③ Promote advanced tools. Ma Jun lived in poverty when he was a teenager. He studied hard and paid great attention to social production practice, so he became the most famous inventor of machinery manufacturing in the Three Kingdoms period. His most important invention is rollover (that is, waterwheel, also called dragon bone car). As can be seen from the illustrations in the textbook, the idea of rollover is unique. As long as someone steps on it, the water in the lower part can be continuously lifted to a higher part, which greatly improves the efficiency and is very light. It can not only irrigate but also drain water. This was the most advanced irrigation tool in the world at that time. The rollover he invented was later extended to Wei and even the whole country. It played a considerable role in the recovery and development of agricultural production at that time. This tool has been used in the vast rural areas of our country and is still used in many places today.
④ Pay attention to protecting agriculture and mulberry. Cao Cao not only attached importance to agricultural production, but also paid great attention to protecting agriculture and mulberry trees. When marching, soldiers were not allowed to trample on crops, and he set an example in this respect.
These measures have effectively promoted the development of production. Thanks to the hard work of farmers and soldiers, the economy in the north gradually recovered from the devastation. In many places, warehouses are full of grain in just a few years. Look at the picture on page 136, which shows the scene of Niu Geng, sowing, picking mulberry and raising fields, which is close to the agricultural production technology in the Central Plains and shows the development of agriculture in the whole north.
2. Zhuge Liang governs Shu.
When Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and built Shu, he appointed Zhuge Liang as prime minister. He was an outstanding politician in ancient China. During his administration of Shu, he paid attention to the development of agriculture, adopted policies to encourage farming and reduce taxes, and asked officials at all levels to attach importance to agriculture and prevent excessive exploitation of farmers. He also sent some troops to open up wasteland during the war to solve the problem of rations. In addition, Dujiangyan, an important water conservancy project in central Sichuan, is also attached great importance, and weir officials are specially set up, and more than 1000 people are sent to maintain it all the year round, so that it can play a better role and water the western Sichuan plain thousands of miles away.
In terms of handicrafts, Han Shu's textile industry is very developed. Zhuge Liang actively encouraged the planting of mulberry and sericulture brocade, making the production of Sichuan brocade develop greatly, ranking first in the country, occupying an important position in the trade with Wei and Wu, and becoming one of the important financial sources. The importance of Shu brocade production in Shu economy can also be seen from Zhuge Liang's sentence on the lower right of page 136 of the textbook. When Shu perished, there were 200,000 pieces of brocade, colored silk and colored silk in the treasury, showing that the brocade industry was developed. In the textbook, Zhuge Liang presented brocade to ethnic minorities, hoping that Shu brocade technology could be popularized in southwest China, which shows that he attached importance to the development of Shu brocade production.
Zhuge Liang took a series of measures to crack down and restrict some powerful ministers who invaded the people. For those officials who strictly enforce the law, we should vigorously promote and reuse them, so that rewards and punishments are clear and meritocratic. This is an important reason for his successful governance of Shu Han.
During Zhuge Liang's reign, he also paid attention to improving and strengthening relations with ethnic minorities in southwest China. The story of "seven capture Meng Huo" happened at this time. Meng Huo is a prestigious leader among the local ethnic minorities. Zhuge Liang finally convinced him that he would not rebel. Zhuge Liang also chose the leaders of ethnic minorities as officials, such as Meng Huo's official Zhi Yu (the central supervisory officer). At this time, teachers can guide students to contact the previous Battle of Red Cliffs to correctly understand Zhuge Liang: he is an outstanding politician and strategist with many excellent characters; But he is not a god. The so-called "borrowing from the east wind" is nothing more than the result of his familiarity with the weather and humbly asking for advice from the people. )
3. Sun Wu develops Jiangnan
Wu's economy suffered little damage in the melee of various military groups in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and continued to develop on the original basis after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
There are two important reasons for the development of agriculture in Wu: First, a large number of farmers from the north moved south. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the main battlefields of various military groups were in the Central Plains, and Jiangnan was relatively stable. Farmers in the Yellow River valley have crossed the south to escape the war, and in 265.438+03, as many as 65.438+10,000 households moved south. They not only added a lot of labor force to Jiangnan, but also brought advanced production technology. Second, a large number of mountain Vietnamese people have settled in the mountains. There are many Vietnamese people living in the south of the Yangtze River. Later, the Yue people living in the plain and the traffic developed areas gradually merged with the Han people, and gradually formed the Shan Yue people living in the mountainous areas. Sun Quan expanded his influence in Jiangnan. When he met the stubborn resistance of the Shanyue people, he sent troops to suppress them many times and forced them to settle in the mountains. Thanks to the efforts of the Han nationality and the people of Shanyue, the fertile land in the south of the Yangtze River has been developed in large quantities, and the output of crops has been greatly improved, with the rice output reaching 3 hectares per mu. In addition, Wu also popularized the coupling farming method of two plows, which has been widely used in the Central Plains and has greatly developed agricultural production.
Textile linen was Sun Wu's main handicraft industry at that time, and the production of monthly cloth (linen fabric) was famous all over the country, ranking first in the three countries in flax production. The silk industry is also gradually emerging, and the Sanwu area is an important area to develop the silk industry.
Celadon is a famous specialty of Wu State. The glaze color of the product has changed to dark green, and the glaze surface is thick, which indicates that China porcelain has entered a mature period. The illustration "Wu's Celadon Sheep" in the textbook is a masterpiece of early celadon in China, with exquisite production and vivid modeling.
In order to meet the needs of the Yangtze River waters and river-sea traffic, Wu vigorously developed the shipbuilding industry, and now Minhou, Fujian is its shipbuilding center. Shipbuilding technology has reached a very high level. The length of the sea built is more than 20 feet, nearly 3 feet above the water surface, and it can carry 600 to 700 people and more than 500 tons of materials. The ships used in the Yangtze River water war have five floors.
With the progress of shipbuilding technology, Wu's maritime traffic is very developed, and long-distance ships from North and South Asian countries all arrive in Liaodong in Nantong. In 230, Sun Quan sent Wei Wen and other generals 1000 soldiers to Yizhou (now Taiwan Province Province) by boat and landed in Tainan City and Chiayi City. Later, Wei Wen returned to China and moved thousands of Taiwan Province aborigines to the mainland. This is the earliest traffic record between the mainland and Taiwan Province. Since then, the relationship between Taiwan Province Province and the mainland has become increasingly close. It can be seen that Taiwan Province Province has been an inseparable part of the motherland's territory since ancient times.
Consolidate summary
Through the study of this lesson, we can know that the separation of the three kingdoms was the result of the scuffle between the feudal separatist forces in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The battle of Guandu enabled Cao Cao to defeat Yuan Shao, thus laying the foundation for unifying the North. Battle of Red Cliffs made the three countries form a tripartite confrontation. This situation did not end until the Western Jin Dynasty unified the whole country in 280. During the tripartite confrontation, the rulers of Wei, Shu and Wu devoted themselves to economic recovery and development in order to develop their own power. Because the whole country is in a state of division and war, the economic recovery and development of all countries are greatly limited. Therefore, people of all ethnic groups urgently demand national reunification. the same