So for me as a technician, RCA is the source of American soul. Singular company bought RCA Institute and RCA, and then sold them to French enterprises. This is a great event for American industry. The American media should pay more attention to this fact and review why the United States lost RCA. When RCA was sold, it didn't care at all. Sony bought the film company just to put forward that it was the soul of the United States. This is an untenable place for the United States. What the media pays attention to represents the concern of the American public. Americans have turned their attention to the software industry instead of making or selling things. This is also the decisive reason for the continued deficit in the United States. However, this discussion only touches the surface of the fundamental problems of the American economy and cannot cut into the real theme.

When RCA was sold, American citizens had no sense of crisis at all. However, foreigners in the East are sighing. What does this symbolize? Sony has been adhering to the "technical thought" since the war, opening up a road symbolizing "technology-based Japan" and externalizing its software positioning. The "Made in Japan" that President Morita is proud of is actually closely related to Sony's history.

Start with the ruins

Just like the acquisition of Columbia Pictures, Sony has always stood in a leading position in the high technology of the times. "You can't create your own path by imitating others or other companies. You have to do what others don't do." At this time, Sony has decided to develop into the communication industry in Tokyo. Looking through Sony's history books, we can find an article about "Tokyo's communication industry", which is actually the predecessor of Sony.

After the defeat of 1945 (the 20th year of Showa), the founder Inoue, together with seven employees of Tokyo Branch, a pre-war operating company, set up the "Tokyo Communication Research Institute" (later changed to Tokyo Communication Industry) in a room of Tokyo Overseas Chinese Baimu Department Store bombed by B-29. When it was founded, the property of the whole company was just money in a deep pocket in a well.

This is a good time to be full, so they first tried to make food-related products, such as rice cookers, toasters and so on, but everything was unsuccessful. Finally, the first product appeared: electric seat cushion. It is a product with two pieces of cloth wrapped in wires, which sells well in small shops and is a very precious cash income for the newly established Dongtong Tobacco.

Next, make a "short-wave trusted antenna" related to Sony now. This kind of equipment can be easily installed on ordinary AM radios, and the equipment for receiving short-wave signals sells well, which will have a positive impact on Sony's future development giants.

19451October 6, the "green pencil" column of Asahi Shimbun introduced the history of Inoue-Shen's struggle. After Morita went to the countryside, someone just asked him if he would like to be a lecturer at the University of Tokyo. After reading the column of Asahi Shimbun, Morita took the opportunity of taking office in Tokyo to meet Inoue again.

It was very difficult for Shen Jing's company to operate in the era of East Tongyan. Morita continued to be a university lecturer while helping with the work. The following year (1946), "Tokyo Communication Research Institute" was reorganized into "Tokyo Communication Industry Co., Ltd.", with a capital of190,000 yen and 20 employees, and a head office and factory were set up in the existing Sony head office, namely, Yudianshan in Shinagawa. Morita resigned as a lecturer and devoted himself to the development of the company's work. Inoue was thirty-eight years old and Morita was only twenty-five.

The origin of Sony leap

Shortly after starting a business, it was the accessories used to manufacture and repair radios that supported "Dongtonggong" (short for Tokyo Communication Industry Co., Ltd.). However, what haunts Inoue is to make your own brand products.

At that time, Sony's products were radios, and of course, there was widespread discussion within the company whether it should step into the ranks of making radios. However, Inoue is very opposed, mainly because the manufacturers of post-war radios have just slowly recovered from the aftermath of the war, so Inoue is optimistic about the wire recorder. However, there were wire manufacturers at that time, but they were not interested in the planning of well depth. But the result is better. I saw on NHK that the US military stationed in Japan was using the newly developed recorder, so I started to develop the production of the recorder. According to the development experience of steel wire recorder, Shen Jing completed the trial production in just a few days.

The more troublesome thing is the tape problem, but it has been successfully completed after the test. 1950, after two years of development, the first Japanese-made recording and playback machine, called G-type, was finally commercialized and began to go on sale. Although the production technology is excellent, it does not sell well; A good product is not a bestseller, which is the first lesson that Shen Jing learned. In an era when the salaries of college graduates and staff are less than 1 10,000 yen, it is certainly too high to sell at the price of170,000 yen.

The court was the first to buy G tape recorders, and ordered 20 at a time, which was an unprecedented order, probably because the court lacked stenographers at that time. Because of this, Morita and Inoue realized the importance of market demand. Later, Type G slowly started a sales network centered on institutions and schools. The recorder gradually becomes smaller and lighter, from H-type to P-type, and then to M-type. At this time, G-type tape recorder obtained the basic patent right of AC bias method, and Dongtonggong began to monopolize the domestic market and profit from a large number of entrepreneurs.

Understand semiconductors

A radio is a machine that receives radio waves, modulates and amplifies signals according to the radio waves, so people can hear sounds. At that time, the amplification equipment must use vacuum tubes; The younger generation may have never seen a vacuum tube. It looks like a light bulb. Therefore, household appliances using vacuum tubes are relatively large. 1947, a doctor from the Bell Institute in the United States invented a magical electronic component. Although it is a solid with the size of a toothpick tip, it has the same function as a vacuum tube. This is a semiconductor. Inoue and Morita noticed this technology that will surely win the Nobel Prize in the future. So in 1952, Jing Shen, who was the first to arrive in the United States, knew that the backstage of Bell Institute (we) would soon allow other manufacturers to have the patent right to use semi-director works. At that time, Dongtonggong had 120 employees, one third of whom were excellent technicians. It is the most suitable choice to gather their strength to complete the work of semiconductor productization. Therefore, Inoue is determined to obtain the right to use semiconductors.

1952, Akio Morita (currently the president of Sony) went to the United States to sign a contract with WE. Morita mentioned his first visit in his book Made in Japan York: "When I first visited the United States, I was shocked by the scenery in the United States. Everything is so big, so far away, so wide, so diverse. It is simply impossible to sell our products in such a country. My only feeling is that I am overwhelmed by the United States. " When Morita visited the United States, Dong Tonggong had no idea about the future of semiconductors. Even we just use semiconductors in hearing AIDS. But Inoue and Morita have decided to use semiconductors in their radios. Before RCA, the radio made of small vacuum tubes only lasted for four hours, and it was also an expensive battery, occupying more than half of the radio space. If semiconductors are used, the problems of power and battery size can be solved, and the products produced will be epoch-making products. Inoue and Morita believe that if portable radios can be made, they will certainly create new markets. After Morita signed a contract with us, they went to Europe. Morita later mentioned that Europe had just recovered from the war, so he felt very depressed. One day when ordering ice cream in a German restaurant, Morita saw decorations similar to Japanese umbrellas. The waiter said obsequiously, this is made in your country. It can be seen that people all over the world only know Japanese products. What brought Morita's dream was the Philips factory. Holland is an agricultural country. In such a corner of the city, Dr. Philips completed his dream and built a world-class modern enterprise. Morita thought, "We should be able to do it."

The smallest radio in the world

Thanks to the efforts of technicians, they spent a lot of research and development expenses on semiconductors, which also surprised Mitsui Bank, the main bank at that time. Unfortunately, the first company in the world to successfully develop transistor radios was not Sony, but 1954 was completed by American REGEMCE company. The following year, Sony completed the first transistor radio TR-52. Collected the performance evaluation of all parties, only 40% of American companies and 50% of Sony are obviously Sony's victories. Moreover, the semiconductors of American companies are made abroad, and Sony makes them by itself, which makes technicians more confident.

The origin of Sony

Later, Sony set up its European headquarters in Britain. Morita, who won the honorary gold medal of Wang Li Art College, made the following speech at the award ceremony: "Sony has been creating new things." Hearing this, everyone present felt that this sentence was full of mystery. Maybe some of them laughed and thought that Sony was just a typical example of using European inventions to succeed. After slowly scanning the audience, Morita continued: "The so-called new music, called Sony, is as new English as the Walkman." This remark caused a burst of sudden laughter even in a solemn venue full of British gentlemen. In this speech, members of parliament suggested that Morita be awarded the honorary certificate of advanced English conversation, which shows that the British are a nation with a great sense of humor.

Sony's first product is the TR-52 radio developed by semiconductor in Japan for the first time, but the company name is not named as Morita said in his speech in Britain. When TR-52 was exported to the United States, the name Tort-suko (トッコ Japanese pronunciation) was used, probably because Americans don't like strict pronunciation, so they considered changing the brand name. This is like the abbreviations used by TKK and East Express subway, while the abbreviations of NHK and CBS are similar to those of TV stations, which are easy to impress the public. At that time, Dongtonggong sold its own tape recorder-magnetic tape under the name of SONI. SONICI in English is the plural of Latin SONUS, which is the etymology. This SONI was combined with the popular word "SONNY BOY" (cute little boy) at that time, which was Sony. However, for the convenience of pronunciation, the letter was changed to four words, and the world-famous Sony was born. The new transistor radio "TR-52" also began to shine with this new name. At that time, there were even office workers who specially customized shirts with large pockets to put transistor radios, which became popular all over the country. 1958, the company officially changed its name to "Sony Corporation" and its shares were also listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange.

Adhere to the brand

Morita took TR-52 engraved with the name "Sony" to the United States for the first time, and went to various retail stores at a price of $29.95, but it could not be sold. At this time, a "BURORBA Company" ordered100000 units, but Morita refused. The main reason is that the company's conditions require Sony to use their trademarks when selling in the United States. At that time, BURORBA was one of the few watch manufacturers in the United States, but Morita didn't want to be a satellite factory. Company employees told Morita, "Our company has a history of more than 50 years and is a traditional company." However, Morita also replied rudely: "Our company will definitely not lose to you after 50 years, and it will definitely become famous." However, in less than 50 years, the results are already obvious. Only people who are interested in watches know about BURORBA company. Ironically, BURORBA watches from the 1950s are really valuable because they can already be classified as antiques. In contrast, Sony has now become a world-famous brand. "I don't feel sorry for refusing such an order. On the contrary, I have confidence in my brand. " At that time, the order of 654.38+ million was like a dream, and Morita refused. Therefore, when Morita found out that a chocolate manufacturer used Sony's name to launch products, his feelings of suing were easy to understand. "Trademark is the life of an enterprise, and it should be protected even if it is difficult. I always thought so. Trademarks and company names must bear the responsibility of ensuring product quality. Therefore, it is also a kind of theft to use the trademark that others have worked hard to establish bit by bit. We can never forgive such a thief. "

The end of childhood

Sony advocates "technology" as the symbol of products. In order to protect this trademark, Morita insisted on selling it himself, so he set up a sales company in the United States. Therefore, Sony was born in 1960. At the same time, Sony reorganized its Geneva office in Switzerland and established SOSA in Europe. After 1955 TR-55 and 1957 TR-63 were sold, Sony transistor radios became world-class bestsellers. In the face of swarming orders and impatient customers, Sony doesn't have to consider the cost at all and flies directly to the United States. In this way, Sony ended its infancy in the eleventh year of its business and laid the foundation for the standard-bearer of the "Japanese Miracle Renaissance".

New lecturer

After entering 1980, the BETA system of video tape also entered the stage of being eliminated, thus casting a shadow over the myth of Sony. Then Morita received the bad news of the sudden death of President Kazuo Iwatani. AV's recession Gensonnie's inventory is piling up, which is the first time that it has to rely on throttling to make a living.

The president during this period was Daiwa Kazuo. President Yamato was specially promoted at that time, and 1982 took office, just over 50 years old. Jing Daole was born on 1930 1 29 in Numazu City, Shizuoka Prefecture. He was a wealthy timber merchant at home, but he was an opera singer with special experience. Although the reasons for the failure of BETA cannot be counted, the biggest reason is the failure of software policy. (refers to the dispute between Sony's BETA and Panasonic's VHS, in which Sony ended in failure. ) During the period of rapid increase of video tapes, BETA software hardly grew. Therefore, VICTOR Company of Japan, which developed VHS, also participated in the production of films, videos and other works, including CIC VICTOR and BACK IN MUSIC. Under its banner, Victor Industries has all the capabilities needed to make movies; With such strength, we can develop the possibility of diversification.

CBS can provide some software. President Morita promoted President Yamato after the death of President Iwatani, a pure technician. The main reason is that Daiwa is the operator who knows the most about software, and he has considerable expectations for Daiwa to become the president.

Sony's first attempt to set up CBS Sony was the idea put forward by Yamato. 1967 at the same time of foreign capital liberalization, the largest CBS record company in the United States is looking for a partner who can set up a subsidiary in Japan. At that time, when CBS put forward this idea to Japan and Colombia, it was still inconclusive. Finally, Sony, who is interested in software, was chosen, which is a good thing for Sony. If there is a record department, it can directly enhance the impression of the company's audio strength in the eyes of the world. Therefore, 1967 10 started negotiations, and soon1February signed the relevant peace treaty for the merger of the company. 1968, CBS Sony Company was formally established, with Yamato as the practical director.

The success of layman's commercial law

CBS Sony is backed by a huge enterprise, guarded by the recording industry and officials in charge of supervision. According to Japan's administrative guidance law, Sony is not allowed to increase the company's personnel by poaching people, such as record-related people and artists. Regardless of educational background, age and gender, Daiwa Company recruited people in an unprecedented way, with a total of 7,000 applicants, 80 of whom were selected, and there was no so-called "industry personnel". CBS Sony, composed of this layman, opened a revolutionary era for the ancient recording industry in a reasonable way.

Then, with the support of big stars, Sony established the SD department, established a unique recruitment system and gave birth to many artists. Cultivating artists from scratch has created a high-yield system for CBS Sony.

Sony canceled the stylus.

Nagaoka, the first manufacturer in Japan to provide 80% needles, believes that people who know a little about records should be familiar with it. However, in August of 1990, the dissolution of Nagaoka was also the terminator of EP and LP records. It was the eighth year of Sony's establishment that Sony cooperated with Philips of the Netherlands to develop CD, and the CD was listed in 1882 10. Five days before that, Yamato flew to Greece with his newly completed CD and held a meeting with record companies all over the world. But the response of the recording industry at that time, including CBS records in the United States, was very cold. For LP record companies with mature market, CD has not attracted much attention. The view of the industry is that there will be no record stores in the market and they will be willing to sell records and CDs at the same time. As we all know, compared with records, CDs are quite good in sound quality, small in size and easy to operate. The sound is optically read from the CD without contact, so the service life can be said to be almost semi-permanent.

Although CD has many advantages, the record industry is not very willing to cooperate in order to protect the existing record market, so it is still inconspicuous. In other words, at this stage, we need to rely on software to provide a fuse for CD discs, and CBS Sony is the party that makes efforts at this time. It has grown into a popular CBS and played a powerful role. In terms of hardware, 1984 the world's first CD player "Diskmand-50" went on the market. Sony attacked the market with a powerful software strategy, which led to the best-selling degree of CD like a volcanic eruption. After it was lit in Japan, the popularity of CD gradually spread to the world. In the end, CDs will drive traditional records out of the market. Yamato later said that without CBS, CDs might not be popular at all. So Sony once again realized the importance of software. After the failure of BETA system and the victory of CD, Sony finally paid more attention to software.

1987, CBS Sony acquired the parent company CBS of the United States, with a total amount of 2 billion US dollars (about 270 billion yen at the exchange rate at that time). At that time, although some people criticized that the purchase price was too high, CBS made a turnover higher than the purchase price in the second year after entering Sony Group, which had quite high benefits. Sony, which succeeded in M&A, began to pay attention to the monetary field of images and wanted to visit American film companies in Sony.

The development history of IBM

1945, Thomas J. Waston, founder of IBM, and Nicholas Murray, president of Columbia University * * * announced the establishment of Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory in Columbia University, which is the predecessor of Watson Research Center.

Although this is not the first laboratory established by IBM, it is the first unit to get rid of product research and development only for commercial needs and clearly position it as scientific research and application development. With the expansion of its scale, in 196 1 year, Watson's laboratory was moved from Manhattan, new york to Yorktown outside the city, and was upgraded and transformed into a research center.

Administrative structure: a matrix organization with its own functions.

In addition to Watson Research Center, IBM has seven research centers in America, Europe, Asia and other regions. "Our principle is to do the most suitable research in the most suitable place," NicholasM said. D'Onofrio, senior vice president in charge of IBM's global technology development and manufacturing applications, pointed out. "To do a good job in R&D, the resource allocation mechanism is very important. 」

Dismantling the structure of IBM research center, we can find that the planning of research center is like the matrix of administrative organization. All eight research centers have their own special projects for independent research and large-scale integration plans to lay the foundation for future business opportunities.

Large-scale integration plan: autonomous computing, the future of 10.

Recently IBM has been actively promoting "automatic computing". The ultimate goal of this plan is to solve the information system that is too complicated at present. It is hoped that by borrowing the concept of human autonomic nervous system, various host environments and large and small computing systems can self-detect, self-repair and even self-change. Each research center develops a certain part according to its own expertise. For example, Emanden Center, which focuses on storage technology, is responsible for studying the data placement problem when the system goes wrong.

"You have to concentrate and split up so that you can stay ahead." A Lang. Ganek, who joined IBM for 24 years, was the former vice president of the research center and now is the vice president of the independent computing plan of the software business group. He said that the work of R&D units should not only establish the architecture, but also actively participate in the planning of product blueprints and even consider marketing. This is why he is responsible for the integration of software and hardware. The achievement of "autonomous computing" will determine the future of IBM 10. 」

Small-scale research: the professional tentacles of integration plan

Garnek said that the formation of a large-scale integration plan is not a single decision made by the top. In fact, large-scale integration plans mostly come from the accumulation of small research.

Research centers in different places, such as Emanden Center in Silicon Valley, have a BlueBoard project to solve the problem of using interfaces. Through the wireless communication environment, you can connect the system host anywhere with the blue board installed, and easily read and transmit data.

Another study called "Infoscope" mainly solves the problem of language translation. After shooting words with digital camera equipment on PDA, it can be automatically translated into words familiar to users, so that people all over the world can understand words that they can't understand on the road when traveling abroad. In addition, the research on home network environment architecture is also the direction of IBM's recent positive development.

Basic scientific research: nanotechnology, the driving force of future industrial progress

Of course, basic scientific research is also the characteristic that distinguishes IBM research center from most enterprises. For example, the recent popular nanotechnology is an obvious example. Huang Hansen, a senior manager of Chinese descent who participated in this project, said that it is difficult for these technologies to achieve market success within five years, but they will be an important driving force for industrial progress in the next 10 year.

"Only with a scientific and technological foundation can we go faster and further than others," Tang Naihui said, and IBM's leading position has thus accumulated.

Product experiment: a bridge between product and academic research

However, IBM also knows that the R&D center of an enterprise is not an academic unit, and it must be combined with the business mechanism. In addition to pursuing technological leadership, how to implement research into visual applications is the goal of enterprises to set up R&D centers. So under the Watson Center, IBM also has a HawthorenIndustrySolutionLab as a bridge between products and academic research.

In the exhibition room in Hasslo, Dr. Paul. Zhou, who is also a native of China, introduced the future office "Blue Space" project, which integrates technology, furniture design and architectural space. In addition, there are some interesting projects, such as vending machines with remote control, fruit and vegetable recognizers and intelligent machine agents. Visitors can experience how technology has changed their lifestyle.

MarkSchunzel, the account manager of Hasslo Lab, said that there are more than 80 technologies that can be produced in Hasslo Lab, and more than 2,000 IBM partners visit here every year to discuss feasible industrial applications, but unfortunately, they haven't had the opportunity to communicate with operators in Taiwan Province Province.

For Taiwanese businessmen, the scale and operation mechanism of IBM R&D center is still a distant ideal at this stage. However, as long as you take the first step, there are infinite possibilities behind it. Isn't the achievement of IBM R&D Center also an insistence of old Watson?

Apple Computer International Co., Ltd., or Apple Computer Co., Ltd., is headquartered in Cupertino, California, USA, and its core business is computer technology products. The Apple II of Apple Computer promoted the personal computer revolution in1970s, and the Macintosh relay continued to develop in1980s. The most famous products are its Apple II, Macintosh computer, iPod digital music player and iTunes music store. It is famous for the innovation of high-tech enterprises.

brief history

The earliest logo of Apple computer was used before 1976.

The early Apple computer, Apple IIc 1976, was founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. At that time, Apple I computer was developed and sold.

The earliest personal computer Apple II was released in 1977.

1984 introduced the revolutionary Macintosh computer.

In 2003, the earliest 64-bit personal computer Apple Macintosh G5 came out.

In 2005, Steve Jobs announced that he would adopt Intel processors next year.

Before it was established

Before they founded Apple Computer together, Woz was already an electronic hacker. From 1975, he worked at HP, helping Jobs design Atari video games. At that time, Woz rented a small computer from Call Computer, a time-sharing computer system service company run by Alex Kamradt. At that time, computers could only print on paper, and the Silent 700 introduced by Texas Instruments was the most advanced thermal dye sublimation model at that time. Woz once saw popular electronics companies introduce how to make a computer terminal and use ready-made parts. Woz designed a teleprinter that can communicate with the computer. A printer that can only print large English characters, can print 24 lines and 40 characters per page, and can be connected to a small computer owned by Call Computer. Alex Kamradt, the boss of Call Computer, designed and sold several machines on behalf of him. Woz began to participate in the activities of Homebrew Computer Club from 1975. At that time, new microcomputers, such as Altair 8800 and IMSAI, prompted Woz to build microprocessor into his teletypewriter and become a complete computer.

At that time, the only microcomputer processors on the market were Intel (8080) with a price of $9 and Motorola (6800) with a price of $0. Wozniak likes 6800, but both are beyond his budget. So he can only study while observing, design a computer on paper and wait for the day when he can afford a processor. 1976, when MOS Technology announced the famous processor 6502, Woz wrote a version of the BASIC programming language for this group of processors, and then designed a computer that can run this BASIC programming language. Because the designer of 6502 is the same as the designer of 6800 (because MOS technology was founded by former employees of Motorola), Woz designed a computer based on paper 6800 earlier, and it can be used as a microprocessor with only a few modifications.

When Woz finished the machine, he took it to the party of Homebrew Computer Club and showed its system to his electronic colleagues. There, he met his old friend Steve Jobs. Jobs realized the commercial potential of these miniature amateur machines.

1990 apple computer, Macintosh classic

The origin of apple

Jobs and Woz decided to set up a company. They came up with several names. When Jobs came back from a business trip, he suggested to Woz that the company be named Apple Computer.

early stage

197 1 year, 16 years old Steve? Jobs and Steve at the age of 2/kloc-0? Wozniak ("Two Steve") was introduced by a friend. 1976, Jobs successfully persuaded Woz to assemble the machine and sell it. Their other friend, Luo? Ron Wayne joined in, and the three of them established Apple Computer Company on April 1976.

In May of the same year, Jobs negotiated with Byte Shop, a local computer store. The person in charge said that he would be interested if the computer was fully assembled. Master Paul? Tyrael thought further. He wants to order 50 sets and pay 0.00 yuan for each set upon delivery. After accepting this order, I sold all kinds of valuable things (such as computers and a Volkswagen van) to raise money in order to prepare funds. Jobs went to Cramer Electronics, a large electronic parts distributor, to order parts. The store's credit manager asked Jobs how to settle the bill. He said, "I have an order for 50 computers in a byte shop, and the payment terms are cash on delivery." If you give me 30 days,