The publishing types of documents are generally divided into ten categories. Their definitions, functions and descriptive features in reference and retrieval publications are as follows:
1) books: publications that discuss or introduce knowledge in a certain field. Books can be divided into three categories: one is textbooks, popular science books and general production technology books, which belong to reading books; One is dictionaries, handbooks and encyclopedias, which belong to instrumental books; The other is a monograph with original content, which belongs to original literature. Books are often summarized by the author on the basis of collecting a large number of first-hand materials. It is characterized by systematic, comprehensive, mature and reliable content, but the publishing cycle is long and the reporting speed is relatively slow. Books are mainly used in situations where you need to gain general knowledge of a wide range of issues or have a preliminary understanding of unfamiliar issues.
In various reference or bibliographic retrieval tools at the end of the paper, books are usually described in the format shown in the following examples:
W. Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Communication, London: prentiss Hall Press (199 1), page XII+407.
The characteristics of book description are: title, author and editor; There must be a place of publication, the name of the publishing house and the year of publication; Non-first edition books have editions; Some books also give the International Standard Book Number (ISBN). The second of these four points is more important.
Books are mainly consulted in various libraries.
2) Periodicals: Periodicals generally refer to regular or irregular continuous publications with fixed names and consistent formats. Periodical papers are novel in content, fast in reporting and rich in information, which is the most basic document form for transmitting scientific and technological information and exchanging academic ideas. It is estimated that periodical information accounts for about 60-70% of the whole information source, so it is highly valued by scientific and technological workers. Most retrieval tools also focus on periodical papers. When a problem needs to be deeply understood, the common way is to consult periodical papers.
The description format of journal papers is shown in the following example:
H.Tohyama, Plasma Image Strips for Electrophotographic Printers, Journal of Imaging Science, Vol.35, No.5,330-3 (9- 10/991).
The characteristics of periodical paper description are: there are authors and sometimes titles; Periodical names are often abbreviated, and some are italicized; There must be volume number and issue number. The third of these three points is more important.
All kinds of periodicals can be consulted in libraries and information offices.
3) Conference documents: refer to papers published at important international or domestic academic or professional conferences. Conference documents are highly academic and often represent the latest achievements in a certain field, reflecting the level and trend of scientific and technological development at home and abroad, and are an important source of the latest information. Meeting documents can be divided into pre-meeting documents, such as meeting schedule prediction and pre-printed meeting documents, and post-meeting documents, such as various meeting minutes. Post-meeting documents are the main meeting documents.
Common description forms of meeting documents are shown in the following example:
T.Sellis: "Performance of DBMS Implementation of Production System", Proceedings of the 2nd International IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Tools, Herndon, VA USA, 1 1 June 6-9, 1990, (Alamitors, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society Press/kloc-.
The characteristics of conference literature description are: there are special words to express conferences, such as conferences, symposiums, congresses, workshops, conferences, congresses and gatherings. Some words mean meeting minutes, such as Proceedings of the meetings ..., assembly ...; ; Some have the place, duration and time of the meeting, as well as the publisher, place and time of publishing the minutes of the meeting. Of these three points, the point 1 is the most important.
Conference documents can be consulted in the library and information office.
4) Sci-tech report: Sci-tech report refers to the summary report of a research achievement of a national government department or scientific research and production unit, or the progress report of each stage in the research process. The publication characteristics of the report are divided into volumes, unified numbering and continuous publication by the competent authorities. In terms of content, reports are more in-depth, detailed and reliable than periodical papers, and are a rare source of information. Scientific and technological reports can be divided into technical reports, technical memoranda, notes, announcements and others (such as translation and patents). Some reports are classified as top secret, secret, internal restricted distribution and public distribution because they involve cutting-edge technology or national defense issues. At present, the internationally famous scientific and technological reports are the four major reports of the US government, namely, PB (Publishing Committee) report, AD(ASTIA Documents) report, NASA report and DOE report.
Author: Literature Retrieval Teaching 2005-8-29 2 1:29 Reply to this speech
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2 Literature publishing type and description characteristics identification
The common description format of scientific and technological reports is shown in the following example:
J.S.Bymes, "Application of Approximation Theory in Antenna Design, Signal Processing and Filtering", Final Report. Prometheus Company, Sharon, Massachusetts, AD-244,725, 199 1
The characteristics of the description of scientific and technological reports are as follows: there are written reports, such as reports and memorials; There is a report number, such as AD-A233725 in this example. The second of these two points is more important.
Scientific and technological reports are mainly consulted in information institutions or libraries of universities and research institutes that collect scientific and technological reports.
5) Patent documents: Patent documents mainly consist of patent specifications. The so-called patent specification refers to the technical documents about the purpose, composition and effect of the invention submitted by the patent applicant to the Patent Office. After examination by the Patent Office, it was published and distributed all over the world. The contents of the patent specification are more specific, and some have attached drawings, through which we can understand the main technical contents of the patent. Because only inventions with novelty, creativity and practicality can be patented, the patent specification is an important information source with practicality and inspiration for engineers and technicians, especially product process designers.
Common description forms of patent specifications are shown in the following examples:
B. Dayton, "Differential Amplifier Device", U.S. Pat. No.5,095,282, 1992
The characteristics of patent description are: there are usually words representing patents; There is a patent number. According to international regulations, the patent number consists of a two-letter country name followed by a serial number. The latter of these two points is more important.
The patent specification shall be consulted in the State Patent Office or the information office that collects patent documents.
6) Standard documents: refer to documents for standardization work. Among them, it mainly refers to the technical regulations on the quality, specifications and inspection methods of industrial products and engineering construction. As a normative document, it has certain legal binding force. A country's standard documents reflect the country's production technology level and technical and economic policies, while the current international standards represent the current world level. International standards and standards of advanced industrial countries are often important bases and sources of information for scientific research and production activities. The two most important international standardization organizations are the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
Common description forms of standard documents are shown in the following examples:
BSI, "Communication and Interference Limits and Measurement Specifications", BS 6839- 1987.
The characteristics of standard literature description are: there are usually words expressing standards, such as standards and recommendations; There are standard figures. The standard number has a number for each standard, which is customarily composed of three parts: the code of the standard issuing organization, the serial number and the year of promulgation, such as "BS 6839- 1987" in this example.
The standard documents can be consulted in the national standard document library, standard research institute, technical supervision institute or information research institute.
7) Dissertation: Dissertation refers to academic papers submitted for master's and doctor's degrees. The quality of dissertations is uneven, but they are all summaries of research on a certain topic, and most of them are original. Dissertations are not for sale, except for a few published in the form of scientific and technological reports and periodical papers, which are generally not published publicly and are rare documents.
Common description forms of dissertations are as follows:
T. Man Wa Lam, "Design of Time Signal Spectrum Analyzer", Ph.D. thesis of Penn State University, USA, 1987.
The characteristics of dissertation description are as follows: there are usually words to express dissertation, such as thesis and objection; Some have the names of the schools where the author works.
8) Product technical data: refers to the product promotion and use data such as product catalogues, product samples and product manuals of the production enterprise. Product samples usually explain in detail the performance, structure, use, usage and operating procedures of the stereotyped products, with mature content and reliable data, and some have appearance photos and structural drawings, which can be directly used for product design and manufacturing reference.
The common description forms of product technical data are shown in the following examples:
Integrated Circuit Book IC 1 1- Linear Products, 1988, Philips Data Manual of Philips Electronic Components and Materials Division, page 3-13 1.
The characteristics of product technical data description are as follows: there are usually words representing product samples, such as catalogue, guide book, Master of, Databook of, etc. There is a company name.
The technical data of general products are obtained directly from manufacturers, some of which can be found in the information institute, and some can be found in the library in the form of compilation.
9) Technical archives: refer to technical documents, drawings, charts, photos and original records with specific things formed in scientific research and production activities. The detailed contents include task book, agreement, technical indicators, approval documents, research plan, program outline, technical measures, research materials, design data, test and process records, etc. These materials are important documents used to accumulate experience and draw lessons from dystocia in scientific research. Technical files are generally for internal use, not published publicly, and some are confidential, so they are rarely cited in references and retrieval tools.
10) government publications: refer to documents published by government departments and their specialized agencies in various countries. The contents of government publications are very extensive, whether it is science and technology or social economy. As far as the nature of documents is concerned, government publications can be divided into two parts: administrative documents (such as parliamentary records, government decrees, principles and policies, rules and regulations, surveys and statistics, etc. ) and scientific literature. The White Paper on Science and Technology published by our government is a government publication on science and technology.
The above-mentioned types of documents are sequential in publishing time.
If an author finishes a manuscript and wants to publish it in the fastest form, besides dissertations, conferences, reports and patents are the best choices. However, these three forms all require papers to meet certain special requirements, while periodicals do not have these requirements, and they have many varieties, large capacity and fast speed, which have become the publishing channels for most papers. Content, title and abstract are slightly behind patents, reports, conferences and periodicals, and the main contents of original documents are taken as objective reports. Summarization, books and encyclopedias need to take the essence of a large number of original documents, or make annotations or compile books, which takes a long time. At this point, the circulation of literature from publishing form is basically completed. This literary cycle is also called literary chain.