Campus architecture is not complicated, but it is the home of students' hopes and dreams. This kind of planning including campus atmosphere is an ideal way to introduce urban design methods into campus design. In this process, the key point is not the planning and design of specific buildings, but a set of rules of the game, including the control elements of space and single buildings, as well as the implementation methods, advocating public participation and establishing a set of mechanisms that can be continuously improved. In particular, the opinions of teachers and students, the main groups of users, should be taken seriously. The integration of the old campus should make up for the lack of functions of the building, integrate the internal and external space of the building, and let the buildings of different eras be vividly integrated again. In addition to functions and forms, the planning and design of university campus should also have spiritual and cultural connotations, so the holistic view of university campus planning and design is put forward.
First, the concept of campus planning and design
1. functional zoning: with the change of higher education concept, the development of school scale strictly emphasizes the main functional zoning of colleges and universities, which can't meet the requirements of students and teachers. In order to integrate and penetrate various functional fields, we must apply the concept of "people-oriented".
2. Campus characteristics: inherit the university culture and regional characteristics in the planning of the new campus, and create a campus environment that reflects the humanistic spirit and characteristics of their respective schools.
3. Ecological environment: With the large-scale construction of campus, planning and design should combine nature, make full use of natural conditions, and protect and build campus ecosystem. Create an ecological and garden campus environment.
4. Sustainable development: Campus planning should fully consider future development, make the planning structure diverse, coordinated and flexible, adapt to future changes and meet sustainable development. In the overall design of the campus, we should also:
1) The individual buildings should coordinate with each other, talk to each other and be organically connected to form the overall continuity between the road facade and the external space;
2) Starting from the overall style of the campus, buildings or landscapes should have an organic order and become a unit in the whole system;
3) The design of external space and architectural space are inseparable, so planning architectural landscape design should become an important work in the development of campus construction.
Second, the universality principle of the overall design concept of campus
The principle of universality is to abstract the university campus into a multifunctional and considerable research on human settlements.
(1) Macro-level-taking the creation of the overall space environment as the object, the designer should take the creation of the overall land space environment as the design object and the ultimate goal, and he should pay attention to the entire living space and humanistic environment in the campus area.
1, defining the important starting point of the overall design.
In the overall design of each park, it is necessary to analyze the base and teaching concept and set aside the starting point of design. Defining the important starting point of the overall design is conducive to grasping the important contradictions in the design, highlighting the main characteristics, clarifying the master-slave relationship, and putting forward the internal logic and mode of the connection of various elements, so as to clarify the key laws that each design element should follow and highlight, and ensure the overall unified direction.
2. The process of circular thinking that restricts each other
The thinking process of campus master design is a comprehensive process of multi-direction, that is, considering planning from architectural design, considering planning from external space structure, and then considering architecture, landscape and external space in turn from planning requirements. In the overall design, these four parts should be mutually restricted, and each design stage should take into account other design stages.
(b) Meso-level-optimizing the external space of group buildings
In the overall design of campus, the external space of group buildings should be integrated with the surrounding environment. Optimize the form of external space:
1. Subjectivity of external space In the design of group buildings, the building should always be regarded as a supporting role and the external space as the main body. According to the relationship between the building and the bottom of the drawing, the form, connection and continuity of the enclosure of the external space are emphatically analyzed.
2. Humanization of external space combines human activities with external space, emphasizing the participation of external space. Some functional spaces should be planned artificially according to the style and living atmosphere of the park, which not only affects people's lifestyle, but also helps to improve the status of the external space, so that the internal and external spaces can be integrated and contribute to the overall environment.
3. Micro-level-reconstructing gray space and constructing space.
On the one hand, "grey space" refers to color, on the other hand, it refers to excessive space between indoor and outdoor, but its existence erases the boundaries between indoor and outdoor buildings to some extent, making them an organic whole. The coherence of space and the unity of design create a consistent building inside and outside, eliminate the gap between inside and outside space, and give people a natural and organic sense of wholeness.
As far as the overall design is concerned, the consideration and design of transition space is very prominent. If you use gray space to blur the building, if you use corridors, platforms, holes in the facade, outdoor stairs, footbridges, etc. to increase the space and level.
Compared with architectural space, the so-called "architectural" space is defined as the space formed to gather a sense of place, such as the extension of walls, columns, frames, signs and towers, in addition to the necessary functional space required by the architectural design task book. Architectural spaces are non-architectural spaces. Although they can't have direct functions, they are often an extension of buildings and a part of indoor and outdoor integration, which is of great significance to the continuation of human perceptual experience and the formation of a sense of place.
Third, the principle of adaptive construction of campus master design
(A) the modernization of campus functions
1, with a cultural atmosphere, is also opening up. On the one hand, the socialized management of logistics market brings problems to campus buildings, on the other hand, the opening of campus cultural and sports resources to the society has an impact on planning layout and traffic management.
2. The knowledge-based economy has changed the requirements for talents. First, lifelong re-education has become a social requirement, and the Adult Education College, as a subsidiary function of the university, came into being. Second, Industry-University-Research is integrated, and scientific research results serve the society.
3. In the new era of educational reform, the eight-character policy of "* * * building, adjusting, merging and linking" aims to provide good opportunities for colleges and universities to develop to a higher level through complementary resource advantages and multidisciplinary integration. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the centralized layout of the teaching center area, reform the closed and independent environmental layout of each department, facilitate resource sharing and subject exchange, realize efficient and convenient intelligent teaching environment, and adopt an independent and generally centralized layout mode.
4. The connotation of higher education has changed from traditional one-way indoctrination by teachers to open education with students as the main body and human development and quality training as the center. This trend requires strengthening the concept of "people-oriented" in campus design, emphasizing that walking space, human scale and the communication between man and nature are not only the main teaching space, but also the student living space of the whole campus as a whole.
(B) the formation of the overall cohesion of the campus center
The main feature of early modern campus is that buildings form a strict axis around a central square, the colonnades around the square are connected with each other, and the library or other leading buildings are located at one end of the axis.
1, the central square and the landmark leading building at the end of the square become the main square of the campus, which is a large-scale communication space and strengthens the cognition of campus characteristics in the morning. Because the whole or the whole is relatively scattered and messy, the formation of a sense of centrality is conducive to the formation of a sense of wholeness.
2. Optimize the layout of traditional central square, and modern campus emphasizes humanized space. Therefore, we can abandon the strict axis relationship and indifferent and inhuman scale in the planning and layout of the early campus central square, while maintaining the open space in contact with the sunshine and greening, combining soft and hard pavement, outdoor, furniture, shrub steps with pleasant scale, and the communication space surrounded by asymmetric layout, so as to make it a cohesive campus center suitable for both large-scale gatherings and leisure reading at ordinary times. In addition, single buildings should also reflect the characteristics of university campus buildings, so as to make them unified and harmonious.
1) The construction of single buildings should be coordinated with the overall planning of the campus, integrated with the surrounding environment, and reflect the personality of their own buildings.
2) Pay attention to the rationality of functions, and the architecture is universal, open, comprehensive and flexible, which truly embodies the "people-oriented" design idea.
3) Pay attention to the communication between internal and external space, and create different levels of communication space through infiltration.
4) Architectural design emphasizes regionality and culture, and embodies the spirit of university culture with elegant, atmospheric and rational modeling.
(C) the diachronic integrity of campus planning
The diachronic integrity of campus planning means that campus design is not only complete in the first stage, short-term and long-term development, but also binding on the future expansion of campus.
1. Create an elastic growth campus structure, which is flexible to use and convenient to expand. A certain proportion of long-term land and flexible land are reserved in each functional area, which can be unified according to the original structural constraints.
2. The possible development direction of the surrounding land should be considered in the design, and the linear layout with strong trend or divergence and gestalt can be adopted.
(D) the integration of the space inside and outside the campus-the gardening of the garden.
The integration of internal and external space emphasizes the communication of space. The university campus is not only an educational place for imparting knowledge functions, but also a living environment for cultivating temperament and developing physical exercise in an all-round way. Its external space design can learn to use "architecture into landscape". Make the external space an extension of the architectural space, and learn to use the concept of "integrating gardens into buildings" in the design of the internal space, so that people can enjoy the green ecological environment at any time while staying indoors in the outdoor landscape.
In addition, it can also be integrated into modern western landscape design techniques, such as:
1) Large open space: central flower bed, sunken square, amphitheater, terrace, courtyard, etc.
2) Medium-sized open space: waterfront space, outdoor platform, roof garden, raised floor, etc.
3) Small open spaces: corridors, flower stands, outdoor furniture, green enclosures, gray spaces of buildings, etc.
4) Multi-level open space.
5) The overall style of campus culture.
The university campus should have its unified cultural style. It has its special cultural style and humanistic spirit, which must be considered in the design and must also reflect its personality characteristics.
1) Combine the local regional and cultural characteristics to create the university's personality. For example, Lingnan College in Hong Kong.
2) Combine the historical context or educational characteristics of the university to create the university's personality. Like Stanford University.
3) Build the personality style of universities with the personality style of architects, such as Singapore Institute of Technology. 4) On the premise of overall continuity, local characteristics change.
The image of university campus buildings is different from other cultural, commercial and commercial buildings, and most of them require originality, self-prominence and fashion. For the first time, it gives people a visual impact, and university buildings bear the humanistic history of universities and are places for students to accept knowledge. Elegance, solemnity and simplicity should be its essential characteristics. Its image symbol is better than returning to green design and pure form, paying attention to the creation of function and space environment, rejecting false and artificial forms and pursuing natural freshness. However, some designs now emphasize modeling too much, showing too exaggerated and luxurious decoration, which violates the essence of educational buildings. The image of campus architecture does not need to pursue a unified style among individuals. Buildings with different functions in different historical periods can interpret the understanding of campus spirit through different architectural treatment methods, thus embodying the diversity, freedom and inclusiveness of campus culture and recording the development process of campus in different historical periods.
Fourthly, architectural design shapes the integrity of emotional space in planning.
(A) architectural sense and campus culture
An ideal university campus should be composed of a beautiful material environment, which should complement each other and be integrated and unified.
The so-called "emotional space" is the opposite of material space, which must be composed of material space, and material space is not necessarily emotional space. Emotional space emphasizes the power of feeling, and the people who are taken care of in this space are the real protagonists. Only when architecture and environment have emotional space can they truly couple souls and embody integrity and unity.
An attractive and infectious university campus, which can subtly educate and transform people, must have a typical rich emotional space, which, together with the material space, constitutes the whole university campus. It is the combination of these emotional spaces that constitutes and determines our overall impression of the campus environment and campus culture of a university, which is also an important part of campus culture. A university campus lacking emotional space is an incomplete campus, and the integrity of the campus is destroyed.
(2) Landscape design and campus activities
People often say that "architecture is solidified music", so architectural design is static in people's habitual thinking. Volume, proportion, proportion, color and space have become the most commonly used words of architects, and representation has become the most commonly used means to express intentions in architectural design. However, if we temporarily change the static building we are concerned about into the place in the building and the scene of people and people's activities in the place. Paying attention to the integrity of people and buildings will make the campus more complete and unified.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) abstract
The construction of university campus is different from general single building design and general urban planning, and has its particularity. First, it is not a single building or complex, but a collection of tens of thousands of buildings with hundreds of thousands of square meters, multiple functions and non-single land use. Second, it does not involve complex social and political factors, the allocation of urban resources of thousands to tens of thousands of square kilometers, but a comprehensive design with relatively simple functional clues and a land scale of hundreds of thousands to millions of hectares. Campus construction is not a simple plane planning, nor a simple architectural space design, but a combination of the two, plus landscape and external space forms and emotional space.
In the process of campus planning and design, architecture and environmental people should be combined into a whole design, so that the university campus can become a complete combination.
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