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In the Charter of the University Hall promulgated in the 29th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1903), the subject of China literature in the University of Arts and Sciences clearly listed "Essentials of Ancient People's Papers", and stipulated that the teaching content was "Essentials of Famous Writers' Papers (such as Wen Xin Diao Long)". Those who have scattered views on historical records will be collected and compiled into handouts by teachers. It shows that traditional poetry criticism works such as Wen Xin Diao Long have been formally incorporated into the curriculum system of professional literature education in modern universities. According to the investigation of Wuxi Sinology College compiled by 1933, the course Wen Xin Diao Long was indeed included in the "literary criticism" of the elective course at that time. It is not difficult to infer that Miscellaneous Notes on Wen Xin Diao Long was originally a handout written by Ye Changqing for teaching needs.
Miscellaneous Notes on Wen Xin Diao Long included two prefaces of Huang, which gave mixed comments on the book. In the preface, Chen said, "What Chang Qingfu wrote recently appeared in Miscellaneous Notes of Wen Xin Diao Long. Although his replacement has brought Yanhe back to life, he has to bow his head, let alone between the two. " If you read Liu's author, you can assert that it is necessary. "Not only to Liu Xie, Ji Yun and other predecessors are dwarfed. Huang also mentioned in the preface: "Mr. Ye likes to learn ancient times and has a lot of writings. Before you finished writing Poetry, he retracted Liu's mistakes in Dunhuang ancient books, making readers realize that in the Silk Age, he missed notes due to the circulation of paper money, but speculated that he changed notes, which led to distortion, thus clearing the evidence and returning to the original. Review the comments of various scholars with many examples to correct their bias. The essence of its research and thinking and the mystery of the article are just right. " He greatly praised his achievements in sorting out and refining evidence. However, slapping all the facts makes people feel that what they said is inappropriate. Although Ye made textual research on Wen Xin Diao Long based on the Tang manuscripts unearthed in Dunhuang, he only listed similarities and differences, and did not judge whether it was right or wrong. Although I have quoted many theories since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, I don't have too many comments. Chen and Huang are so much, of course, they are flattered by etiquette considerations; But at the same time, I'm afraid it should also be noted that this book originally belonged to class handouts, and its main function was to provide clues for classroom teaching. In specific teaching, teachers can make full use of topics according to the actual situation. Therefore, it is enough to have a general outline, and it is not required to cover everything. To make a proper evaluation of this book, we must fully consider this premise.
Chen Yan once had another evaluation of Ye Changqing, because it involved the academic origin of Miscellaneous Notes on Wen Xin Diao Long, which is worthy of further analysis and discussion. 193 1 year, he chatted with Qian Zhongshu who visited him and called him "smart, but impetuous and unrealistic". Two notes in Wen Xin Diao Long and Shi Pin added wisdom (Qian Zhongshu Shi Yu, China Social Sciences Press,1year). A lot of contempt and contempt for Ye's works is just the opposite of his own argument in the preface. Although its praise is full of empty talk and beauty, its harsh criticism is not completely in line with the facts. Ye studied in the Education Department of Xiamen University in his early years. In fact, he often turned to Chen Yan, then head of the Chinese Department of Xiamen University, for help, because he liked poetry and was diligent in academic research. Shortly after Ye went to Wuxi National College, he strongly recommended to Tang, the president, to be hired as a full-time lecturer in the school, which shows the deep affection between teachers and students. Ye wrote Zhong Rong's Poems (Huatong Bookstore, 1933 edition) while compiling Miscellaneous Notes on Wen Xin Diao Long, which was also used as a handout. Chen Yan's Two Notes on Wen Xin Diao Long Shi Pin clearly refers to these two books. In Zhong Rong's Poems, opinions are indeed quoted, and the bibliography and author's name quoted later also list Chen's comments on Zhong Rong's poems and An Introduction to Poetics. However, there is no mention of Chen Yan in Miscellanies of Wen Xin Diao Long. As far as the relationship between the two people is concerned, if you really refer to Chen's works, it is impossible to do it deliberately or say nothing; Chen Yan will not be indifferent or say anything in the preface. Therefore, Chen's so-called "picking teeth and being wise" only refers to Zhong Rong's poetry collection, while Wen Xin Diao Long Miscellaneous Notes is just a connection.
Although "Wen Xin Diao Long Miscellaneous Notes" is not "a collection of many teeth and many wisdom" as Chen Yan said, it does refer to many predecessors' works. A careful search of many clues revealed in the book, combined with Ye Changqing's academic experience, can also be used to roughly investigate his academic origins. Ye lived in Fujian, studied in Xiamen since childhood, and had more contacts with Fujian literati. Among Miscellanies of Wen Xin Diao Long is Wu Zengqi's Wen Tan with Fenlou, which belongs to Hou Guan. In his early years, Wu was employed by the Compilation Institute of the Commercial Press to help build the Hanfenlou Library. He not only compiled the Ancient and Modern Banknotes of Cold Powder House with his library, but also compiled the money he earned in his life into Wen Tan of Cold Powder House. At the beginning of the book, he said, "In the past, Liu Zhifeng wrote Wen Xin Diao Long, which tells the secret of the article. People who know it think they know what they are talking about." The comments made are often extended by Liu Xie's theory. Ye Changqing studied under Wu Zengqi in his early years. When Wu prefaced his Textual Research on Min Dialect (Zhonghua Book Company, 1922 edition), he especially praised him for "studying at a young age, and what he said will be useful to the world", which shows that he is favored. When quoting his remarks in Miscellaneous Notes on Carving Dragons in Wenxin, they were all addressed as "Mr. Wu Yiting, a former teacher", and they deeply agreed with his remarks without any criticism. Another Fujian scholar highly praised by Ye Changqing is Lin Shu. Lin's Essays on Chunjue Zhai systematically discusses the writing method of the article, and highly praises Wen Xin Diao Long as the "oldest essay". When he was quoted, he was regarded as "Mrs. Lin" and never criticized or discussed.
Miscellaneous Notes on Wen Xin Diao Long not only quoted the views of two predecessors, Wu and Lin, but also quoted the views of many modern scholars, which can also reveal the specific academic causes. Just like Huang Kan and Liu, who teach at Peking University, have taught Wen Xin Diao Long successively, and two books, Wen Xin Diao Long Note and Wen Xin Diao Long Note, have spread all over the world. Ye Changqing was admitted to Peking University University as a graduate student of Chinese Language, Literature and Communication with 1927. Although Huang Kan left Peking University as early as 19 19, Liu Ye died in the same year. But in fact, Ye Changqing will pay special attention to the works of famous professors in Peking University, and it is reasonable to quote their works more. Another example is Qian Jibo, 1927- 1936 Professor of Wuxi Institute of Chinese Studies. Ye Changqing has a long experience. Qian also offered the course Wen Xin Diao Long. Although his Notes on Wen Xin Diao Long was not officially published until 1935, Ye Changqing has quoted many fragments from Miscellaneous Notes and called them "my friend Qian Jibo", from which it is not difficult to infer the profound friendship between the two sides.
Ye Changqing didn't accept all the views of the previous generation, and sometimes he corrected them. Wen Xin Diao Long, which was commented by Ji Yun in Qing Dynasty, had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Ye's reference has both a reference side and a criticism of his negligence. For example, the article "Wen Xin Diao Long Lian Zi" emphasizes that writing articles should avoid strangeness, save margins, give weight, adjust orders and reply. When Liu Xie answered the question of "adjusting the single reply", he said: "The single reply is also fat and not born. Tired of words, it is thin and broken; If you accumulate more fat words, it will be black. " The so-called "simple and complicated" and "fat and barren" refer to the simplification of characters and strokes; The so-called "tired sentences" and "tired articles" refer to the accumulation of words with similar strokes. However, Ji's comment said: "compound words are less ill, and tired sentences are more ill, so it is better to commit them." I misunderstood the writing context of Wen Xin Diao Long, and confused it with Liu Xie's "both words are needed, and it is best to feel sorry for each other" when discussing the difference between light and heavy, thinking that "complexity" refers to repeated words and "tiredness" refers to procrastination. Ye Changqing corrected this: "On the simplification of calligraphy and painting, illness is equal, regardless of size." "Tired sentence" is opposite to the next "accumulated text", and "tired" is pronounced in sound. Ji's mistake is to stop the sound. To' two words are important, it is better to commit a crime', which is another answer. What does it matter? Correcting Ji Yun's omissions will help us to know the original text accurately.
Miscellaneous Seven by Sun Yirang in the late Qing Dynasty is a masterpiece of collation. Although there are only more than ten articles in Wen Xin Diao Long, it is famous for its careful examination. At the end of Wen Xin Diao Long Qi, there is a cloud saying, "Soap is right." Sun Shi has a school motto: "You should be stubborn." . In the continuous history of the Han Dynasty, Yunzong Temple "obeys the Xuan", and Liu said "arbitrary" and said: "I am proud of it." "Wu Du Fu" said: "Soap clothes." "Soap", that is, "Jessica Hester Hsuan". Today, Li Xiang's correction of Huang Zhu in Wen Xin Diao Long and Fan Wenlan's Wen Xin Diao Long Shuo Shu both adopted his theory. After quoting him, a note said, "What Sun said is wrong. Why do you have to play in uniform? " As the saying goes, "loyal to the monarch and joining the army" is interpreted by Gu according to the jade tablets. As an important proof of Sun Yirang, Zuo Si noted Wu Du Fu, the original text was "Clothes of the Six Armies", according to Shan Li's note: "The Biography of Zuo Shi said:' Clothes are exciting. See the public five years in Zuo Zhuan. Today, the book is called "Clothes and Vibration", and Du pre-notes: "Military affairs, up and down with clothes." Lu Deming's interpretation of the text: "Jun, like a word, is the same. The word book is awkward and the sound is the same. " It can be seen that Ye's doubts are indeed well-founded, while others are more formal and far-fetched and cannot be easily accepted.
In addition to Ji Yun, Sun Yirang and other predecessors, Ye Changqing also discussed the opinions of contemporary scholars from time to time. For example, Huang Kan quoted Zhang Taiyan's credit theory in the grandiosity of Wen Xin Diao Long Reading Notes, arguing that "it is based on textual research, seeking truth, and its words are wonderful, far exceeding Wang Zhongren's Yi Zeng's articles, so it is recorded in the left for reference". Ye disagreed with this and stressed: "exaggeration is what an article should have." Huang Kan quoted his teacher Zhang Jun's On Credit Information to explain this article, which was extremely inappropriate. What's the point of investigating the truth, distinguishing the truth and exaggerating? The so-called "cutting horses and chariots according to the poetry is very peaceful" is just a matter of cutting, boasting that it is safe, but can it be abolished? The introduction of Han Fu in the article is intended to punish extravagance, and its purpose is also. " Zhang's paper and Liu Xie's paper are not the same thing and cannot be attached at will. Another example is "Wen Xin Diao Long Yue Fu", in which it is mentioned that "Ma Zhu used Sao to make music" when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but the predecessors did not explain this. Fan Wenlan thinks that the "Ma Zhu" here is Sima's mistake of "prospering according to the legend of Han Shu" in "Wen Xin Diao Long Shu" (Tianjin Xinmao Publishing House, 1925 edition). Ye retorted, "Fan Wenlan, a close friend, said that Ma Zhu was the fault of Sima. Tang's manuscript is' Ma Zhu', and the following sentence' Caused by Miaozhu' can also be proved. According to Tang Ben, Fan Zhi's theory is not credible, and he looks for internal evidence from the book to prove his theory (according to Tang Benye's theory, it is "caused by all the wonderful things", and this book "Wen Xin Diao Long" is "caused by wonderful attacks"). Later, in Notes on the Literary Mind and Carving Dragons (People's Literature Publishing House, 1958 edition), Fan also referred to his opinions and revised his original views, namely, "Zhu or", "buying courtiers' kind words" and "Chu Ci", and Yanhe said that singing with Sao system would mean something. Tang's manuscript is also called, obviously Zhu is not mistaken. Ye's research is not very detailed, but his judgment is accurate.
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In addition to relying on the opinions of various scholars and occasionally discussing and refuting them, Ye Changqing also has some unique experiences in reading the whole text, analyzing the meaning of sentences, or correcting textual errors, which are worth learning. The following is a simple example of each method.
In the preface, Liu Xie explained the structural characteristics of fifty articles in Wen Xin Diao Long, saying that "there are only forty-nine great works named after Wei and Li". It can be seen that Cheng Hao's forty-ninth chapter is actually at the bottom of the whole book except the preface, and its role cannot be underestimated. However, predecessors often failed to get a glimpse of its meaning, so Ji Yun vaguely thought that "this is also a provocative talk, not a canon", and thought that "Yanhe was also cynical after reading this article". Ye Changqing made a more thorough and detailed analysis of the nature and function of this article: "This article is the last one of this book. More than 48 articles, the text is used. The temple uses "bearing gas", physical use and elegance; Cheng's qi is real. What's the use of nothing? Confucius has four subjects, the first is virtue, and the last is literature. Therefore, Confucius said,' If I learn, I am still a human being, and if I act as a gentleman, I get nothing.' He also said,' study literature if you have spare time.' Gade's trip is the foundation of literature, and virtue and literature complement each other; Without virtue and literature, only literature helps evil. How dare you have this article in the universe! But the above forty-eight articles can be read as much as this article. Just read this article first, and then read 48 articles. And' the metaphysical refers to the Tao, and the metaphysical refers to the device', so the device seeks the Tao. Yanhe wrote "The Original Road", ending with "Cheng Qi", indicating that I am going to travel for a week. "First of all, from the perspective of the complementarity between China and reality, I think that the previous forty-eight articles specifically defined the purpose and skills of the composition, while Cheng Hao discussed the morality and knowledge of the literati. The two should be equal, consider each other and complement each other. Secondly, from the connection between Tao and Tao, it is believed that Cheng Hao echoes the first original Tao from a distance, which embodies Liu Xie's ultimate requirement for literary creation and his good intentions in structural arrangement. This argument is well-founded, penetrating and thought-provoking. Later, Zhang Lizhai's Notes on Wen Xin Diao Long and Li Yuegang's Interpretation of Wen Xin Diao Long all expressed similar views, while Zhan Ai's Wen Xin Diao Long recorded this argument in a whole paragraph, which is enough to show that Ye is quite insightful here.
When Liu Xie discusses the writing methods of various articles, he will trace their origins and evolution one by one. Because there are many kinds of articles involved, they all need to be attributed to the theme of "being literate and learning from the classics", which is sometimes quite puzzling. For example, in Lun Shuo, it is mentioned that "the word Fu Zhu, though different in text, is often the same", and taking Li Mao, Kong Anguo, Zheng Xuan, Wang Bi and other classic annotations as examples, it is considered that these works are "clear and free, and can be in one form". However, the classic annotation is different from the writing of the article after all, and what Liu Xie said seems far-fetched. Ji Yun believes that "exegetics should be based on texts, and research and discussion are different disciplines. This paragraph can be deleted. " Ye Changqing, on the other hand, made a detailed textual research: "The annotator takes the text as the meaning and interprets it separately. Although the words are scattered, he is always absorbed. "Shi Shuo Xin Yu Literature":' Uncle Ping started with Lao Zi and aimed at Wang Fuzhi. Seeing Wang's annotation on essence, God said, "If you can talk about heaven and man, it is time." Two views on taking interpretation as Tao and virtue. Can prove it. Another "Zhuzi school": "Han Confucianism interprets the classics, according to the classics. Jin people, on the other hand, wrote according to the classics. "It can also be proved." It not only infers the basis of Liu Xie's argument from the style, but also points out that the scattered notes in ancient books still have the characteristics of "theory". We also cite examples in Shi Shuo Xin Yu and arguments in Zhuzi Lei Yu as evidence, which provides an important reference for accurately understanding Liu Xie's original intention. Zhan E recorded this analysis in Wen Xin Diao Yi Long Zheng for readers' reference.
There are many versions of Wen Xin Diao Long, and the misreading is more serious. Although some collations were made by using Tang manuscripts, due to the limitation of objective conditions, it may also be related to the nature of the course. He did not conduct extensive search and detailed similarities and differences investigation of all manuscripts. However, he has always had a strong interest in philology and exegetics, and has written Textual Research on Min Dialect and Annotations on Philology Terms before. In Miscellanies of Wen Xin Diao Long, we can occasionally see his exposition on text modification. For example, there is a cloud in the preface that "although the hair is gently pulled, it goes deep into the bone marrow", Ye's remarks say that "pulling" is suspected of "pulling". "Rudder", the resolution is also. It is wrong that the shape of "Cai" is close. It means "Mao looks up". "Although there is no direct version basis, it is not uncommon to make mistakes due to similarity in Wen Xin Diao Long. Ye's proper use of Li collation here seems to have some merits.
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During his teaching in Wuxi Sinology College, Ye Changqing offered many specialized reading courses, including Wen Xin Diao Long, Shi Pin, Shi Wen Yi Tong, Han Shu Literature and Art Annals and related works, such as Zhong Rong's Poems, Shi Wen Yi Tong's Notes, and Han Shuyi's Wen Zhi Quiz. The self-satisfaction of these different fields also promoted his careful study of Wen Xin Diao Long, which constituted a coherent and complementary relationship.
Zhong Rong's Collection of Poetry (Huatong Bookstore, 1933 edition) cut and compared various theories, sometimes out of context, which basically reflected the overall pattern and the highest level of poetry research at that time. Because both The Poem and Wen Xin Diao Long appeared in Qi Liang, later scholars often compare them, and Ye is no exception. For example, Liu Xie described the evolution of poetry in Ming Poetry, and Zhong Rong's poems were repeatedly quoted in Miscellanies of Wen Xin Diao Long, pointing out that "Yan He and Ji have their own strengths and weaknesses, which is based on the viewpoint that different people have different opinions." For another example, in the article "Things", Ye quoted "Fu Shu Ci" in "Preface to Poetry" as a general talk. If it is a national character, it should be funded by Bo Gu; Writing an article refuting virtue should be from bad to strong. As for the discussion of "how to chant feelings and how to use things", it is pointed out that "although language is poetry, it is really related to beauty and what." This article also criticized the disadvantages of the times. "It not only reminds readers to compare the similarities and differences between Liu Xie's and Zhong Rong's opinions, but also points out the characteristics of the two sides reaching the same goal by different routes.
Notes on Literature and History (Wuxi Sinology School 1935 edition) was well received by Tang as soon as it was published. He said that "the words are enlightened and the meaning is pure" (Notes on Literature and History are quoted from Mr. Tang). Zhang Xuecheng traced the academic origin of Wen Xin Diao Long in Shi Wen Yi Tong Wen De, and thought: "The essays of the ancients are just essays. Liu Xie's family came out, and this luji family said that it was prosperous; Su Zhe's appearance, Ben Hanyu's speech and Chang Wen's anger can be described as more and more refined. I have never seen a writer. " Ye Changqing quoted him in the original passage of Miscellanies of Carving Dragons in Wenxin, criticizing: "Zhang Zhiyan is too thick and falsely called Yanhe. Wen Xin has revealed Wen De at the beginning, but Lun Heng is still in the first place. The statement that this is a land machine is particularly unfounded. " The preface to Historical Records refers to Shi Heng's "focusing on the road according to the corner." On the one hand, it is pointed out that Zhang is poor in knowledge, and Wang Chong discussed "Wen De" in Lun Heng. On the other hand, he criticized Zhang's biased argument. Liu Xie did not completely inherit Lu Ji, but more criticized him. Later, in the Notes on Literature and History, it was emphasized that "Liu Wen Xin was not taken from Lu, but was Zhang's fault", and the theory of the two places was just comparable to that of the concept. Although it is sometimes not explicitly stated in Miscellaneous Notes, it actually refers to Zhang Xuecheng's opinion. For example, in "Wen Xin Diao Long", it traces back to Julian, who said, "Juhua, Suoyan, Tongjulian." Ye commented: "The Book of Han Feizi Chu Shuo is not only a matter of finding a spouse, but also a perfect place." In fact, this view is based on "literature, history, Yi Tong and poetry teaching". In Notes on Literature and History, Ye added a note to Zhang's opinion: "There is no intention of Julian in Han Fei's book today, and the note in Selected Works says:' Fu Zhu' Julian said:' It flourished in the times, and Ban Gu, Jia Kui and Fu Yi were entrusted. """can also be used as a reference to understand the development and evolution of Julian.
Questions and Answers on the Arts and Records of Han Dynasty were first serialized in Sinology Monthly from 1936 to 1937, and it was not until 1940 that a book was compiled and published by Zhong Zheng Bookstore. Ye's academic accumulation in this field is also conducive to his research on Wen Xin Diao Long. For example, the article Wen Xin Diao Longzan mentioned: "Praise Jing Ke as a pen." There are five articles about Jing Ke in Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi Zhuzi. According to Ban Gu's self-report, "Qi stabbed the king of Qin with a swallow and died without success. Let's talk about it." It can be seen that whether Sima Xiangru wrote "praise" or "theory", Liu Xie and Ban Gu are not consistent. Because the original has long been lost, it is impossible to make a judgment. Li Xiang said in A Supplement to Huang Zhu: "I doubt Yan. What I saw in Hanshu was a compliment to Jing Ke, so I chose it as a compliment. If it is originally the word' on', it must be included in the chapter' on'. " He thinks that Han Shu seen by Liu Xie is different from the current version, and tries to compromise and reconcile the differences between "theory" and "praise". Liu refused to delve into the works in Wen Xin Diao Long, saying that it was impossible to test the works today. Although Li's point of view was quoted in Miscellaneous Notes, he did not recognize it, but made another analysis: "Praise theory is different from theory. As the saying goes, Ban Gukua is actually one. If it is as Li said, then discuss it, play it, and include it in the chapter of "playing" and "discussing power"? " It is pointed out that Lun Jing Ke refers to Lun Zan, so there is no difference between Lun Zan and Lun Zan, and there is no contradiction between Ban Gu and Liu Xie. Wang Yin's Music and Righteousness, which he quoted, actually comes from Liu Zhiji's A Comment on History. Liu pointed out that the names of comments and praises in the history books of past dynasties were inconsistent, such as "Xun Yue's preface to" A View of the East ",Xie Chengshi's comment, comment, He Fa's narration, writing and playing" and "different names have different meanings". Ye takes this opportunity to refute Li Xiang's statement, which is very convincing. Later, this question was involved in the Question and Answer of Han Shu Literature and Art Records. Ye once again emphasized "distinguishing the true meaning" and explicitly quoted Shi Tong Lun Zan as evidence, which is in the same strain as Miscellanies of Wen Xin Diao Long.
To sum up, we can see that Ye Changqing is knowledgeable and devoted to research in different fields, which provides many important references for his study of Wen Xin Diao Long. However, when teaching various professional books, such as Wen Xin Diao Long, Shi Wen Yi Tong, Han Shu Literature and Art Annals, we can both emphasize each other and learn from each other, forming a coherent and intertwined academic vision. This is not only the distinctive feature of Miscellanies of Wen Xin Diao Long, but also the important enlightenment of Ye Changqing's research methods to modern scholars.
(Author: Chinese Department of East China Normal University)