Alias: Sima Zichang, Tai Shigong

Nationality: China.

Ethnic group: Han nationality

Birthplace: Longmen (now Hancheng, Shaanxi or Hejin, Shanxi)

Date of birth: before 145 or before 135.

Date of death: 87 years ago?

Occupation: historian

Main achievements: compiling historical records and creating biographical history.

Masterpiece: Historical Records

Sima Qian (former 145 or former 135-? ), the word length, said Zuo Fengyi was from xia yang (now south of Hancheng, Shaanxi) and Longmen (now Hejin, Shanxi), a great historian, writer and thinker in the Western Han Dynasty. The Historical Records compiled by him recorded the history of more than 3,000 years from the legendary period of the Yellow Emperor to the first year of the founding of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 122). Sima Qian's Historical Records, which was completed with his historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between heaven and man, connecting the changes of ancient and modern times, and forming a unified view", became the first biographical general history in the history of China, and was praised by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme", which had a great influence on later generations. His father, Sima Tan, is Taishiling (equivalent to the post of director of the National Library now). In his early years, Sima Qian lived a poor life in his hometown. At the age of 65,438+00, I began to read ancient books and studied hard. When he meets a difficult problem, he always thinks over and over again until he understands it. At the age of 20, Sima Qian set out from Chang 'an and traveled around the world. Later, he returned to Chang 'an and became a doctor. He made several voyages with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and visited many places. At the age of 35, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent him to Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou. He learned about the customs of some ethnic minorities there. After the death of his father Sima Tan, Sima Qian succeeded to the throne as Taishiling in 108 BC (the third year of Yuanfeng). In BC 104 (the first year of Tai Chu), he signed taichu calendar with astronomer Tang Dou and others. In the same year, I began to compile historical records. In 99 BC (the second year of Tian Han), Li Ling attacked the Huns and was defeated and surrendered. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was furious. Sima Qian defended Li Ling and angered Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He was arrested and sentenced to death. "People are inherently mortal, or they are heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather, so use them differently." (Report to Ren Anshu) In order to fulfill his father's last wish and complete the historical records, he endured "corruption (the torture of cutting off his nose or reproductive organs)" with humiliation. In 96 BC (the first year of Taishi), he was pardoned and released from prison, issued a written order and mastered the confidential documents of the emperor. So he worked hard to write books and devoted himself to writing historical records. Around the age of 55, he finally finished writing and revising the whole book.

Sima Qian achieved Historical Records, the first biographical general history in China's history, with his historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between man and nature, linking the changes from ancient times to modern times and forming a unified theory". Book 130, with more than 526,500 words. Historical Records includes twelve biographies (recording the political achievements of emperors in past dynasties), thirty biographies (recording the rise and fall of vassal states and governors in Han Dynasty), seventy biographies (recording the words and deeds of important people, mainly describing the characters and ministers, and the last one is the preface), ten tables (chronology of major events) and eight books (recording various laws and regulations, such as etiquette, music, temperament, calendar, astronomy, etc.). Therefore, Sima Qian was called Shi Qian and Shi Sheng by the later Buddha. Together with Sima Guang, they are called "Two Sima in History" and together with Sima Xiangru, they are called "Two Sima in Western Han Dynasty". Sima Qian's works, in addition to the Historical Records and annals, also recorded eight poems, all of which have been lost. Only Volume 30 quoted fragments of bad karma Renfu and the famous Letter to Ren 'an (namely "Letter to Ren"). Bao Ren An Shu expressed his painful feelings of being determined to endure humiliation and filth in order to finish his works. It is an important material to study Sima Qian's life thought and an excellent prose full of emotion. Hurting people without meeting Fu is also a work of the author in his later years, which expresses his anger that he is unwilling to be "ignorant" after being punished by corruption.

Edit the genealogy of this paragraph.

[1] Sima Qian claimed that his ancestors were Tianguan in the Zhuan Xu period. "Historical Records Biography of Taishigong" records that "in the Zhuan Xu, the south paid attention to the sky, and the fire was on the ground. On the occasion of the Tang and Yu dynasties, it was only through the efforts of Li and others that it was restored. As for the Xia and Shang Dynasties, it is important that Li's world is in good order. " During the Zhou Xuanwang period, Sima Qian's ancestors came to the State of Qin. His immediate ancestor was Sima Cuo, the famous military commander of Qin State during the Warring States Period. During the reign of King Huiwen of Qin, Sima Cuo had a debate with Zhang Yi in the imperial court. The content of the debate was included in the Warring States Policy and Qin Ce, and later it was included in the view of ancient literature, which was named Sima Cuo's Theory of Cutting Shu. After the victory of the debate, Qin Huiwen sent Sima Cuo and others to send troops to Bashu to defend after the victory. Sima Jin, the sixth ancestor, took part in the battle of Changping and killed 400,000 Zhao soldiers. Sima Cuo, Sima Jin and other military achievements laid a military foundation for Qin to unify the whole country. Sima Qian's father was Sima Tan, an official of the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Tan was an outstanding scholar at that time. He wrote the article "On the Essentials of Six Classics", which systematically summarized the advantages and disadvantages of Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, Fa, Ming and Taoism since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and highly affirmed Taoist thought. This article is a highly generalized and concise summary of hundred schools of thought Thought since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Sima Tan was an official from the sixth year of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty to the first year of Yuanfeng. Sima Qian was born in his hometown of xia yang (now hancheng city, Shaanxi Province) in 0/45 BC. Received a good education from an early age. Sima Qian said in the preface to Historical Records Taishi Gong: "The day of moving to Longmen and plowing rivers and mountains. I recited ancient Chinese at the age of ten. " At the age of 19, he set out from Chang 'an and traveled all over the Jianghuai Valley and the Central Plains, where he visited local customs and collected legends. Sima Qian said in the preface: "(He) traveled south to the Yangtze River and Huaihe River in his twenties, went to meetings, explored caves, peeped at nine doubts, and floated in Yuan and Xiang. Writing and thinking in the north, talking about the capital of Qilu, observing the legacy of Confucius, and filming the countryside; Urbana, Xue, Guo Liang and Chu returned. So he moved to be a doctor, sent to the west to recruit Ba, and went to Shu in the south, slightly to Qiong, Di and Kunming, and also reported his life. " At the age of twenty-five, he was sent to the southwest as an envoy to supervise the army and shoulder the task of setting up a county in the southwest. Footprints are all over "Qiong, Di, Kunming" and other places. Sima Tan died in the first year of Han Yuanfeng (1 10 years ago). Three years later, Sima Qian inherited his father's footsteps and became Taishigong. At the same time, he also inherited his father's legacy (Sima Tan said to Sima Qian before he died: "When I die, I am a teacher; For Taishi, I have never forgotten what I want to write. " ), ready to write a general history. In the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 104), Sima Qian, Luo and others formulated the taichu calendar, which changed the habit of Zhuan Xu calendar used in the Qin Dynasty from October to the first month. Thus, it laid a calendar foundation for China's farming society for the next two thousand years. After that, Sima Qian devoted himself to studying history and writing, and began to write historical records.

In 65438 BC+065438 BC+00 BC (the first year of Yuanfeng), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty held a large-scale tour of Zen, riding 180,000 troops and raising thousands of flags. Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, is a historian. At this time, Sima Tan went to treat the disease and got permission from Emperor Wu to stay in Luoyang for illness. Just as Sima Qian hurried from Chang 'an to follow Emperor Wu, he met his dying father Sima Tan in Luoyang. Sima Qian recorded in detail Sima Tan's earnest entrustment of what he called "between Heluo and Luoyang" in the Preface to Historical Records and Biographies of Huo Zhi. Sima Tan said: Yu Xian, the Taishi Duke, has served as an official in Yu, Xia and Dian since the end of the world, but his fame has declined in later generations, so he has never given it? If you return to Taishi, you will continue my ancestors. Today, I will succeed Tong Chitose and seal Mount Tai. I am not allowed to follow suit. This is my life, my life! When I die, you will be an official. For Taishi, I have never forgotten what I want to write. And husband filial piety began to serve the pro, and he served the gentleman. Finally, I established myself and made a name for myself in later generations to show my parents that this filial piety is the greatest. My husband praised the Duke of Zhou all the time, saying that he could sing and dance well, be eloquent and martial, publicize the style of Zhou and Shao, and respect Hou Ji with King Tai and Ji Wang. After seclusion, the kingly way was missing, the rites and music declined, and Confucius abandoned the old. As for poems and books, scholars wrote Spring and Autumn Annals. Since the forest, it has been over 400 years old, and there are princes, and historical records have been released. Today, the Han Dynasty is prosperous, the country is unified, and the people who are loyal to the monarch and ministers are dead. I am too ambitious to discuss and waste world history. I am very afraid of it, so I miss it! Sima Qian bowed his head and wept bitterly, and swore to his father, "Although I am not smart, please allow me to write all the gossip about the past that you recorded, and never dare to leave any gaps." The meeting in Luoyang has therefore become the difference between life and death of this father and son who love history.

Compilation and conviction of history books

In BC 108 (the third year of Yuanfeng), when Sima Qian was 38 years old, he issued a formal official order and had the opportunity to read all the books, files and various historical materials hidden in the Han Dynasty court. While sorting out historical materials, he participated in the revision of the calendar. When China's first almanac, taichu calendar, was completed in BC 104 (the first year of the early days), he began to write historical records. In 99 BC (the second year of Tianhan), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Li Guangli, general of the Second Division, to attack Xiongnu with 30,000 troops. Defeated, almost completely annihilated, Li Guangli fled back. Li Guang's grandson, Li Ling, then served as a captain on horseback, fighting the Huns with 5,000 infantry. Khan personally led thirty thousand cavalry to surround the infantry of Liling. But Li Ling's archery is good and the soldiers are brave. Five thousand infantry killed five or six thousand tarquin. Khan assigned more troops, but he still couldn't compete with Li Ling. Writing history books on Sima Qian's indignation.

[3] When Khan was preparing to withdraw, a soldier in Liling dared to defect and reported the military situation inside Liling. Tell Khan that there are no reinforcements behind Li Ling, and teach Khan's men to make bows and arrows that can be shot repeatedly. Khan then continued to fight with Li Ling. In the end, Li Ling was outnumbered, leaving only more than 400 Han soldiers to break through. Li Ling was captured by the Huns and surrendered. Ministers condemned Li Ling for not being afraid of death and surrendering to the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Taishi to ask Sima Qian to listen to his opinion. Sima Qian said, "Li Ling has less than 5,000 infantry. He went deep into the enemy's hinterland and struck tens of thousands of enemies. Although he lost the battle, he killed so many enemies that he can tell the world. Li Ling refused to die at once, so he must have an idea. He must want to atone and repay the emperor. " Hearing this, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that Sima Qian's defense of Li Ling was intended to belittle Li Guangli (Li Guangli was the younger brother of Emperor Wu's favorite concubine), and he flew into a rage and said, "Defending those who surrendered to the enemy is not intended to oppose the court?" He put Sima Qian in prison and handed him over to Ting Wei for interrogation. After Sima Qian went to prison, the case fell into the hands of Du Zhou, a notorious cruel official at that time. Du Zhou tortured Sima Qian, and Sima Qian endured all kinds of cruel physical and mental torture. In the face of cruel officials, he never gave in or confessed. Sima Qian kept asking himself in prison: "Is this my sin? Is this my sin? I am a courtier, can't I express my opinion? " Soon, it was rumored that Li Ling led Xiongnu soldiers to attack the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed it and hastily killed Li Ling's mother, wife and son. Sima Qian was also sentenced to death for this incident. The following year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed Li Ling's family and punished Sima Qian for corruption. Corruption is a great shame, polluting ancestors and making friends. Sima Qian mentioned this incident in the book "Reporting to Ren Shaoqing" and said: "When this disaster happened, it was poked by hardworking township party members, laughing and insulting ancestors. How can he go back to his parents' cemetery? Although he was tired and dirty for a long time, he stayed nine times a day, but he died suddenly when he lived, but he didn't know where to go when he went out. Every time he felt ashamed, he sweated and stained his back. "humiliated in prison", careless friends, bound by wooden ropes, violent skin injury, famous on the list, claustrophobic in the wall. At this time, when I saw the jailer, I grabbed the ground first, and I felt anxious when I was transferred "(Sima Qian's" Reporting Ren An "). Almost killed him. He wanted to die, but he thought of collecting information for many years and said, "People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather. "Writing history books is my long-cherished wish, so in order to complete the compilation of historical records, I have to bear the burden of humiliation and hope to have the opportunity. In 96 BC (the first year of Taishi), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed to the Yuan Dynasty and granted amnesty to the world. Sima Qian was 50 years old at this time. After he got out of prison, he became a secretary. In the eyes of others, he may be "respecting his position", but he still devotes himself to writing his book. It was not until 9 1 year BC (the second year of Zheng He) that the book Historical Records was completed, 130, with more than 520,000 words. [4]

Edit the sequence of events in this paragraph.

Sima Qian was born in Longmen in 145 BC. BC 140 (the first year of Jian Yuan of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty) was 6 years old and studied in his hometown. Father Sima Tan served as Taishiling. Preface of Taishi Gong: "Talking about Taishi Gong is between Jianyuan and Yuanfeng. Taishigong is in charge of Tianguan and does not treat the people. " 136 BC (the fifth year of Jianyuan), 10 years old, in my hometown. Preface of Taishi Gong: "Recite ancient prose at the age of ten." Press: Sima Qian is about 10 years old, that is, he lived a life of farming and studying in his hometown. BC 135 (the sixth year of Jianyuan) 1 1 year. After Dou Taihou's death, the conflict in Han area came to an abrupt end, a hundred schools of thought contended, and Confucianism came back to life. Sima Qian was born in this year. BC 134 years (the first year of Han Yuanguang) 12 years old. It is Dong Zhongshu's "Three Strategies of Heaven and Man". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism alone. Sima Qian studied in xia yang and Chang 'an. BC 127 (the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), he moved from xia yang to Chang 'an. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty suggested moving people from their father Yan to Maoling. Sima Qian moved to Beijing with his family. Learn from Kong Anguo's Shangshu and Dong Zhongshu's Chunqiu. Kong Anguo served as an assistant. BC 126 (the third year of Yuanshuo), at the age of 20, traveled all over the world. Sima Qian roamed Jianghuai, went up to Huiji, crossed Yuanjiang River and Xiangjiang River, crossed Wenshui and Surabaya in the north, watched the ceremony in Shandong, crossed Xue (now southeast of tengxian, Shandong Province) and Pengcheng in the south, and returned to Chang 'an several years later to prepare for his father's historical records. BC 124 (the fifth year of yuanshuo) was 22 years old. Palace is the prime minister. Please appoint 50 disciples for the doctor. Sima Qian was a doctoral student. BC 123 (the sixth year of yuanshuo), 23 years old, doctor. Get a doctorate with excellent exam results, that is, the emperor's bodyguard officer. BC 122 (the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), 24 years old, doctor. Sima Qian's attendant, Emperor Wu, visited Yong and offered sacrifices to Wu. Go find Bai Lin. Sima Tan began to write Taishi Gongshu. Historical Records was originally planned to be closed this year. history

[5] "Preface to Taishi Gong": "Since Tang Taochao, as for Lin Zhi." The lower limit of Sima Qian's revision was said in his early and later years. In 65438 BC +0 19 years (five years of yuanshou), he was a doctor at the age of 28. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty traveled from Dinghu to Ganquan (now Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province), and Sima Qian served as a doctor. 1 13 BC (the fourth year of Emperor Ding Yuan), he was 33 years old and was a doctor. With the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he offered sacrifices to the five emperors in Yong (now Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province) and Hedong (now Northeast Xia County, Shanxi Province). You Si and Taishi Gong Sima Tan and Guan Shu discuss the post-sacrifice kindness. Houtu Temple was built in Fenyin (now Wanrong County, Shanxi Province). In October of winter, "Emperor Wu was lucky to be separated from Xia Yangdong", and Sima Shi went back to his hometown in xia yang with Emperor Wu. BC 1 12 (the fifth year of Ding Yuan), he was 34 years old and a doctor. In October, Sima Qian visited Fufeng, Pingliang and Kongtong in the northwest as a servant of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Some people, such as Taishi Gongtan, Resignation and Kuanshu, suggested setting up an altar to Emperor Wu. Tai Shi Gong talks about the ceremony of discussing Thailand. In 65438 BC (the sixth year of Ding Yuan), he was 35 years old and was a doctor. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty discussed Mount Tai Zen with ministers and students. Sima Qian was appointed as a doctor. As the emperor's special envoy, he went west to the south of Bashu, arrived in Qiong (now Xichang, Sichuan), Yan (now Hanyuan, Sichuan) and Kunming (now Qujing, Yunnan) to appease the southwest ethnic minorities and set up five counties. BC 1 10 (the first year of Emperor Yuan Feng), 36 years old, doctor. Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty entered Mount Tai to meditate, accompanied by Taishi Gong Sima Tan, he arrived in Nan Zhou (now Luoyang, Henan Province) and was critically ill. Sima Qian returned to Nan Zhou from the southwest to see his father. On Sima Qian's dying entrustment of Confucius' follow-up Spring and Autumn Annals. As a doctor, Sima Qian accompanied Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Mount Tai and then to the seaside, from Jieshi to western Liaoning. Pass through North and Jiuyuan (now west of Baotou City) and return to Ganquan in May. BC 109 (the second year of Yuanfeng), 37 years old, doctor. In the spring, Sima Qian went to Goujian's home (now Yanshi, Henan Province) with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and then to Donglai. In April, when the Yellow River burst, Sima Qian went from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Puyang. He and his ministers were paid by officials to block the Yellow River burst. BC 108 (three years of Yuanfeng), 38 years old, Taishiling. Stepfather is Tai Shiling. Preface of Taishi Gong: "Taishi Gong died at the age of three, moved to Taishi Ling, and was the book of the nobles." Write back with friends, encourage them to abandon seclusion and aspire to a career, so as to establish morality, make a statement and make contributions. BC 107 (four years of Yuanfeng) was thirty-nine years old and served as Taishiling. In October, Sima Qian went to Yong with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to offer sacrifices to the five emperors. After returning to the Middle Road, Xiao Guan was granted (now southeast of Guyuan County, Ningxia), returned from Dai Di (now Yuxian County, Hebei Province) via Zhuolu, and returned to Chang 'an via Hedong. BC 106 (Yuanfeng five years), 40 years old, Taishiling. In winter, Sima Qian followed Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty (Lujiang) in the southern county, hoping to sacrifice to Yu Shun in Jiuyi Mountain, cross the Yangtze River (now southwest of Huangmei County, Hubei Province), climb Lushan Mountain, reach Langya in the north (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province), seal Mount Tai and travel along the coast. BC 105 (six years of Yuanfeng), 4 1 year old, is the Taishiling. In winter, Sima Qian followed Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the Zhong Hui (now northwest of Longxian County, Shaanxi Province). The third menstrual period is from Xiayang to Hedong, and it is sacrificed at Houtu Temple. BC 104 (the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), aged 42. Sima Qian and doctor Hu Ai formulated the taichu calendar, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty announced the abolition of the Zhuan Xu calendar and replaced it with this calendar. Taichu calendar had a great influence on later generations. In October, Sima Qian and Emperor Wu offered sacrifices to Mount Tai. Sima Qian began to write historical records. BC 103 (in the second year of Tai Chu), aged 43, Taishiling. Sima Qian concentrated on writing. "Never know the guests, forget the things at home, think about it day and night, and work hard." BC 100 (the first year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty), 46 years old, Taishiling. Su Wu's mission to Xiongnu was detained, and Emperor Wu sent his troops to crusade against Xiongnu. Li Ling is a general, please "be a team". In 99 BC (the second year of Tianhan), he was 47 years old and was an official of Taishi. In March, Sima Qian and Emperor Wudi went to Hedong to offer sacrifices to Hou Di. In November, Liling was defeated by the Huns. Sima Qian was arrested and sentenced to death for speaking for Liling. He was 48 years old in 98 BC (the third year of Tianhan). Liling was extinct. Sima Qian put up with humiliation for the historical records of his works and invited himself to jail. "Sad men are unlucky" is about this year. In 97 BC (the fourth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), he was 49 years old and served as a secretariat. He was pardoned from prison and appointed secretary. Biography of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty: "After moving away, I was ordered to be a secretary in the Chinese Library." Angry at historical records. In 93 BC (four years of Taishigong), he was 53 years old and was ordered by the secretariat. In April and May this year, Shao Qing wrote a letter to Sima Qian. In 9 1 year BC (the second year of Emperor Han Zhengdi), he was 55 years old and was a secretariat. Report to Ren was written in this year. Complete the history. "Bao Ren" said: "Servants rely on incompetent words, collect old news in the world, test their deeds, and check the reasons for their success or failure. There are 130 articles. " "I wrote this book, a famous mountain in Tibet, and passed it on to my people." In 90 BC (the third year of Zheng He), he was 56 years old. Sima Qian died about this year. Cause of death is unknown. One said that Sima Qian died in 87 BC (two years after Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty), and the other said that he died in 86 BC (the first year of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty). Notes on the Old Instruments of Hanshu: "Sima Qian's Biography of Jingdi is extremely short, and the Emperor Wu said it, and the Emperor Wu angrily cut it. Later, Li Ling was taken, and the mausoleum fell to the Xiongnu, so he moved to the silkworm room and complained that he died in prison." Guo Moruo's "About the Death of Sima Qian": "The death in prison is bound to spread to the world, so Wei Hong and Ge Hong both wrote about it, and dare not make it out of nothing to distort historical facts." [6]

Edit this surviving work

After he was released from prison, Sima Qian was appointed as the official in charge of secretariat of history and wrote history books angrily. He also wanted to "learn from the changes of ancient and modern times, and become a unified statement", and completed China's first biography-Historical Records. Historical Records didn't have a title at first. Sima Qian showed the manuscript to Dong Fangshuo, and Dong Fangshuo appreciated it and named it Taishi Gongshu. Later people called Taishi Gongshu "Historical Records". "Historical Records" was originally a general term for the history books of various countries, and Sima Qian's writings were also made with reference to the history books of various countries during the Warring States Period. However, due to the influence of Taishi Gongshu, it became the proper name of this book around the Eastern Han Dynasty. After Sima Qian finished writing Historical Records, he knew that this book was not accepted by the contemporary world, so he saved a copy in the famous mountain in advance and passed it on to future generations. Historical Records had a far-reaching influence on the development of later historiography and literature. Zheng Qiao said, "After the Six Classics, this is the only work". Lu Xun praised "Historical Records", saying that "historians never sing, leaving Sao without rhyme". Zhao Yi's Notes on the Twenty-two Histories said: "Sima Qian gave consideration to both ancient and modern times and drew inferences from others to make it a general history. This kind of record is in the order of emperors, aristocratic families remember the country, ten tables are current affairs, eight books are detailed, and biographies are aimed at characters. Then the gains and losses of a generation of monarchs, ministers and politicians are gathered in a series. Since then, the historians of past dynasties cannot go beyond their scope, and those who believe in history are extremely good. "

Edit this passage of Huo Zhi Thought.

Sima Qian's Biography of Huo Zhi quoted Laozi's ultimate governance thought at the beginning, and the whole article was shrouded in the naturalistic thought of "conforming to nature" and "governing by doing nothing" from beginning to end. The opening quotation of Laozi said: "The ultimate rule is that neighboring countries look at each other, and the voices of chickens and dogs hear each other. The people are willing to eat what they eat, dress what they like, be vulgar and cheap, and enjoy their business until they die." Then there is Sima Qian's own words: "If we must take this as a service and attract the eyes and ears of the people in the near future, there is nothing to do." This quotation omits "a small country with few people, so that hundreds of tools are not used, which makes people die again and migration is not far away" in the original text of Laozi's Tao Te Ching. Although there is a boat, nothing is taken; Although there are soldiers, there is nothing to show off. The words "make people use it" and "ultimate rule" have been added. This shows that Sima Qian attaches importance to this passage in Laozi, and the quotation is followed by Sima Qian's own point of view-"it must be used as a service." Here, Sima Qian apparently quoted Laozi's words, but actually borrowed Laozi's mouth to express his thoughts of governing the country. He kept the core of Taoism and nature, consciously eliminated the thought of "small country and few people" in primitive society and "creating man" in slave society, embodied the thought of "keeping pace with the times" and won the essence of Taoism (preface to Shi Ji Tai's poems). The core of Sima Qian's ultimate governance thought is the unity of man and nature, and the essence is people's desire. Sima Qian's ultimate ideal of governance is comparable to Confucius' ideal of great harmony, that is, "the world is public, talents and abilities are selected, faith is upheld, and harmony is improved" (Li Yun). The difference is that the latter emphasizes order arrangement, while the former emphasizes natural evolution. Wang Chong quoted Tai Shigong in Lun Heng Ming Road, which further summarized Sima Qian's thought of "the unity of man and nature". Taishi Gong said, "Richness does not violate poverty, and poverty does not violate wealth." "The rich do not want to be poor, and the poor are self-sufficient; If you are poor, you don't want to be rich, but if you are rich, you are complacent. Prisoners die in spring and summer, but not in autumn and winter; The sun comes out and enters, which is not what you want. Heaven is natural. " [7]

Edit this astrological achievement.

Inscription and Postscript of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty

[8] Astrologers should first put forward Sima Qian. Everyone knows that Sima Qian is a great historian, but he doesn't know that he is also an expert in astronomy and astrology. In fact, as long as you carefully read his Historical Records, Official Books, Law Books and Almanac, you will understand that calling him an expert in astronomical astrology is by no means a hollow name. A profound literary master like Sima Qian will never define his own scope and limit his own knowledge system and exploration field. Ancient historians have always regarded ephemeris as one of their duties, so it is not surprising that they are proficient in astrology. Sima Qian, on the other hand, can combine astrology with historical issues and study the changes of ancient and modern times with the foresight of historians, which is beyond the reach of other astrologers and historians. Sima Qian did not use astrology to measure specific personnel changes, but summed up historical laws, which can not be said to be his creative application of Galaxy Studies. Sima Qian inherited his father's will and completed the task of "pushing the changes of the ancient times" in Historical Records, which was clearly stated as "connecting the changes of the ancient and modern times and studying the time between man and nature". His conclusion is expressed in the Book of Heaven, that is, according to the solar eclipse and comet sighting in the Spring and Autumn Period of 242, the decline and fall of emperors in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, the prosperity of the Five Dynasties and society were linked. This is the most important example of Sima Qian's application of astrology, which occupies the highest position in the whole history of astrology education. In addition, Sima Qian also summed up the basic principles of astrology since the Warring States Period, which are expressed as follows (also recorded in official books): "I carefully consulted the records of historical books and investigated the events that occurred in history, and found that during 100 years, all five stars were retrograde. When the five stars are retrograde, they often become particularly bright. The eclipse of the sun and the moon and its movement from south to north have a certain speed and period, which is the most basic data on which astrology is based. The Purple Palace Star Wall, the four palaces in the sky, the stars in the east, west, north and south, and their countless stars are all in the same position, and their sizes and mutual distances are constant. Their distribution and arrangement symbolize the position of the five senses in the sky. This is the basis of astrology as a' classic', that is, unchanged. Water, fire, gold, wood and Saturn are the five auxiliary elements of heaven. Their appearance and concealment have a certain time and period, but their running speed is uneven. This is the' latitude' in astrology, which is the part that changes through purple. By combining these fixed and changing astrology, we can predict personnel changes. " [9]