Wen Ze, Justin Winsor (183 1 ~ 1897), is an American librarian and historian. 183165438/kloc-0 was born in Boston, Massachusetts on October 2nd, and/kloc-0 died in Cambridge on October 22nd. 1852 graduated from Harvard University, and obtained his degree after 15. I have studied in Germany, France and other countries. 1854 returned to Boston to devote himself to writing and became famous locally. 1866, he served as the director of the Boston public library, and two years later, C.C. Jouett became the director of the library. From 65438 to 0877, he was a librarian at Harvard University. He made great contributions to the modernization of the two libraries and the development of American librarianship. For example, he attaches importance to studying readers' reading interest in order to improve service; Establish interlibrary loan procedures so that all libraries can obtain more information; Replace the book register with a card-type shelf catalogue; The first precedent for opening on Sunday; Reduce the age limit for readers; Establish branch libraries and increase service places; Create an appointment book borrowing system; Open stacks to college students; Persist in making loan records and carry out statistical analysis of book management; Design the borrowing list filled out by the borrower, speed up the lifting of books, and carry out activities to guide the use of the library; Promote teachers' effective participation in book selection; Exchange the catalogue of continuous publications with other libraries; Make a plan for intensive storage of books that are not commonly used on metal shelves; Reorganize the management structure of the library and give each librarian more responsibilities. He is also one of the founders of the American Library Association. From 1876 to 1885, he served as the first chairman of the association, and from 1897, he served as the chairman again. He also helped found the library journal. Wen Ze believes that university librarians should be both administrators and scholars. After the busy work in the library, he has been insisting on historical research. 1880 ~ 188 1 edited four volumes of the chronicle of Boston, 1884 ~ 1889 completed eight volumes of the history of American narrative and criticism, and wrote the biography of Columbus. He is also a first-class map drawing expert.