1. Are there punctuation marks in ancient articles? In China ancient literature, there are generally no punctuation marks, and sentence breaking can only be done by human experience (adding "sentence reading symbols" in the article: the period looks like the current period, indicating the end of the sentence; Reading the number seems to be the current pause, indicating the pause of tone), which often leads to ambiguity and misunderstanding of the words used in the article; For example, there are seven ways to interpret the sentence "I am a guest in rainy days, I am not a guest" in Zhao Tianyang's New Collection of Shuowen Jiezi. But in fact, China has punctuation marks since the pre-Qin period, which can be seen from the archaeological relics since the 20th century, but there is no unified standard for these symbols. For example, you can see "└" in bamboo slips during the Warring States period. Another example is the function of ▄, which combines modern commas and periods to express sentence breaks. In fact, as early as Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen, there was a rather peculiar punctuation mark sprouting in China. Xu Shen collected punctuation marks in Shuo Wen Jie Zi in Han Dynasty, and the symbols received were ","and "()". Not without punctuation. The first person who introduced punctuation marks from abroad was Zhang Deyi, a student of Wentong Museum in the late Qing Dynasty. During the period from 1868 to 1869, I finished the book Restatement of Curiosity. Now this book is called Travels in Europe and America, and there is a passage in it that introduces western punctuation marks, although Zhang did not consciously introduce punctuation marks to domestic intellectuals, or even opposed them. However, in the process of inadvertently planting willows, it has brought a new wind to the development of China language symbols. In April, 2009, Professor Hu Shi, Professor Qian, Professor Zhou Zuoren and Professor Ma Yuzao put forward the Proposal for Promulgating New Punctuation Symbols at the first meeting of the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Putonghua, demanding its promulgation. :! On February 2nd, 2009, Beiyang * * * Ministry of Education issued the No.53 instruction "General Orders for New Punctuations", and the first set of legal new punctuation marks in China was born. In 2009, with the support of Chen Duxiu and Hu Shi, Wang Yuan Punctuation Small Publishing House opened in Shanghai.

2. What is the earliest punctuation mark in China? In 65438+6th century, Manutiuus Jr. put forward a formal punctuation system. The main symbols originated from the points used by Greek legalists, but their meanings often change. Greek question mark (; ) became a semicolon in English. In ancient China, there were no punctuation marks, so it was very difficult to read articles, and even there were misunderstandings. It was not until the Han dynasty that the symbol "sentence reading" was invented, and a short piece of language integrity was "sentence"; If you don't finish the sentence, you can stop reading for a short time. In the Song Dynasty, ""and ""were used to express the meaning of sentences. Names and place names only appeared in the Ming Dynasty, which is the earliest punctuation mark in China. 19 19, based on the original punctuation marks in China and referring to the commonly used punctuation marks in various countries, was put forward by the National Language and Character Unification Conference. There are 12 punctuation marks, which were promulgated by the Ministry of Education at that time. After the founding of New China, the General Administration of Publishing further summarized the usage rules of punctuation marks, published the usage of punctuation marks in 195 1, and gave instructions to learn the usage of punctuation marks in 10. From then on, punctuation tends to be perfect.

3. Were there punctuation marks in ancient China? There were no punctuation marks in ancient China-1920. On February 2nd, Beiyang Ministry of Education issued instruction No.53-"Use New Punctuation Symbols in General Orders", and approved the "Please Issue New Punctuation Symbols Scheme" jointly proposed by six professors from Peking University.

The birth of the first set of legal new punctuation marks in China has become a record in the history of language and culture development. 19 19 In April, six professors headed by Hu Shi, such as Qian,,, Zhou Zuoren and Ma Yuzao, were extremely reluctant to read "all kinds of newspapers, books and articles, which were so dense that they not only ignored the grammatical differences, but also lost the meaning of appreciation".

At the first meeting of the preparatory meeting for the national unified language and writing, they put forward the "plan" and asked * * * to promulgate it. ; :? ! -() ""Equipunctuation.

165438+1At the end of October, Hu Shi revised the above scheme and named the symbols listed in the original scheme as "new punctuation marks", which was approved this year. In ancient times, punctuation marks often made jokes, so they looked small, but they played a very important role in the communication of written language.

Now the ancestors of punctuation we use are in Europe. Although the concept of punctuation appeared in China before the Han Dynasty, such as "distinguishing classics", that is, writing a word or two between two sentences, or marking the end of a sentence with vertical lines and short horizontal lines, it was not widely used, and jokes of one kind or another often appeared.

Did everything wrong? The foreign reserve said lower left? "Shuo Er" recorded such a story: Ai Gong asked Confucius, "I have heard of it. Do you believe it? " Yue: "Hey, people, why is it enough?" There is no difference between them, just by sound. Yao said, one is enough.

Make it interesting. So the gentleman said,' Only one foot, no foot.

"Yes, Lu Aigong was surprised to hear that Wei Xiao had one foot, so he asked Confucius. Confucius told him that Wei Xiao was a music official who was well versed in temperament and made great contributions to the world music education in the Yao period. After Shun succeeded to the throne, he wanted to find someone else to be a music officer. Yao advised Shun that one person like Wei Xiao was enough.

It happened that Lu Aigong read ancient books and didn't know how to read sentences. He understood Wei Xiao as a monster with one foot, and it was inevitable that he would make a joke when he became a monarch. In the Han dynasty, "sentence reading" was used as a pause sign, which is similar to our sentence breaking today.

There are two symbols: "↓" and "and". For example, Shuo Wen Jie Zi explains that "↓" means "knowing, living in the moon and cutting", and "knowing only is the master of cutting". In other words, all the places that can be stopped at the end of the text are marked with "↓", and all the places that can be read in the text are marked with ",",which is today's period and comma.

In the Song Dynasty, the hook became a circle with the shape of "○", which was divided into three types: large, medium and small. When Zhu wrote four notes, he used a big "○" before each chapter and "○" after each sentence.

During this period, paragraph numbers appeared, which were indicated by "∨" or "∧", painted in the lower right corner of the last word of each paragraph, and even appeared.

""。

"Such dense circles and dots are added to the right of the word to emphasize the wonderful part of the sentence. This usage remained in use until the 1920s.

The "_ _ _ _ _ _" next to a person's name or place name appeared in the Ming Dynasty at the latest. However, it is worth noting that punctuation marks in ancient times are mostly used to indicate pauses, and there is not much difference in meaning. Books without punctuation marks account for the vast majority.

After the Opium War, new ideas were introduced, and western punctuation marks followed. The first person who introduced punctuation marks from abroad was Zhang Deyi, a student of Wentong Museum in the late Qing Dynasty.

Wentong Pavilion was established in the Westernization Movement in Qing Dynasty to train foreign language talents. Zhang Deyi is one of the first students in the English class. In February of the seventh year of Tongzhi (1868), the retired ambassador to China Pu led the "China Mission" to visit Europe and America and became a member of the delegation.

Zhang Deyi has a habit, that is, no matter which country you go to, you like to record the local scenery, famous things, local conditions and customs, and compile a booklet in the name of "telling anecdotes". During the period of 1868-1869, he finished "Talking Strange Words".

This book is now called Travels in Europe and America, and there is a passage introducing western punctuation. It says, "Thailand's western books are boring to read, summarizing sentences." If this sentence is meaningful enough, remember it.

; If not satisfied, remember; Although the meaning is insufficient, the meaning is bonded with the previous sentence and recorded; ; If the meaning is not enough, add another sentence outside, and then remember: If you are amazed, remember! ; Remember the question? ; Quote the classics and write ""before and after the sentence. Add a note before the sentence (); Add a cross at the junction of these two paragraphs, just like-. "Although Zhang has unconsciously introduced punctuation marks to the domestic intelligentsia, he even has a tone of opposition and thinks these punctuation marks are very cumbersome.

However, in the process of inadvertently planting willows, it has brought a new wind to the development of China language symbols. Hu Shi's new punctuation inspired Zhang Taiyan's new culture movement. Before and after this, the intelligentsia made a comprehensive reflection on China's language and writing.

At the same time, the demand for new punctuation marks comes at the right time. 19 16 In August, Hu adapted to the invitation of Science magazine and wrote the article Sentence Reading and Writing Symbols, which comprehensively expounded his theoretical thinking on sentence reading and writing symbols and became the cornerstone of New Punctuation.

Science magazine was founded in the summer of 19 14 by Zhao Yuanren, an overseas student who was far away from Cornell University in the United States (later became one of the four tutors of the Institute of Qing History, and was equally famous with Wang Guowei, Chen Yinque and Liang Qichao) and Yang Xingfo with the concept of "saving the country through science". As the second batch of G class students, Hu Shi arrived at Cornell University in the United States at the end of 19 10, became good friends with science promoters, and often published his own compositions, including one on sentence reading and character symbols.

In fact, before this, in 19 14, Hu Shi created a set of "sentence reading symbols" he used in his diary: "single straight"? ",double brackets" (()) ",abstract number"-"and so on. On this basis, the article on sentence reading and character symbols has been added and rewritten. 19 18 The Outline of China's Philosophy written by Hu Shi used this new set of punctuation marks.

After the publication, he specially sent a book to Zhang Taiyan (a master of Chinese studies), which read "Mr. Taiyan refers to fallacies", signed "Hu Shijing gave" and added a black bar symbol next to their names. But punctuation was not a legal thing at that time. After reading it, Zhang Taiyan.

4. The origin of punctuation marks When did punctuation marks appear, and were used to express sentence reading and mood in writing? Punctuation marks are auxiliary symbols of written language and an organic part of written language, which are used to express pause, mood and the nature and function of words [1]16th century, there are two main schools of western punctuation marks, namely, reciting school and syntax school. It mainly evolved from Greek and Latin in the classical period, and entered a stable stage after17th century. Russian punctuation comes from Greek, and western European punctuation was adopted in18th century. There are no common punctuation marks in China's ancient works, and "."is used as a sentence at the end of19th century. In Japan in the 8th century, flashbacks and training points were used as punctuation systems. [Editor] Chinese Punctuation [Editor] History In ancient China literature, there are generally no punctuation marks, and sentence breaking can only be completed by human experience (adding "sentence reading symbols" in the article: the period looks like the current period, indicating the end of the sentence; Reading the number seems to be the current pause, which means the pause of tone), which often leads to ambiguity and misunderstanding of the words used in the article; For example, there are seven ways to interpret the sentence "I am a guest in rainy days, I am not a guest" in Zhao Tianyang's New Collection of Shuowen Jiezi. But in fact, China has punctuation marks since the pre-Qin period, which can be seen from the archaeological relics since the 20th century, but there is no unified standard for these symbols. For example, you can see "└" in bamboo slips during the Warring States period. Another example is "▄", which combines modern commas and periods to express sentence breaks. [2] In ancient records, He Ji Chuan praised He Ji: "Everything you read is punctuated. The meaning is self-evident, self-evident. " In fact, as early as Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen's time, China had quite strange punctuation marks. It existed before the Han Dynasty. Ceng Yun said, "Every sentence should be punctuated by words, and the reading point should be between words. "Xu Shen in the Han Dynasty included punctuation marks in Shuo Wen Jie Zi, which was signed." "I still know." He also received the knowledge of "()" and "Hook." It is not because there are no punctuation marks, but also because ancient documents generally have no punctuation marks and are difficult to read. Therefore, in 19 19, Ma Yuzao, Qian, Zhou Zuoren, Hu Shi and others jointly put forward the Proposal on Promulgating New Punctuation Symbols, which was published by Shanghai Commercial Press in February. It is the first "new book" written in vernacular Chinese and new punctuation marks. In 2000, with the support of Chen Duxiu and Hu Shi, Wang Yuan, who runs a small publishing house in Shanghai, published Water Margin punctually, which was the first time that China published a classic with punctuation marks. It has greatly promoted the use of China vernacular. The problem of quotation marks is according to the national standard of People's Republic of China (PRC): use double quotation marks first, single quotation marks when internal reference is needed, double quotation marks when internal reference is needed, and so on. Keep double quotation marks in the vertical column and change them to ""and "". [1] China. Use double quotation marks again. If you need to quote double quotation marks internally, use single quotation marks again, and so on [Edit] English punctuation mark period: British English (BRE): period; American English (AmE): period. "question mark", "exclamation mark" and "ah! Comma: ma, colon: colon, semicolon: semicolon,; . Hyphenation, hyphen, dash, dash, bracket, parenthesis (bracket) () (bracket; Parentheses); Square brackets "]" (a square bracket); Braces "{}" (brackets; Braces) quotation marks: quotation marks, double quotation marks ""(quotation marks); Abbreviations in single quotation marks and possessive symbols: apostrophe.

5. The origin and history of punctuation marks In ancient times, there were no punctuation marks in writing articles, which made it difficult to read and even led to misunderstanding.

It was not until the Han Dynasty that the "sentence reading" symbol was invented. A short paragraph with complete meaning is "sentence"; The paragraph in the sentence where the meaning is unfinished and the tone can be paused is "read" (equivalent to the comma now).

The Song Dynasty used "."and ","to indicate sentence reading.

Names and place names only appeared in the Ming Dynasty. These are the earliest punctuation marks in China.

19 19 On the basis of the original punctuation marks in China and referring to the punctuation marks commonly used in other countries, the Preparatory Committee for the Unified Planning of Putonghua stipulated the symbol 12, which was promulgated by the then Ministry of Education. After the founding of New China, the General Administration of Publishing further summarized the rules for the use of punctuation marks and published the usage of punctuation marks in 195 1. In the same year, the State Council issued the Guiding Opinions on Learning the Usage of Punctuation in 1.

From then on, punctuation tends to be perfect and has a unified usage. 1990 In April, the State Language Committee and the Press and Publication Administration revised and promulgated the Usage of Punctuation Symbols, which made new provisions and explanations on punctuation marks and their usage.

6. What is the earliest punctuation mark in China? {} Hello,

Reading China's ancient books, there are no punctuation marks like today. In ancient times, some words (such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions) sometimes used lines or isolation to indicate pauses, which was not common. Therefore, it has always been considered that learning to punctuate sentences is the basic requirement of reading. The symbols used in the Han Dynasty to express sentence breaks are ","and "?" . ","is used to indicate a small pause, "?" It means a big pause. This symbol was used in some simple fragments of the Han bamboo slips "The Slip of Quicksand" discovered in the early 20th century. "?" And Han called it sentence reading. These two symbols were gradually popularized and used in the Song Dynasty, but their forms changed. One is to read the number with "."and ","; The other is to read the period with the same dot, with the dot of the period next to the word and the dot of the number between two words. Books published in Song and Yuan Dynasties, especially Confucian classics, are generally read without sentences. Reading sentence symbols are mostly used for teaching or collating. There are also copies of proofreading books in Song dynasty, but it is rare.

Most of the novels in Yuan and Ming Dynasties are circled at the end of sentences, and some of them use ","or ". Yes Some operas and enlightenment books also use this method. In addition, the Ming Dynasty added names of people and places. The former is to add a straight line to the right of the name, and the latter is to add two straight lines to the right of the place name.

Punctuation, the word, first appeared in the Song Dynasty. "History of Song Dynasty He Ji Chuan": "Everything you read is punctuated, meaning is clear, and there are people who don't have to say it." Punctuation here refers to the sentence reading symbols added when reading ancient books, that is, the so-called old-fashioned punctuation.

New punctuation is borrowed from western writing habits, and it was not used until the late Qing Dynasty. Translator Yan Fu's Annotations to English (1904) is the earliest work in China that uses foreign punctuation marks. A few years before the May 4th Movement, many writers began to use new punctuation marks. Volume 4 of New Youth Magazine (19 18) has also been partially used. Because most of the publications at that time were vertical, users changed them to varying degrees. In this way, there is a phenomenon of different standards. 19 19, Ma Yuzao,, Qian, Zhou Zuoren, Hu Shi and others jointly put forward the Proposal on Promulgating New Punctuations, which was resolved at the first meeting of the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Putonghua and officially promulgated by the then Ministry of Education on 1920. This motion first explains the necessity of using punctuation marks, and then lists various symbols, including periods, periods, semicolons, colons, question marks, exclamation marks, quotation marks, dashes, ellipsis, brackets, private names, and book titles *** 12.

After the May 4th Movement, the published punctuation marks were gradually popularized and applied. Compared with the punctuation used in the west, there are several obvious differences: ① Use ""as a full stop. Don't use it. " ② Use ""and ""instead of ""in quotation marks. Is to adapt to the characteristics of straight text. (3) The names and place names of proper nouns in western languages are expressed in capital letters, while Chinese characters have no such marks, so there should be private names and book titles.

195 1 in September, the former General Administration of Publishing of the Central People's Government announced the usage of punctuation marks. 10 in June, the former Bureau of Specialized Administration issued instructions to require the whole country to follow them. In the past 40 years, the writing and typesetting of books and periodicals have changed from straight books to horizontal books, and the usage of punctuation marks has also undergone some development and changes. Therefore, on March 1990, the State Language Committee and People's Republic of China (PRC) Press and Publication Administration re-issued the revised usage of punctuation marks. This standard is based on the newly promulgated usage of punctuation marks.

This standard refers to the domestic literature on the use of punctuation marks, and widely listens to the opinions of scholars, journalists, publishers and educators in China.

This standard specifies and explains the common usage of punctuation marks in Chinese written language, aiming at making people correctly master the usage of punctuation marks, accurately expressing the meaning of words and promoting the standardization of Chinese written language.

This standard was put forward by the State Language Committee.

This standard is drafted by the punctuation usage research group of the Language and Character Application Research Office of the State Language Committee, and the main drafters are Gong and.

This standard is implemented from June 1996 to June 1 day. Since the date of implementation, the original punctuation marks shall be abolished.

7. The origin of punctuation can be traced back to the lines and spaces used in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Punctuation in a narrow sense refers to written punctuation, while punctuation in a broad sense should also include non-written punctuation, such as spaces, capitalization, segmentation and so on. And take non-written punctuation as the research object. From the pre-Qin dynasty to at least the Han dynasty, tick marks have been used to break sentences. Shuo Wen Jie Zi has officially listed ","as an entry. It is a sign of reading sentences in early Chinese. Then it introduces the punctuation marks in Tang Dynasty and Diamond Sutra, punctuation marks from Song Dynasty to the middle of Qing Dynasty, punctuation marks from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, and even the usage of punctuation marks in New China, which is a concise and systematic history of punctuation marks. Western punctuation marks originated in ancient Greece. Zhu Lin said that Greek inscriptions in the 5th century BC were written in words. Only occasionally, words and phrases are separated by two or three straight points. In Rhetoric, Aristotle (384~ 322 BC) mentioned that the works of the philosopher Heraclitus (540~ 470 BC) were difficult to break sentences because of continuous writing. Zhu Lin pointed out that the founder of western new punctuation system is Italian jurist and publisher A Manutius (about 1450 ~), colon (:), period (. ) and question mark (? His family published nearly a thousand books in a hundred years and sold them all over Europe. These basic punctuation marks are widely used in various languages. European languages gradually formed their own punctuation system, and English punctuation was not completed until the late18th century. For thousands of years, the development and changes of punctuation marks in Chinese and some western languages are very different, and from a macro perspective, they also have similar trajectories. Different regions, different viewpoints and different schools use different punctuation marks, and gradually seek common ground while reserving differences by putting aside differences, and adopt a unified or basically unified punctuation system within a language. What is intriguing is that human beings have created splendid civilizations in ancient times, but it is difficult to create a few punctuation marks. China created Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty. There are about 4500 words (about one third can be identified) in the unearthed fragments of Oracle bones. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty collected 9353 words of seal script. From then until the end of Qing dynasty, there were only a few words, such as (. ), read (,), to emphasize (. ) and express the proper noun (-), which is approved for use. It was not until 1920 Beiyang * * * Ministry of Education published the Proposal for Promulgating a New Punctuation Law that it became the punctuation series of 12. Ancient Greek civilization is dazzling. Around the 5th century BC, philosophers appeared in large numbers. Left a lot of literature on philosophy, history, literature and natural science for later generations. However, it was not until the Hellenistic era that aristophanes (257- 180 BC), the librarian of Alexandria, created the three-level dot: the middle dot (. ), upper point (˙) and lower point (. ), out of nothing, in turn precious. Europe It was not until the end of 18 that it was finalized at the beginning of the 20th century. The first person who introduced modern punctuation from abroad was Zhang Deyi, a student of Wentong Museum in the late Qing Dynasty. In April 2009, six professors, Hu Shi, Qian, Zhou Zuoren and Ma Yuzao, jointly wrote a letter requesting the promulgation of the * * * law. :? ! -() ""Equipunctuation. 1920 On February 2nd, Beiyang * * * Ministry of Education issued instruction No.53-"Use new punctuation marks in general orders", and the first set of legal new punctuation marks was born in China.

8. The historical significance of punctuation "Punctuation is like a person's five senses. Just because it's not text doesn't matter. If the label is wrong, the meaning will change. "

-Guo Moruo, think about it, if the text lacks punctuation, it is like a face without facial features, and its face is blurred. If used improperly, the words will be unrecognizable and ugly.

Therefore, only by using punctuation correctly and skillfully can we express our feelings and thoughts accurately and appropriately, make the words more vivid and vivid, make readers understand your meaning, be moved by your words, and produce * * * sounds. Some literary works even express meanings through punctuation marks.

Lu Xun's The True Story of Ah Q, Kong Yiji and Hometown are the best examples. Lu Xun skillfully used punctuation marks, which contained many meanings. If you don't have a deep understanding of punctuation, you can't appreciate these works.

Because punctuation is so important, many celebrities and writers attach great importance to it. And Zhu once said, "Every punctuation mark has a unique function. It is not too much to say that they are another form of function words.

We should treat them the same as' harmony',' virtue',' what' and' what'. Whether they are used or not, and where they are used, all deserve consideration. Zhu Zhishan Mingluntang commented on a famous couplet: Tomorrow spring is unlucky, and next year, less and less money is unlucky. It is safe to live in this place, and the people here are very sad.

The above hurtful and abusive couplets, once opened by Zhu Zhishan with punctuation marks, become good couplets of praise and praise with completely opposite meanings. Tomorrow will be a good spring, not bad luck, less luck in the coming year, more money, a safe place to live, a good person, not sad.

The importance of punctuation marks can be seen here.