Spring Festival couplets refer to couplets made to celebrate the Spring Festival. For example: overall restoration/Vientiane renewal
Couplets, also called wedding couplets, are special conjunctions for marriage. Example: Qin and Sedation/Full Moon and Flowers.
Birthday couplets are used to celebrate birthdays. Example: Happiness as the East China Sea/Longevity as the South Mountain.
Couplets evolved from couplets and were used to mourn the dead. For example, a crying man has only tears/pens but is speechless.
Light couplets refer to couplets pasted on lights. Spring is like jade/the moon burns like silver under the lamp.
Couplets are hung in the study, bedroom and other environments to express the voice of the host family. Example: Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world.
Landscape couplets refer to couplets written and engraved specifically for a scenic spot. Example: When did the cold spring begin/where did the peak come from (Hangzhou Lengquan Pavilion)
Couplets written specifically for the characteristics of the industry play the role of industry advertisements. Exodus: Although it is a skill, it is hard work (haircut)
Communicative couplets refer to couplets that people use in return for friendship. Exodus: It is enough to know one thing in life.
Calligraphy and painting couplets refer to couplets inscribed on paintings. According to the content in the picture, write couplets suitable for the picture.
Example: There are knots in front of bamboo leaves/Lingyun is still modest (Li Kuchan talks about bamboo)
Four tones and four tones are closely related to flat tones, which include four tones.
1. The four ancient tones are divided into flat, upper, lower and inner tones (for example, Heaven, Zi, Wan and Fu, see Wang Li's Poetic Metrics for details).
2. There are four tones in this tone: flat tone, rising tone, falling tone (such as hemp, hemp, hemp, scolding).
Terms used to distinguish Chinese tones in Pingze's ancient poems. To drive [horizontally] means uneven.
1. The tone in ancient times was flat: in it, "flat" belongs to flat tone, and "going up, going away and going forward" belongs to flat tone.
2. Today's tone is flat: "Yin Ping, rising tone" is flat, and "Shang Sheng, De Sheng" is flat.
The concept of couplets is equivalent, the part of speech is equivalent, the structure is equivalent, the rhythm is equivalent, and the level is equivalent.
Example: black/white long/short male/female sky/ground
There is no absolute definition of positive case, which can be roughly explained by two points (especially couplets)
1. Strictly require words to be even and even, and the antithesis should be coordinated and neat, and the corresponding words should be matched in pairs.
2. The feet of the last two sentences on both sides of the couplet are different.
There is no absolute definition of the case change, but it is explained by three points (especially couplets)
1. Don't overemphasize peaceful and harmonious couplets.
The feet of the last two sentences on both sides of the couplet are the same.
3. There is no emotional pair, and the sentences are equivalent. Usually regarded as a variant.
There are no hard and fast rules for short couplets, which generally refer to couplets with four to eleven characters in the upper and lower couplets.
There are no hard and fast rules for long couplets, which generally refer to couplets with the words 12 or more.
Only when Pian Yu is tied to the top for a long time, not to the bottom, is it called Pian Yu. Give two examples.
1. enough food bags: restaurant association, and at the same time add several skills such as [overlapping words], [repetition], [transformation], [disassembly] and [top truth].
Conversion: from one word to another. For example, the first bag is a noun and the second bag is a verb.
2. Goose doesn't eat grass: According to a doctor's association, "Goose doesn't eat grass" is the name of medicine, and "grass" is also the name of medicine.
The combination of walls or "double walls" refers to the combination of "Pian Yu".
The so-called "absolute" in absolute couplets has two meanings:
1. refers to the unparalleled skill in using couplets, even unparalleled.
2. The sentences in Zhilian are ingenious and novel, and no one can match them, so they are often called absolute (or Pian Yu).
Positive antithesis is also called similar antithesis and broad antithesis, which means that the contents of the upper and lower couplets are basically the same, interrelated and complementary.
Ex.: Bao Jianfeng comes from sharpening/plum blossom fragrance comes from bitter cold.
The antithesis refers to the antithesis of the contents of couplets, also known as the antithesis of workers, which sets off each other and forms a contrast, resulting in a strong artistic effect of couplets.
Example: Two orioles singing green willows/a row of egrets flying into the sky.
Series pairs are also called running pairs. That is, the upper and lower couplet means inheritance, and one meaning is divided into two sentences, which are couplets linked together.
Ex.: What an ambitious sacrifice/Dare to teach the sun and the moon to change the sky.
Self-alignment, also known as sentence alignment, refers to the words and phrases in couplets, which are not only against each other, but also against each other (in sentences).
Example: Guifulan powder, the water is quiet/the flowers are bright and beautiful, the moon is bright and the wind is clear (Guifulan powder is bright and beautiful to the water, but also to the flowers)
Affectionate antithesis refers to the formal (literal) antithesis of the upper and lower couplet, but the content (meaning) is irrelevant, which produces a special effect.
Ex: Flowers bloom in front of the court/Mr. Li's Samsung brandy/Huangmeitian in May.
One of the taboos in Crossing Hands refers to the similarity of parts of speech, levels and meanings in the upper and lower couplets. The same concept
For example: Bi/Cui, Bai/Su Hong/Du China/Shenzhou.
One of the taboos of isolating even-leveled couplets is that there is only one even-leveled word in a sentence with more than five words.
Example: [Mountain] is as quiet as ancient times.
One of the taboos of solitary couplet law is that sentences with more than five words have only one syllable.
Example: flowers are heavy [brocade] official market [note: suppose this sentence is used as a couplet]
One of the taboos of the three-level suffix method is that sentences with more than five words, and the last three words are flat.
Example: report [San Chunhui] [Note: suppose this sentence is used as a couplet]
One of the legal taboos at the end of three syllables refers to sentences with more than five words, and the last three words are ambiguous.
Example: Push the window [lead the moon to lie down]
It is one of the taboos of two-character conjunctions, which can be divided into several explanations.
1. Homonym means that the same word is opposite in the same position in the upper and lower parts.
For example, "law [boundary]" versus "world [boundary]"
2. Weird words: refers to the same word appearing in different positions of the up and down links.
Example: The Potter scooped up the mud, looked at the fruit in his palm/watched the woodcutter's game, and fell asleep in his dream.
3. Ectopic mutual weight: special, allowing correct use.
Example: [ten thousand] method [1] heart, [empty] is the same as [color ]/[ 1] heart [ten thousand] method, [color] is [empty].
4. Function words attach importance to each other: allow appropriate function words to attach importance to each other (if so)
Example: 3,000 warriors, sweeping Youyan [ground]/Longfei 95, reopening Yaoshun [ground].
The special term for writing couplets means that the contents of the upper and lower couplets are completely in line with objective facts and phenomena, and it is difficult to extend them to other places.
Example: Liaohaitun Bianyue/Suoyun beyond the Great Wall (Juyong Guanlian/Tang Di); Three feet of snow suddenly piled up on the flat ground/thunder in the air for four hours (Baotu Spring/Jinan Tang Jing)
Overlapping refers to the method of words composed of two identical words.
Example: Yingying Swallow, with flowers and leaves, looks everywhere in the morning and evening.
Repetition refers to the method of using the same word or words repeatedly in couplets.
For example, it is easy to open early and close late, but it is difficult to open late and close late. Please correct it first.
Reduplication refers to the method of using compound words and reduplication in the same couplet.
Example: sad year after year/homeless everywhere
The top truth method, also known as beading method, refers to the couplet in which the upper part and the lower part are complex sentences, and the ending word of each sentence is the first word of the next sentence, just like beading.
1. Sentence to sentence: Example: water [car] [car] water
2. Word-to-word connection: for example, water trucks [water] and [water] are attached to the vehicle.
A method of splitting or combining Chinese characters in couplets.
1. Split: Split Chinese characters into several characters in sequence. Ex: [Hong] is a (riverside bird)/[Silkworm] is a (world worm).
2. Spelling: combining words with words or words with radicals into other words. Example: (eight knives) [minutes] meters]/[thousands of miles] [heavy [gold]
3. Combination: Use disassembly and assembly skills: hole, cute, (both) are this.
Addition and subtraction is a new method of couplets by adding or subtracting some words or strokes on a couplet according to special needs.
1. Supplementary words: Example: the door is short of thousands of bamboos/the house is short of thousands of books/the house is long of thousands of books.
2. Subtract words: Examples: flowing water, sunset, eternal hate/spring dew, autumn frost, centenary sorrow (elegiac couplet), flowing water, sunset/spring dew, autumn frost, centenary (wedding couplet).
A method of writing sentences with questions instead of direct descriptions.
1. Q&A: For example, after confession, you can live beyond life. Is the prince afraid of monks? /banknotes can be redeemed, and it is clear that Bodhisattva is a corrupt official!
2. Ask and answer questions: For example, the four rivers come first, the four seasons come second, and my husband lives in Jiangxia. Who is the first? Who is the second one?
Three religions and nine streams are ahead, and three talents are behind. The boy is a Confucian and dare not stand out! Dare not lag behind!
3. Ask questions without answering them. Example: How many heads are there in the world? /and try, see how Lao tze means?
Homophonic method is a method that combines the surface meaning with the deep meaning by using the homonym characteristics of words and phrases.
Ex.: Celebrate the whole world when it is time to celebrate/celebrate the country when it is crazy, and be crazy when it is crazy (use gongs and drums when it is time to celebrate, and be crazy when it is time to be crazy).
Lotus root has no plum because of lotus/apricot (using lotus, lotus root, apricot, plum and he, accidentally, fortunately, media homonym)
Multi-tone method is to change the tone of a word in couplets by using the characteristics of multi-tone and multi-meaning of Chinese characters.
Example: Good [Hao Shang] reading is not good [Hao Xia] reading/good [Hao Xia] reading is not good [Hao Shang] reading.
Example: Long [Chang Yangping] Long [Zhang Shangsheng] Long [Chang Yangping] Long [Chang Yangping] Long [Zhang Shangsheng]
Line [Shang Sheng] Line [Xing Shang Sheng] Line [Shang Sheng] Line [Shang Sheng] Line [Shang Sheng]
A method of combining one or more glyphs with words with different meanings but the same pronunciation.
1. Homophonic and homophonic use together: Example: [Hungry chicken] [Stealing rice] [Tong Tong] Beat/[Summer mouse] [Bright] [Keke] Surprise.
2. The use of homophones, disyllabic words and overlapping rhymes: Example: [Sister-in-law sweeps] firewood, which is called [Uncle]/[Aunt] broken bucket, which is called [Gu hoop].
3. Different homophones are used: for example, Tianxin [Pavilion], Pavilion falls [Pigeon], Pigeon flies over the Pavilion but doesn't fly/stops on land [continent], and the boat can't go to continent.
A method of deliberately omitting a word in conjunction creation on a specific occasion and expressing the creative theme with the help of the omitted word.
Exodus: It may not happen every time/it once came back from the dead [deliberately hiding the word "lucky" to ridicule the quack named "lucky"]
The method of making riddles enables the created couplets to express some intention, which is hidden in the upper and lower couplets rather than directly expressed in the couplets.
1. Hidden objects in the United States: for example, a thousand waves rode/were defeated by a general and fled [the above picture means "hippocampus" and the following picture means "defeated general".
2. There are hidden feelings in couplets, such as cock, carp, pork belly/mushroom, fungus, and song rake [all "Dafa" foods that are warmed up, meaning to open the door to Dafa].
3. The hidden objects in couplets refer to things: for example, blowing the Xiangjiang River Moon several times/drawing a martial arts cloud with a pillow [referring to the flute and pointing to the dream].
A method using the rhetorical function of punctuation marks, after careful conception, produces two different pronunciations and opposite meanings.
Example: Tomorrow will be an unlucky spring/luck will be less or more than the money available for the whole year.
Note: According to legend, this couplet was written by Zhu Zhishan, a scholar in Ming Dynasty, for a shopkeeper, and it reads "Tomorrow meets spring, so it's unlucky/unlucky all the year round, with less money and more money".
So, I am very unhappy. I wish you a smile and tell him that you are wrong. It should be read as: Good spring tomorrow, no bad luck/less bad luck all year round, and more money.
Reciting grammar is a kind of writing method that can make couplets read up and down in order and backwards, which is appropriate and not confusing.
1. The upper and lower couplets can be read sequentially and backwards, and the meaning of the couplets remains unchanged. Example: There are red flowers and green leaves everywhere.
2. The up and down links are read backwards in order, with different meanings. For example, the wind sends red fragrant flowers all over the ground/the rain opens spring trees. It's raining in spring, and there are blue trees in the sky/red fragrant flowers all over the ground.
3. The bottom is the inverted reading at the top. For example, a guest is from heaven.
Citation is a method to create a new artistic conception by extracting or quoting other people's poems, lyrics, inscriptions, aphorisms and idioms.
1. Poems: Example: Advise the monarch to drink more/share eternal sorrow with him [before Wang Wei's poems, after Li Bai's poems]
2. Collection of words: like the wind wrinkling a pool of spring water/waves scouring the heroes of the ages [the former sentence is Feng Ci in the southern Tang Dynasty, and the latter sentence is Su Shi Ci in the northern Song Dynasty]
3. Set aphorisms: For example, seeking medical treatment after a long illness makes you regret studying late.
4. Fixed idioms: For example, the sea is flowing, the clouds are steaming, the spring breeze is proud, and people are living longer.
5. Title: For example, tiger symbol, peacock gall/dragon species and phoenix.
6. Name of assembler: Example: Sun Walker/Zu Chongzhi.
7. Name of medicinal materials: for example, Pulsatilla, Petunia, Rehmannia glutinosa, Ligustrum lucidum, Horse and Hu Aishan.
Metonymy Chen Wangdao said in The Origin of Rhetoric. Metonymy ":"Even if there is no similarity between the said things and other things, if there is an inseparable relationship between them, you can borrow the names of related things instead of the said things.
Example: a family with a million dollars is not rich/life with five children is still lonely [one thousand dollars represents one woman, one million dollars represents ten women, the son-in-law is "half a child" and ten women have five children]
Pun is called pun, which uses one word to connect two different things at the same time.
Exodus 1: modesty leads to greatness/strength meets genius [bamboo shop couplet, modesty and strength are puns]
Example 2: How to become a sharp knife without several exercises [tool shop couplet]
Metaphor is the most widely known method of making antithetical sentences.
Example: Learning is like sailing against the current. If you don't advance, you will retreat./Your mind is like walking on a plain. It's easier to let go than to stop.
Personification is a way to express inanimate things into the language or behavior of living people and express feelings through things.
Example: Castle Peak is fortunate to bury loyal bones/cast innocent courtiers with white iron.
The foil method is a way to express the theme from the side or back with the help of other things, rather than describing it from the front.
Example: the mouse disappears for lack of food/the dog sleeps boldly for poverty [a scholar says that his family is as poor as water]
With the help of rich imagination, exaggeration can achieve the artistic effect of an image.
Example: Suck the river water to make new tea/buy all the green hills as painting screens.
Mosaic refers to the method of skillfully and naturally embedding specific Chinese characters into upper and lower conjunctions.
Note: Mosaic method covers a wide range, including completeness, surname, number, location, drug name, year number, name, etc. I won't discuss it in detail.
A. Embedding: The name to be embedded occupies a position in each couplet and cannot be disassembled to make it a whole.
Example: [Listen more] to Buddhism, with [wide eyes] light/[growth] good roots, while [holding the country] soil (four donkey kong)
B. horizontal embedding: the way to embed the names into couplets after splitting them.
C. Hard embedding: the names to be embedded are embedded in the uplink and downlink formats respectively. Give ten examples:
1. and Dingge: embed embedded characters at the beginning of the upper and lower sentences of couplets in sequence.
Exodus: [Cinnamon] Fragrant fragrance and pure heart/[Cinnamon] Welcome guests in shady streets.
2. Yan Zhuge: The embedded characters are embedded in the position of the second word in the upper and lower sentences of the couplets according to their sequence.
Example: Dan [Gui] deceives ghosts and axes/Joan [Lin] plays a magic role in the abode of fairies and immortals.
3. Kite shoulder grid: embed the embedded characters in the position of the third word in the upper and lower sentences of the couplet in sequence.
Exodus: I like to pour [Guangxi] on Yan Jiake/laugh and drink [Lin] in spring to cleanse the customs.
4. Honeycomb: embed the embedded characters in the position of the fourth word of the upper and lower sentences of the couplet in sequence.
Example: The hidden cave in the forest in front of Senranba [Guangxi] Jiatianxia/Wanerqian.
5. Crane knee grid: embed the embedded characters in the position of the fifth word of the upper and lower sentences of the couplet in turn.
Example: the poem * * * drunk [laurel] drenched/visited wins the same wear [forest].
6. Tan Xinge: embed the embedded characters in the position of the sixth word in the upper and lower sentences of the couplet in order.
: Exodus This place often attracts laurel/is unique in planting [forest] hearts.
7. Goose foot grid: embedded characters are embedded in the position of the seventh word in the upper and lower sentences of couplets in sequence.
Example: Take Yundengdan [Guangxi]/shoot the moon and hang a green bow [forest].
8. Quedou Pavilion: The embedded characters are embedded in the first part and the last part of the couplet in sequence.
Example: the [small] building listens to the spring rain all night/sisters bloom every month [red] [named after Xiaohong]
9. Couplet grid: embedded characters are embedded in the position of the end of the upper couplet and the beginning of the lower couplet in sequence.
Example: fragrant as Whelan, moist as [jade]/[cloud] I want clothes, flowers and looks [inlaid with jade cloud]
10. Broken brocade: Embedding embedded characters in upper and lower couplets, no matter where.
Example: [4] Wallpaper [3] Ruler Sword/Half Moon Line [Li] One [Zhang] Qin [Zhang San and Li Si of the same name]
D. Cascading: a way of embedding a part of a name sequence into the up-and-down links horizontally, so that the names of the up-and-down links are combined to form a system.
For example, [the people] are still the same, and [the country] is still the same. What's the difference between north and south? Generally speaking, "unification" is not a thing.
E. overlapping: a way to embed two or more names in a joint.
Example: Under the night light in [winter], in [summer], Mr. Hou reads Chunqiu Zhuan/On the east gate, Beijingers in [south] sing [northwest] tunes.
Spring and Autumn is the spring and autumn of the four seasons, and it is also the spring and autumn in the title. So is the northwest.
F. Concealed embedding: refers to a way to embed the name to be embedded in the couplet.
Exodus: how to judge the style of writing/how can you expect to be famous if you are short of money [with the words "save" and "admire"]?
During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Wu, who studied politics in Zhili, presided over the provincial examination, accepted bribes and accepted talents, so some people ironically linked this.
G matching: refers to a mosaic method in which the mosaic name is repeated in the upper and lower parts.
Example: [Yi] gossiping about Yangzhou provoked Yangzhou gossip. Easy to be the chairman of the national government.
H. Single embedding: As the name implies, it is a way to embed a name only in the upper part or the lower part.
Exodus: People come from Yutang, making immortal plains/gods come from Jinma, and [people] can make [rich] Mo You poor (rich).
1. Mosaic: It refers to a way to embed names from left to right and from top to bottom in couplets.
Example: [Su Dongpo] West [Visit Chibi]/[Xiangke] Small [Live in Huangzhou] [Set Su Dongpo to visit Chibi and Xiangke to live in Huangzhou]
J. anti-embedding: refers to embedding names from top to bottom rather than from left to right.
Example: [North] geese fly [South], wing [East] west] divides into [Up and Down]/[Front] car [Frog], and two wheels walk [Left and Right] [High and Low].
K. comprehensive embedding: comprehensively use the above embedding methods.
Example: [Han Yu] sent the poor, [Liu Ling] was drunk [drunk]
[Jiang Yan] made great contributions, and [RoyceWong] boarded the [building].
-Han Jiang restaurant couplets.
Note: Yu: There is a famous article "Sending the Poor". Jin: World famous wine.
Jiang Yan, a Liang native of the Five Dynasties, was good at Fu. RoyceWong at the end of Han Dynasty: one of the seven sons of Jian 'an, whose masterpiece is Ode to the Building.
In couplets, besides using the names and allusions of the four great writers, there are two methods: whole embedding and firm embedding.
In addition, when the words [He Ding] and [Wei Yan] are combined, the Hanjiang Restaurant is formed without any trace.
A method of combining two or more special writing techniques, especially in long couplets.
1. Comprehensive application of allusions and inlays: Example: Six gentlemen began to get sick/Er Chen Tang died.
Note: The "six gentlemen" in the first part is the first place in Chinese medicine decoction. Before Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, Yang Du and other six gentlemen made him king. The second couplet "Chen Er Decoction" is also the name of Chinese medicine soup. In fact, it also refers to Chen and others, who are all close friends of Yuan, but it turns out that this trend is not good. And "independence" became Yuan's "medicine of death".
2. Comprehensive use of missing words and homophones: 1234567/ filial piety, loyalty, courtesy, righteousness and sincerity.
Note: An adult main hall in the Qing Dynasty was an official of the Ming Dynasty, and later voted for Li Zicheng. After Li failed, he became an honest official, and people wrote a satirical couplet.
The first part deliberately left out eight words, meaning forgetting (Wang) eight, and the second part deliberately left out the word shame, meaning "shameless".
Finally, I declare that the above couplet knowledge is for reference only, because it is my personal opinion, and mistakes are inevitable. Welcome to criticize and correct me.