This book is compiled by the editor on the basis of summarizing the classroom teaching and practical experience of enterprises in recent years, according to the training objectives and teaching syllabus of architectural engineering specialty in higher vocational colleges. On the basis of detailing the content as much as possible, highlight the training and practicality of basic skills.
This book mainly introduces the conventional surveying and mapping technologies, such as level, theodolite and steel ruler, which are widely used in building engineering survey, and also introduces in detail the modern surveying and mapping technologies, such as electronic theodolite, photoelectric rangefinder, total station and GPS. In view of the fact that vocational education pays equal attention to theory and practice, and there is little practical training, in order to improve vocational skills, this book also arranges practical training guidance.
This book can be used for the teaching of architectural engineering in higher vocational colleges, junior colleges and vocational and technical colleges, and can also be used as a reference book for engineers and technicians in the construction industry.
The whole book consists of 10 chapters, and the teaching hours are allocated according to 64 hours, including 36 hours of theory class, 26 hours of practice class and 2 hours of examination. The participants in this book are Lu Yaozong (Chapters 1 9 and 10, appendix), Su Yuhang (Chapters 2-5) and Zhang Xiaoqing (Chapters 6-8). This book also carefully prepared PPT courseware and answers to after-school thinking questions and exercises.
This book is edited by Lv Yaozong and presided over by Jin Rongyao. Teacher Jin has put forward valuable opinions and suggestions on writing, and I would like to express my sincere thanks. In addition, I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Chang Yukui for his help.
Due to the short time and limited level of editors, there are inevitably shortcomings and deficiencies in the book. Please criticize and correct the teachers, students and technicians who use this textbook. If you have any comments or suggestions, please contact the editor by email.
compilers
Chapter 1 Introduction April 20 14
1. 1 construction engineering survey task
1. 1. 1 surveying and mapping research object and its classification
1. 1.2 main tasks of construction engineering survey
1. 1.3 Present situation and development direction of architectural engineering survey
1.2 the shape and size of the earth
1.2. 1 the natural form of the earth
1.2.2 strata
1.2.3 Earth ellipsoid
1.2.4 Earth sphere
1.3 coordinate systems commonly used in measurement
1.3. 1 measuring plane cartesian coordinate system and height system.
1.3.2 Gaussian plane rectangular coordinate system
1.3.3 geodetic coordinate system
1.4 Basic procedures and principles of survey work
Procedures and principles of topographic mapping
1.4.2 Basic procedures and principles of measurement
1.4.3 Three elements for determining the grounding point
1.5 the limit of replacing the leveling surface with a level.
1.5. 1 Influence of Earth curvature on horizontal distance
1.5.2 Influence of Earth curvature on horizontal angle
1.5.3 influence of earth curvature on elevation
Thinking and practicing.
Chapter II Leveling
2. 1 leveling principle
2. 1. 1 leveling method
2. 1.2 leveling principle
2.2 leveling instruments and tools and their use
2.2. 1DS3 level
2.2.2 Automatic Anping Level
lever
foot pad
2.3 leveling method
2.3. 1 leveling
2.3.2 Inspection of leveling station
2.3.3 Check the results of leveling route.
2.4 Calculation of leveling route in the industry
2.4. 1 Closed leveling route
2.4.2 Attached to the horizontal line
2.4.3 Calculation of horizontal route
2.5 Level check
2.5. 1 level should meet the conditions.
Level test
2.6 leveling error analysis
2.6. 1 instrument error
observational error
2.6.3 The influence of external conditions
2.7 Introduction of Digital Level
Thinking and practicing.
Chapter 3 Angle measurement
3.1angle measurement principle
3. 1. 1 horizontal angle
3. 1.2 vertical angle and zenith distance
3. 1.3 theodolite
3.2DJ6 optical theodolite
3.2. 1 sighting department
Horizontal dial
basis
3.3 Reading and use of DJ6 optical theodolite
3.3. 1DJ6 optical theodolite reading device
3.3.2 Use of D6D6Optical Theodolite
3.4 Horizontal Angle Measurement Method
3.4. 1 survey method (applicable to both directions)
3.4.2 Direction observation method (applicable to more than two directions)
3.4.3 Points for attention in horizontal angle observation
3.5 Vertical Angle Measurement
3.5. 1 Principle of vertical angle measurement
3.5.2 Vertical dial structure
3.5.3 Calculation formula of vertical angle
3.5.4 Vertical plate index difference
Vertical angle observation
3.6 Inspection of theodolite
3.6. Axis of1theodolite and its relationship.
3.6.2 Inspection of each axis of theodolite
3.7 Error Analysis of Horizontal Angle Measurement
3.7. 1 instrument error
observational error
The influence of external conditions
3.8 the use of electronic theodolite
3.8. 1 southern ET-05 electronic theodolite
3.8.2 Matters needing attention
Thinking and practicing.
Chapter 4 Distance Measurement and Linear Orientation
4. 1 steel rule span
4. 1. 1 gauge tool
4. 1.2 General method of steel ruler gauge
4.2 Precision method of steel rule gauge
4.2. 1 Verification of steel straightedge
4.2.2 Accurate measurement method of steel straightedge
4.3 Sight distance measurement
4.3. 1 line of sight measurement principle
4.3.2 Sight distance measurement steps
4.4 photoelectric ranging
4.5 Linear direction
4.5. 1 standard direction
Linear orientation method
4.5.3 Relationship between azimuth angles of positive and negative coordinates
4.5.4 Calculation of coordinate azimuth angle
4.5.5 coordinate quadrant angle
4.6 coordinate forward and backward calculation
4.6. 1 coordinate forward calculation
4.6.2 Coordinate Inverse Calculation
Thinking and practicing.
Chapter V Use of Total Station
5. Construction and use of1total station
5.2 Angle measurement
5.2. 1 Basic function of angle measurement
5.2.2 Back-measuring method to observe horizontal angle
5.3 Distance measurement
5.3. 1 photoelectric ranging principle
Distance measurement method
5.4 coordinate measurement
5.5 total station point layout
Thinking and practicing.
Chapter 6 Basic knowledge of measurement error
6. 1 Overview of measurement error
Found 6. 1. 1 measurement error.
6. 1.2 causes of measurement error
6. 1.3 Classification of measurement errors
6.2 Characteristics of accidental errors
Definition of accidental error
Examples of unexpected errors
6.2.3 Statistical characteristics of accidental errors
6.3 Indicators for measuring the accuracy of observed values
6.3. Error in1
allowable error
relative error
6.4 Law of Error Propagation and Its Application
6.4. Error Propagation Law of1Linear Function
6.4.2 Error Propagation Law of General Function Formula
6.4.3 Application of Error Propagation Law
6.5 Arithmetic Average and Accuracy Evaluation of Independent Observations with Equal Accuracy
6.5. 1 arithmetic mean
Average error of observed values
6.5.3 Average error of arithmetic mean
Thinking and practicing.
Chapter VII Small Area Control Survey
7. 1 Overview of control measurement
7. 1. 1 national control network
7. 1.2 urban control network
7.2 Traverse Survey Field Work
7.2. 1 survey of traverse
7.2.2 Site Work Contents
7.3 Traverse survey in the industry
7.3. 1 calculation of attached wires
7.3.2 Calculation of closed traverse
7.4GNSS control network
7.4. Introduction to1GPS
Composition of global positioning system
Principle of GPS measurement and positioning
7.4.4GPS measurement characteristics
GPS small area control survey
7.4.6GPS measurement data processing
7.5 Cross measurement
7.5. 1 Angle measurement forward intersection method
7.5.2 Angle measurement rear intersection method
Distance intersection
7.5.4 Corner rear intersection method
7.6 Third-class and fourth-class leveling
7.6. 1 observation procedure
Main technical requirements
7.6.3 Calculation and verification of station yard
7.7 trigonometric leveling
Thinking and practicing.
Chapter VIII Surveying and Mapping of Large-scale Topographic Map and Its Application
8. 1 Basic knowledge of topographic map
8. 1. 1 Overview
8. 1.2 scale topographic map
8. 1.3 Calibration accuracy
8. 1.4 large-scale topographic map schema
8. 1.5 symbols of ground objects
8. 1.6 Geomorphological symbols
8. The principle of1.7 contour lines representing landforms
8. 1.8 contour type
8. 1.9 Contour representation of different landforms
8. Characteristics of1.10 contour lines
8.2 Surveying and mapping methods of large-scale topographic maps
Preparation before mapping
Theodolite mapping method
8.2.3 Topographic map drawing
8.2.4 Technical requirements for topographic mapping
8.2.5 Topographic map splicing, inspection and arrangement
8.3 Large-scale digital mapping technology
8.3. 1 digital mapping system
8.3.2 Collection and input of graphic information of digital mapping
data transmission
8.3.4 Indoor Surveying and Mapping
Drawing output
8.4 topographic map reading
8.4. 1 Identification of external marks on drawings
8.4.2 Mapping of features and topography
8.4.3 framing and numbering of large-scale topographic maps
8.5 Basic application of topographic map
8.5. 1 Determine the coordinates of a point on the map.
8.5.2 Determine the horizontal distance between two points on the map.
8.5.3 Determine the coordinate orientation of the straight line on the map.
8.5.4 Determine the elevation of any point on the map.
8.5.5 Determine the slope of the straight line on the map.
8.5.6 Draw a longitudinal section in the specified direction.
8.5.7 Determine the catchment area on the map.
8.5.8 Route Selection on Drawings
8.5.9 Measure the area on topographic map.
8.6 Application of Topographic Map in Site Leveling
Thinking and practicing.
Chapter 9 Basic Work of Construction Survey
9. 1 Horizontal distance, horizontal angle and elevation of floor plan
9. 1. 1 survey the known horizontal distance
9. 1.2 survey the known horizontal angle
9. 1.3 survey the known elevation
9.2 Layout of plane points
Cartesian coordinate method
method of polar coordinates
9.2.3 Angle intersection method
9.2.4 Distance intersection method
9.3 Layout of Slope Line
9.4 Arrangement of Circular Curves
9.4. 1 Layout of main points of circular curve
9.4.2 Setting out the auxiliary points of the circular curve by means of deflection angle method.
9.4.3 Use tangent offset method to set out auxiliary points of circular curve.
Thinking and practicing.
Chapter 10 Industrial and Civil Building Construction Survey
10. 1 Overview
10. 1. 1 purpose and content of construction survey
10. 1.2 construction survey principles
10. 1.3 characteristics of construction survey
10.2 construction site control survey
10.2. 1 overview
10.2.2 building baseline layout
10.2.3 Building grid layout
10.2.4 construction elevation control survey
10.3 survey work in civil building construction
10.3. 1 overview
10.3.2 preparation before construction
10.3.3 positioning and setting-out of civil buildings
10.3.4 survey work in building foundation construction
10.3.5 measurement in wall construction
10.3.6 building axis survey
10.3.7 building elevation transfer
10.4 survey work in industrial plant construction
10.4. 1 layout of industrial workshop control network
10.4.2 Layout of column axis and column foot of factory building
10.4.3 installation survey of equipment parts
10.5 high-rise building construction survey
10.5. 1 High-rise building axis survey
10.5.2 elevation transfer of high-rise building
10.6 building deformation observation
10.6. 1 overview
10.6.2 building settlement observation
10.6.3 building inclination observation
10.6.4 observation of cracks in buildings
10.7 compilation of completion site plan
10.7. 1 contents of the as-built general plan
10.7.2 Surveying and mapping of completed general plan
Thinking and practicing.
Appendix Course Training Guide
Parts 1 Introduction
The second part is the basic experimental guidance
Think about the answers to questions and practice after class.
The main reference is ISBN: 978-7-111-46853-0.
Machinery industry press
Editor: Li Jingyang
Pricing: 32 yuan
Release date: 20 14. 14
brief Introduction of the content
The contents of this book include thirteen learning situations: preliminary exploration of building engineering survey, leveling, angle survey, distance survey and linear orientation, basic application of total station, small area control survey, global navigation satellite system GNSS, mapping and application of large-scale topographic map, basic work of building survey, building construction control survey, building construction survey, line engineering survey, building deformation observation and completion survey.