Xiaoming is a freshman in the psychology department. Like many ordinary people, he usually watches American dramas and plays games in the dormitory. Every exam week, he gets up early and goes to the library or public study room to study and review. The final term is coming. Unfortunately, he just changed his dormitory some time ago, and now he lives far away from the library and study room. So, he reviewed in the dormitory this time, and then took the exam, and the result was very miserable. He reflected and summarized the reasons: the main reason is that reviewing in the dormitory is much less efficient than in the library. Why is this happening? He came to the psychology teacher's office with questions and asked the professional teacher to answer questions. Xiao Ming: Hello, teachers. I want to ask a question: Why is it more efficient to study in the library than at home (dormitory)? Teacher a, physical psychologist, northeast man. He is grumpy and outspoken: idiot, because you will be forced by physical pressure and unconsciously follow the crowd in the library. "Conformity effect" refers to the behavioral tendency of individuals to change their opinions and reach a consensus with the majority under the pressure of the body. The reason for this behavior is that you want to gain social recognition and security physically. In my eyes, you are like a lost lamb among the sheep, following a sheep (Xueba) in the ocean of knowledge. Turn left | turn right Herd effect is also called Herd effect in management. Xiao Ming: Teacher, I want to do well in the exam, so I will always follow the crowd, okay? Teacher A: You are still a little enterprising. In fact, conformity is not completely useless. People's conformity behavior has two levels: surface and internal. Now you are only in the initial stage of superficial conformity. If you often go to the library and are influenced by many scholars, and change the conformity level from "superficial conformity" to "inner conformity", you will follow the crowd to the end, and eventually you will be upgraded to a real scholar. Xiaoming: I got it! I see. I will follow the crowd to the end. B, a social psychology teacher, likes Chinese studies. He always speaks with the legacy of the ancients: yes or no, what Brother A said is wrong! Xiaoming, in fact, there is no other reason, in fact, it is just a "social contribution effect." In the library, there are scholars talking and laughing, but there is no Ding Bai. Many students have aroused your high morale, so reading can get twice the result with half the effort! Say that finish, also like analog sample stroked his nonexistent three-inch beard. Dean said angrily, speak human words! Teacher B: "Social promotion effect" means that when people complete simple tasks or skilled tasks, if observers or competitors are present, they will better arouse a tendency than when they are alone. When you go to the library to read, you have a certain motivation to learn. Seeing other people's efforts in the library stimulates your competitiveness, so you are more focused and diligent, which virtually improves your learning efficiency. If you are the only one in the whole library, you are probably playing games instead of studying hard. Turn left | Turn right If you are alone in the library, will you still study hard? Xiao Ming: There seems to be no difference between "social contribution effect" and "conformity effect". Teacher b: "social promotion effect" is a subjective adjustment of behavior after you stimulate your internal motivation, which belongs to the change of consciousness; The "conformity effect" means that you passively follow others, mostly at the subconscious level that you are not aware of. Xiao Ming talks to Teacher B: The teacher has worked hard and the students have taught. C, the teacher of behaviorism school, the emperor of scientific research, takes root in the laboratory and interacts with small animals. It's rare to be in the office today, so I can't help interrupting: Bandura said that "observation and learning" are the essence of human learning. Observational learning refers to the process that individuals complete their learning by observing the reaction and reinforcement of role models when dealing with the outside world. In the library, you first observe and learn from the schoolmaster, and then through this method, you get good results, that is, you get positive reinforcement and become "experiential learning". At home (dormitory), you don't have a good "role model" (or someone who provides negative reinforcement), so it is difficult to achieve good learning efficiency. Xiao Ming: Then why do some people study at home more efficiently than in the library? Teacher D: This is because different people's brains have different "cognitive styles". Cognitive style refers to the way individuals tend to process information in cognitive activities, that is, the way individuals perceive, pay attention to, think, remember and solve problems with external information. Some people are "field-dependent" and others are "field-oriented". When judging objective things, the field tends to use its own internal reference and is not easily influenced and interfered by external factors; In terms of cognition, due to the surrounding background, they tend to handle and judge things on a more abstract and harmonious level. Field-dependent human perception of objects tends to take external reference as the basis of information processing, and it is difficult to get rid of the influence of environmental factors. Their attitudes and self-awareness are more easily influenced and interfered by people around them, especially authoritative people. They are good at observing words and feelings, paying attention to and remembering social contents in verbal information. Turn left | Turn right Dependent people are used to learning field style with their peers in crowded places. Learning strategies are generally conscious learning, with intrinsic motivation as the main factor. The learning strategies of people with field-dependent style are implied and inactive, and most of them are dominated by external motives. Therefore, field-oriented people like to study in quiet places with few people, while field-dependent people are used to studying with their peers in crowded places. Xiaoming: All teachers have different answers. Which one is correct? Dean's concluding remarks: Psychology is an intermediate discipline that crosses natural science and social science, unlike mathematics, which has strict logic and persistently pursues "correct answers". There are many different schools in its development history. It is normal for each school to draw different conclusions from different theories and angles on the same problem. Therefore, you don't have to tell which one is absolutely correct about the teacher's different answers, but you'd better learn from others. Xiao Ming: I see. Thank you teachers. Dear friends who love learning, do you understand?