1, Status Quo of Abandoned Industrial Factories in China
1. 1 gradual loss of the function of the original material
Ruins of abandoned industrial plants play an important role in the urban structure of cities, especially large industrial cities. After 1990s, with the adjustment of urban industrial structure, the spatial pattern of many cities has undergone major changes. On the one hand, the rise of the tertiary industry and the introduction and development of high-tech make the development of traditional industries in trouble, and many old factories and enterprises are facing the situation of "closing, stopping, merging and transferring"; On the other hand, the expansion of the city makes the old industrial buildings mixed in the new sections, which seems out of place, and the urban planning also consciously transfers the old industrial areas to the emerging industrial areas or suburbs. In this way, many industrial buildings have lost their material functions and become increasingly dilapidated due to long-term vacancy and abandonment, which has become the burden of urban environmental construction.
1.2 still carries important spiritual functions.
The waste industrial workshop area was once the representative of new technologies, new materials and new structures in a certain period in China, an important link in the context of urban development, and a witness to the city's complete image and historical evolution. In the first half of the 20th century, China completed an important stage of industrialization accumulation. In the process of actively learning from advanced countries in science and technology in the world, the design of industrial workshops was more influenced by new western buildings, and more new technologies, new structures and new materials were adopted, which represented the level of scientific and technological development at that time.
2. The significance of landscape reconstruction of abandoned industrial plants.
2. 1 Economic significance of transformation
Transformation is an abstract exchange of tangible value and intangible value, and it can also create visible economic benefits. In terms of cost, the transformation of abandoned industrial plants has saved one-third to one-fourth of the construction costs and a large number of public construction costs.
2.2 the significance of energy-saving transformation
The demolition of old industrial buildings consumes a lot of energy, such as transporting construction waste, treating construction waste and human resources in the process of demolition. It can be said that if the same building is built in the same place, the wasted and extra consumed energy = the energy contained in the building+the energy of urban infrastructure+the energy needed for demolition, which can be saved through transformation.
2.3 the environmental significance of the transformation
The abandoned industrial workshop area was already accompanied by the emission of greenhouse gases and toxins such as carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides when it was built that year. If it is rebuilt, it will inevitably cause new pollution and aggravate the greenhouse effect. In addition, the traditional demolition process is often accompanied by urban noise and air pollution. More importantly, the demolished construction waste cannot be degraded naturally.
2.4 Context significance of change
Whether it is a single building or a historical area, it is an organic part of the city and plays a very important role in the continuation of the urban context and the integrity of the environment. If context is understood as a resource from the perspective of cultural ecology, then transformation provides an effective way to protect context resources.
3, the principle of landscape transformation of abandoned industrial plants
3. 1 the principle of respect
The design principle of respect refers to respecting the historical and spatial logical relationship of the original building in the reconstruction and reuse project of the waste plant area. For the renovation design of the old factory building with historical, cultural and artistic value, the principle of respect is embodied in maintaining the historical and cultural atmosphere, spatial order, form and architectural style of the original factory building; The principle of respect is embodied in the respect for the volume relationship, spatial characteristics, structural system and technical facilities of the original building. These elements may be the space of the building, the texture of the wall, structural components, or even some unremarkable equipment left over from the past. But as long as designers are keen to capture them and deal with them through a series of indoor techniques such as color, lighting, texture, material, line of sight and streamline control, these things can make special contributions to the indoor space of the renovation project.
3.2 Matching principle
The principle of matching design refers to the principle that the reconstruction design should meet the new functional requirements, make the structure reasonable, economically feasible and easy to maintain, and make the new use function of the building match the old spatial form. Therefore, when dealing with each specific renovation project, we should first analyze the relationship between function and form, explore the spatial law of existing factories, tap the potential use of space, understand the available area and the needs of owners, and then determine the basic intention of renovation design to meet the matching principle of new architectural forms and functions.
3.3*** Natural principle
In the transformation and utilization of abandoned factory areas, all kinds of old and new elements are integrated, and through the reorganization and bridge of old and new elements, new vitality is injected into the new body, providing the possibility and freedom of development. The appearance of old and new space is a necessary prerequisite for the transformation and utilization of old factories, and it is also the main content of dealing with the relationship between old and new buildings in urban design. Whether it is the internal renewal of old buildings, the renewal between new buildings and old buildings, or the renewal between new buildings and urban environment, we must follow the principle of the coexistence of old and new.
4. Landscape transformation and practice mode of abandoned industrial workshop area.
4. 1 urban open space model
It is an important issue in the process of sustainable urbanization in China to strengthen the construction of eco-city through opening space and promote the sustainable development of the city. It is of great social and practical significance and feasible to transform abandoned industrial workshops and industrial wasteland into urban open space.
4.2 tourist resort mode
The tourism of waste industrial plants is a new research direction of industrial theme tourism. However, at present, the tourism of waste industrial plants has not yet formed a scale, and the specific implementation experience is also relatively lacking. We need our designers to constantly explore and practice and sum up effective and feasible methods.
4.3 Expo Center Model
The Expo Center is also a new attempt to transform the landscape of abandoned industrial plants. For abandoned industrial plants or industrial heritage, government departments should set up corresponding industrial heritage protection institutions to be responsible for the investigation, protection, management, development and utilization of industrial heritage; There are also exhibition halls for the protection of industrial cultural relics.
4.4 Creative Industry Park (Center) Mode
Modern old industrial buildings are cheap in the early days, and they are all located in the city center. More importantly, the memories of industrial civilization and sites accumulated behind these old factories and warehouses can stimulate creative inspiration. Coupled with the open and spacious structure of the factory, it can be disassembled and rearranged at will, which is favored by artists and other creative industry practitioners. For example, Baqiao Creative Industry Park.
4.5 Living patterns
(1) From factory building to duplex single apartment
(2) From workshop to urban low-rent housing
5. Design techniques for landscape transformation of buildings and external environment in abandoned industrial plants.
5. 1 integration method for indoor space reconstruction design of waste industrial workshops
5. 1. 1 vertical development
Developing to the top or extending downward is an effective way to increase the use area. Of course, the first condition is that the original structure allows it to be feasible, which must rely on a series of studies on the structural situation.
5. 1.2 level development
The inward push of workshop space is often caused by the change of external conditions. The library in Kanazawa, Japan is a successful example of the horizontal expansion and transformation of old buildings. The construction factory turned the cigarette factory into a stack room, and a very modern new library was built next to it.
5. 1.3 merger of adjacent buildings
Sometimes, several old buildings that were originally independent are either connected together or close together, and each building needs to be rebuilt because of the spatial separation or the scale that does not meet the functional requirements of the times. At this time, fusion connection is a good way.
5. 1.4 Repair design technology
In the process of transformation, it is mainly to restore and preserve the original style of the factory building and update the equipment appropriately; While restoring and preserving the original external space form of the building, modern materials and modern space treatment methods are used to create a brand-new internal space form that can meet the requirements of modern use.
5. 1.5 Change the height of the floor and ceiling.
(1) Reset the ground height.
(2) Reset the ceiling height and transform the workshop space.
This method can not only divide the use space of different functions, adjust the space ratio, but also hide some equipment needed for the transformation of old factories in the lowered ceiling, thus saving space and making the ceiling decoration design have more room for manoeuvre.
5. 1.6 Use partition walls to divide space flexibly.
That is to say, within the possible load-bearing range of the original structure, a new internal space image is created by adding light partition walls or sandwich walls in the original space to meet the new use requirements.
5. 1.7 local reconstruction of the old factory building structure
On the premise of not affecting the overall stability of the original factory building structure, it is sometimes possible to create a spatial image that meets special needs by locally adding, reducing or reorganizing structural elements within the original structural system.
5. 1.8 Make full use of the original structural members
In the process of reconstruction, in order to give full play to the potential of the original structural members, the original structural members can be used to bear the load of the new part by hanging, binding or cantilever, which can not only reduce the cost, but also increase the flexibility of space use.
5.2 Landscape Coordination and Design Techniques for Facades of Abandoned Industrial Buildings
5.2. 1 Looking for * * * the same factors in the facade composition.
The facade design of the extension part can respect and continue the original architectural form from the cornice height, facade proportion, overall scale and the color and texture of the materials used, and seek the coordination and echo between them.
5.2.2 Establish old and new echoes through component transfer.
It can also be called "component transfer method", which moves the distinctive local components in the original factory building to the appropriate position in the expansion part, so that the old and new architectural forms can be well coordinated and echoed.
5.2.3 Establish * * * enjoyment space between new and old buildings.
The design of the * * * shared hall at the joint of the expansion part and the original building can make the old and new building elements juxtapose in the same space, complement each other and make the transition space more natural and innovative.
5.2.4 The newly-built part serves as the background of the old building.
The extended facade located at the back of the original building is designed as a simple geometric image with equal parts, which becomes a good background of the original building to highlight the exquisite details of the original building.
5.2.5 Coordinate the related factors existing in new and old buildings.
The representative characteristic elements in the original building are refined and appropriately deformed, and are properly applied to the design of the expansion part, which promotes the dialogue between the old and new buildings and produces a good harmonious relationship, thus well maintaining the continuity of architectural culture in historical areas.
5.2.6 Preserve the characteristic facade and maintain the image of the city.
The facades of some factories are not available in other buildings, such as boiler plants and steel plants. Preserving these characteristic facades can well maintain the continuity of architectural culture in historical areas.
5.3 Reconstruction design of external environment landscape of abandoned industrial workshop area
5.3. 1 Disposal of abandoned industrial buildings, structures and industrial facilities
In the transformation of abandoned factories, some works boldly use bright colors to emphasize the industrial landscape, making it stand out and eye-catching, and turning the dilapidated industrial site into a colorful world. On the one hand, the messy industrial landscape of waste plants can be unified in color; On the other hand, according to people's psychological characteristics, color processing is used to express specific themes; At the same time, in the transformation of waste plants, colors can be used to represent different areas. Some industrial components have brought novel and humorous effects through dramatic treatment such as distortion, deformation, collision, mutation, uplift, collapse, fracture and historical scene reappearance.
5.3.2 Treatment of surface traces after industrial production
Industrial production has left traces in nature. Landscape design should respect the characteristics of the site and make it a landscape representing its history and culture through protection and artistic treatment. It can also be used for artistic treatment of surface traces.
5.3.3 Waste utilization and pollution treatment
If the site waste does not pollute the environment, it can be used or treated on the spot; Some wastes are polluting the environment and should be treated technically before reuse. In the treatment of waste and pollution, the principle is to use local materials and digest them locally. When the pollution is serious, it is necessary to clean up the pollution source and transport the pollutants abroad.
(1) Reuse of waste materials
(2) Art generation
(3) Artistic expression of ecological process
(4) Application of ecological technology
(5) Feel the technical treatment process
5.3.4 Plant Landscape Design
Before the plant landscape design, it is necessary to analyze and test the soil conditions of the abandoned factory area, and then choose the corresponding countermeasures. The conventional practice is to replace the polluted soil, or cover it with soil to restore vegetation, or carry out comprehensive technical treatment on the soil.
In severely polluted or extremely barren sites, human intervention is needed in the case of irreversible damage to the ecosystem. Mainly to increase soil humus, improve its nutritional status and promote the natural regeneration of vegetation. If the ecological balance is reversible, we can protect the site, reduce the external pressure and let the vegetation recover naturally.
6. Enlightenment to us
6. 1 respect the original appearance and history of the site, not obliterate it, but give it new meaning and interpretation.
6.2 Establish a complete landscape sequence to coordinate the local and the whole.
6.3 Combination of design and nature. Site reconstruction should respect nature, protect its unique ecosystem, localize vegetation as much as possible, and cultivate plants according to the needs of the site.
6.4 Managers should consciously integrate into the redevelopment and utilization of industrial waste plants.
6.5 Active marketing strategies must be implemented to ensure the practicality of the venue.
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