In the early days of Qianlong's accession to the throne, he corrected his father's shortcomings in politics and implemented the policy of "combining leniency with severity", which was pragmatic enough for the country, rectified the bureaucracy, formulated various laws and regulations, gave preferential treatment to scholars, and appeased the imperial clan hit by Yongzheng Dynasty. Economically rewarding land reclamation and building water conservancy projects, the whole country is showing a trend of prosperity. The early and middle years of Qianlong were the most dynamic period in the political life of Emperor Qianlong, which was praised by later generations. In his later period, he relied heavily on Yu Minzhong and Xiao Shenyang, especially Xiao Shenyang, a corrupt official. In addition, the emperor Qianlong himself was old, which led to official corruption and corruption, which cast a shadow over his life. In developing social production, Qianlong mainly inherited the economic and political systems since Kangxi and Yongzheng, and the greatest achievement was the thorough implementation of the policy of "returning farmland to the stream", "spreading land into mu" and "returning fire to consume people" during Yongzheng period. To this end, Qianlong listened to the advice of the Minister of Guangsi and adopted the means of appeasement and conquest to the ethnic minorities in Guizhou, Yunnan and other places, which quickly quelled the rebellion of ethnic minorities. The implementation of these measures made the national strength of the Qing Dynasty reach its peak. Diligence and love for the people is Qianlong's consistent proposition, so many officials of the Qing government took care of civil affairs as their responsibility. Among the competent officials whom Qianlong trusted, there were many incorruptible officials. For example, Sun Jiagan, a great scholar, Gan Rulai, a newcomer from Jiangxi, etc. Gan Long asked local governors and ministers to unite and oppose empty talk. The cultural achievement is that Emperor Qianlong was elegant, romantic and good at riding and shooting. He wrote poetry all his life, and his pen and ink stayed in the north and south of the river. His poems amount to more than 42 thousand, which is very different from the whole Tang poetry. Emperor Qianlong attached great importance to the collection of cultural relics and ancient books, and most of the paintings and calligraphy in the Qing Dynasty were collected by him, so he ordered the collection of the inner government to be compiled into "Shiqu Baodi" and "Xiqing Ancient Mirror". Gan Long himself is a lover of ceramic art. During his administration, China's ceramic industry has made great progress. Today, some collections of the Qianlong Dynasty and ceramic palace utensils are still collected by the Palace Museum and the David Foundation in London. In the late Qianlong period, due to the increasingly acute social class contradictions, Emperor Qianlong gradually changed the previous practice of suppressing the lower intellectuals and turned to wooing the lower intellectuals. He gathered a large number of intellectuals together to compile large-scale classic books, such as Xu Diantong, Xu Zhitong and Xu Wentong. The most outstanding cultural achievements are: collecting books all over the country, organizing more than 360 people, including Dai Zhen, Yao Nai and Wang Sunnian, and taking the famous scholar Ji Yun as the president, which lasted 15 years and compiled the largest series Si Ku Quan Shu in the history of China. Sikuquanshu has 36,000 volumes, including 3,450 complete works, which is three times as long as Yongle Dadian, and its length is the longest in China. This book makes a comprehensive summary of predecessors' research, retains a large number of valuable ancient books, and makes an important contribution to the collation and summary of ancient books and cultural heritage, and has become a masterpiece of China's ancient ideological and cultural heritage.
Architecturally, Qianlong built a prosperous royal garden "Yuanmingyuan" in the western suburbs of Beijing. The forest palace in the east, the restoration hall in the west, the worship platform in the south and the Jiege in the north are endless and magnificent. After a bachelor of arts and a skilled craftsman, I spent countless efforts. Digging a pool here, piling stones there, planting forests here and planting flowers there are full of beauty and embellishment, regardless of spring, summer, autumn and winter. And instructed local officials in all provinces to collect rare birds, exotic flowers and ancient ding, and to display the treasures of nine Wan Li at home and abroad and the treasures of five thousand years in the garden. Therefore, Yuanmingyuan is also known as the Oriental Art Museum all over the world. 1750, Qianlong entrusted Italian Catholic priest Lang Shining to design a timed water clock and fountain device for royal entertainment. At the same time, Qianlong's perspective was limited to China, and he didn't know enough about the science and culture of European countries which were booming in the same period.
The rise of the literary inquisition in Qing Dynasty was aimed at deterring the anti-Qing forces and maintaining the feudal rule of the Qing government. Its characteristics are: crime is caused by the distorted interpretation of characters by power figures, and evidence is also formed by the distorted interpretation of characters by power figures. Once a sentence or a sentence is considered to slander the head of state or satirize the government, it constitutes criminal responsibility. In history of qing dynasty, the "literary inquisition" in Shunzhi and Kangxi years was only an individual phenomenon, and it became an autocratic "system" when the Five Emperors Yongzheng was in power. The craziest figure in the literary inquisition wave is Emperor Qianlong! Here, the most famous literary inquisition during the Qianlong period is listed as follows: 1753. Qianlong went to Jiangnan many times and the people were poor. In Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province, Lu Lusheng, the director of Ganzong, wrote a memorial to persuade Ganlong to go to the south of the Yangtze River in the name of Sun Jiagan, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, with sad words and expressions, which was widely praised throughout the country. After the incident, Lu Lusheng was dismembered, two sons were beheaded, and more than a thousand people were convicted and imprisoned. 1755 There is a poem "A heart is turbid and water is clear" written by Hu Zhongzao, a cabinet university scholar. Qianlong thinks that he has ulterior motives and deliberately adds the word "turbid" to the word "clear". Chang E, governor of Manchu Guangxi, sang a poem with Hu Zhongzao, and called the Mongols "Hu Er" in the poem "Song of Frontier Defense". Qianlong thought that Chang E himself was Hu Er, slandered his own kind, lost his mind and ordered suicide. "... is a multi-effect habit of the Han people recently. It is often explained that they run amok in poetry and act heroically ... That is to say, like Chang E, they are in Manchuria and are in debt to the state. When they were the governor of Guangxi, when they saw Hu Zhongzao's rebellious poems, they not only didn't know resentment, but also sang back and forth with them, which was particularly heartbreaking! ..... I tried to preach this passage to the Eight Banners ... If anyone reads under the pretext of ignorance and arrogance and sings too much, he will be rehabilitated! . Gan Long was the third boxer in twenty years. "-Qianlong 1764, Lai Hongdian in the period of Zhou Qin, asked Kyung-kwan for help and sought promotion. The letter said that "it is necessary to hand over troops without damaging military aircraft", and Qianlong thought it was openly rebellious and beheaded. 1778, Xu Jun, a poet from Dongtai, Jiangsu Province and former academician of Jishi Shu, passed away. In his posthumous work "One Pillar Building", there is "The breeze can't read, why turn over the books"; Raise your glass to see tomorrow, throw half the pot. Gan Long thinks that "Hull" is "Hull", which is obviously slandering the government and mocking the lack of Manchu culture. Xu cut the coffin and slaughtered the body, and the children and grandchildren and local officials all cut it. Qianlong appreciated Shen Deqian, a cabinet scholar, and often asked him to delete poems. When Qianlong can't write poetry, let him write it in secret. After his death, Qianlong ordered his family to present Shen's poems, and found that they also contained poems about holding swords on behalf of Qianlong, which was a great blow to Qianlong's vanity. There happened to be a poem about black peony in the collection of poems, and there was a saying, "If you take Zhu Fei seriously, the aliens are also kings". Qianlong thought that the Manchu who entered China was an "alien" and ordered the coffin to be opened and the corpse slaughtered.
178 1 year, Yin Jiaquan, a former official of Dali Temple at home, called himself an "ancient and rare old man" in his book, and there is another saying that he is a teacher of kings. Gan Long said, "I claim to be an old and rare old man, and I have announced this to the whole world. How dare he call himself an old man? " Hang up. At the same time, Gan Long was worried about the reactionary remarks in his works, so he ordered a large-scale inventory and destruction of ancient cultural books in China. The works of Gu, Huang Zongxi, Huang Daozhou and others were all banned, which caused immeasurable losses to our tradition.
Gan Long of Jiangnan imitated his grandfather Kangxi and visited the people's feelings of Jiangnan six times. Emperor Kangxi made six southern tours, the purpose of which was to survey dikes and understand the sufferings of people's livelihood in southeast China, and he was thrifty every time. Although the southern tour of Qianlong can not completely deny its role in consolidating politics, it pays more attention to sightseeing and luxury, and the cost is 0/0 times higher than that of Kangxi/KLOC, which not only increases the burden on the people, but also causes extravagant social atmosphere. Political reasons for Qianlong's southern tour: Southeast region is the financial lifeline of the Qing government, and it is very important to maintain the stability of this region. The anti-Qing struggle in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces examined the political and economic disadvantages. There are frequent floods and several crises in Huanghuai. He wants to solve various social problems through his southern tour. He visited Huanghuai regulation project five times, surveyed Zhejiang seawall four times, instructed to clean up West Lake in Hangzhou, visited Qufu many times, paid homage to Confucian temples, visited academies, expressed condolences to officials at all levels, and promulgated the law on caring for people's feelings ... Gan Long made his first southern tour and came to Hongze Lake to inspect water conservancy projects. He learned that there are only three dams on the Yellow River levee between Gaojiayan and Jiangjiaba, and the water level of Hongze Lake will rise every summer and autumn. Gao Bin, Governor of Jiang proposed to build two more dams, which was approved by Qianlong. In this way, there are five dams in Gaojiayan, which are named Ren, Yi, Zhi, Li and Xin respectively. Very effectively ensure the safety of the levee and downstream. During Gan Long's third southern tour, he made a clear water record, which was followed by river officials to ensure that the downstream counties avoided flood disasters for a long time. The Yellow River levee near Xuzhou is also one of the key points to be inspected by Qianlong. According to the order of Qianlong, the flood control stone dike dam built here has a total length of more than 70 Li. Haining and Renhe County in Zhejiang Province are the confluence of rivers and seas, and there are two big tides every day. Once the seawall is washed away, the whole south of the Yangtze River will be Wang Yang. In the 25th year of Qianlong (A.D. 1760), the water situation in Zhejiang was once again in a hurry, and there was a dispute between Shitang and Chaitang in seawall construction. Opinions differ on whether to build a stone pond or a firewood pond. On the second day of Gan Long's third southern tour of Haining, he immediately visited the site and personally tested piling. He saw that if a stone pond was built, it would take tens of feet to pile from the old pond dam, which would inevitably destroy many people's fields and villages. Seeing this situation, Gan Long said that he wanted to protect the people, but now he hurt them first. So Qianlong decided to build a firewood pool first, and asked to put stones in the bamboo basket to reinforce it every year. When Qianlong made his fifth southern tour, he saw that the soil of the dam was washed away by the rushing water, and bamboo baskets full of stones were exposed. So Qianlong decided to rebuild the fish scale stone pond where it could be built. In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (A.D. 1784), during his last southern tour, Qianlong ordered the continued construction of the Fangongtang stone dam. The completion of the seawall project has effectively protected the prosperity of the water towns in the south of the Yangtze River. Being diligent in political affairs, advocating pragmatism, paying attention to investigation and study, being steady and meticulous, he is also outstanding among feudal emperors in past dynasties. The southern tour of Qianlong safeguarded the people's hearts politically, helped to consolidate the national unity and strengthen the Manchu-Chinese alliance, promoted the governance of river engineering and seawall engineering economically, advocated Sinology culturally and ideologically, and selected a group of distinguished literati and scholars with tolerance. This is the main purpose and contribution of Qianlong's southern tour.
It was forty-nine years (1772) when Yuan Chonghuan was rehabilitated, and Emperor Qianlong ordered Yuan Chonghuan to be rehabilitated. According to the records of the Qing Emperor, "Ji Liao, the inspector of Yuan Chonghuan, was still loyal to what he did, although he was embarrassed by us. At that time, he was in a dark state, so he couldn't exhaust his worries. He was very sad and he was rebuilt. " Finally, the truth came out. At that time, many Ming Dynasty history books even viciously accused Yuan of being a traitor in order to beautify the abnormal Ming Di. These books were burned or changed by Emperor Qianlong, and only the revised Ming history was kept.