geography
With an area of 4 14.65 square kilometers, Vienna is the smallest federal state in Austria and the only federal state that is not adjacent to other countries. Because of its important position, Vienna is the largest federal state in Austria, with 1 1.3% for construction land, 1 1. 1% for road traffic and 2.2% for railway tracks. Vienna is also the federal state with the largest green area, with a green area of 1 17.76 square kilometers and a coverage rate of 28.4%. The area of rivers and lakes is 19. 1 km2, accounting for 4.6%, second only to Burgenland. Vienna is also one of the four federal states that grow grapes in Austria, with vineyards accounting for 1.7% of the area. The forest coverage rate is 16.6%, and agricultural land accounts for 15.8%.
location
Vienna can become one of the most important and largest cities in Central Europe, which should be attributed to its superior geographical location. Vienna is located between the northern foot of the Alps and the northwest of the Vienna Basin. Vienna developed from the south of the Danube and now extends to both sides of the Danube. It is the intersection of the east-west Danube route and the north-south amber road.
Since the fall of the Iron Curtain 1989, the transportation and economic relations between Austria and its northern and eastern neighbors have developed significantly, and the distance between Austria and Eastern Europe is remarkable. Vienna is only 60 kilometers from Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, which is the closest distance between the two capitals in Europe except Vatican City and Rome.
Vienna is divided into 23 administrative regions.
topography
Only a relatively small part of the city of Vienna on the Danube is used for buildings, and about half of Vienna is grassland, most of which is used for agricultural land.
The altitude of Vienna ranges from Lobao on the Danube (15 1 m) to the highest peak of Vienna forest (542 m). The northwest, west and southwest of Vienna are surrounded by Vienna forest, which extends to the urban area. The Danube flows through Vienna. Besides the Danube, there are many small rivers flowing into the city from Vienna forest, including the Vienna River. The mountains in the west are connected with the glacier corridor in the south, which is the grape growing area in Vienna.
To the east of Vienna is the March Plain and to the southeast is the Danube Grassland National Park.
The residential areas in Vienna are mainly concentrated in the west of the city with good air quality, and the industrial areas are concentrated in the east of the city.
climate
Vienna is influenced by both the maritime climate from the west and the continental climate from the east, and belongs to a transitional climate, which makes the comparison vary greatly from year to year. Vienna has little precipitation, long dry period and warmer winters than other Austrian cities. The average temperature in the city center is 10.4℃, and the average precipitation in the suburbs is about 600 mm. About 60 days in a year are summer and 70 days are freezing period.
history
Vienna was inhabited in the Neolithic Age. The Celts founded Vienna around 500 BC and called it "Vidonia". In 15, it became the frontier city of the Roman Empire to defend the northern Germanic tribes. The Romans called it "Vindobona". The recorded history of Vienna can be traced back to13rd century [3]. Under the Babenberg dynasty, Vienna rose for the first time and became famous as the capital and ruling center until the Habsburg dynasty. Since then, Vienna has been the Holy Roman Empire (1278), the Austrian Empire (1806) and the Austro-Hungarian Empire (6544). Every time the Ottoman Empire invaded Europe in16th century and17th century, it was blocked in Vienna. 18 15 After Napoleon's defeat, the Vienna Conference was held in Vienna.
With the prosperity of Austria-Hungary in the19th century, Vienna became an important metropolis in Europe at that time. 1873, Vienna hosted the World Expo 106 days. In World War II, Austria merged with Nazi Germany again. After the war, Austria and Vienna, like Germany and Berlin, were divided into four controlled areas by Britain, the United States, France and the Soviet Union until Austria regained its independence in 1955. During the Cold War, Vienna was a hotbed of international espionage, because it was located in Austria, a neutral country between East and West blocs.
Prehistoric times, Roman times, the Middle Ages
Archaeological findings show that there were human activities in Vienna in the Paleolithic Age, and people lived in the Vienna Basin in the Neolithic Age. Vienna's good climatic conditions and abundant land resources provide a good living environment for Neolithic farmers, and the red, brown and green stones needed for casting stone tools can also be mined in Vienna. The bronze age, the bronze age and the iron age also left traces of human habitation in Vienna.
Around 500 BC, the Celts established a residential area called Vedunia in what is now Vienna. /kloc-in the 0 th century, the Roman Empire stationed troops near the Danube River (now the center of Vienna) and established a city to protect the border of Pannonia Province. The Romans stayed until the 5th century. At the beginning of the 5th century, a devastating fire broke out in Vienna, and the next record appeared in the battle with magyars in 88 1 year. In 955, King Otto I of the Eastern Frankish Kingdom defeated magyars at the Battle of Lechfield, marking the rise of Vienna and Austria.
Babenburg dynasty era
In 976, Leopold I of the Babenburg family was Mark a vassal in the eastern border area of Bavaria by the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II, which later became Austria. In 1996, the name "Austria" first appeared in the history books. Aussie Taric means "East Mark". 165438+ Vienna has always been an important trading city in the 20th century. 1 155, Henry II took Vienna as the capital. One year later, on September 1 156, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I granted a small privilege to Henry II of Austria, which belonged to Austria. 122 1 year, Vienna became the second city in Austria to enjoy economic development rights after Enes. Businessmen passing through Vienna had to sell their goods in the city, which soon made Vienna a vital trading city on the Danube to Venice.
Habsburg era
The Habsburg dynasty of Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, ruled in Vienna for hundreds of years, during which Vienna developed into the cultural and political center of Europe.
1278, German Habsburg King Rudolph I (1273 ~ 129 1 reigned) defeated Bohemian King Otoka II of Babenburg dynasty after many conquests, and began the history of Habsburg dynasty ruling Austria. However, in Vienna, the Habsburg dynasty took a long time to establish its dominance. After Otto Ka II was killed in the Battle of 1278, his supporters in Vienna remained strong, and he launched many uprisings against German King Albrecht I (from 1298 to 1308). Albrecht I's successor, Luxemburg Dynasty henry vii (1308- 13 13 reigned,1312-1313 Holy Roman Emperor), has its capital in Prague.
Then Rudolf IV (Duke of Austria 1358 ~ 1365) promulgated and implemented a series of economic policies, which revived Vienna. 1365, he established the University of Vienna and ordered the construction of Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. He won great achievements for Vienna and was therefore known as "the builder of Vienna", but since then he has participated in Habsburg.
After Brecht II, the Duke of Austria (from 1404 to 1439, and the King of Germany from 1438 to 1439) was elected as the king of Germany, and Vienna became the capital again, but something happened during his tenure.
The weak Frederick III (1440 to 1493 German King, 1452 to 1493 Holy Roman Emperor, 1457 to 1493 Austrian Grand Duke) is in contact with Hungarian King Hunyadi magaz. 1556 After Hungary and Bohemia merged into Habsburg, Vienna finally became the capital of the Holy Roman Empire.
Two Vienna besieged cities and baroque modern times.
1640 Vienna after strengthening the city wall.
1529 When the Ottoman Empire besieged Vienna for the first time, the Austrians relied on the walls left over from the Middle Ages and struggled to resist the Turkish attack. In the case of epidemic and early arrival of winter, Turks were forced to withdraw their troops. The Turkish siege exposed the weakness of Vienna's defense, so starting from 1548, Vienna decided to transform into a fortress consisting of 1 1 fortress and 1 trench. This decision was later proved to be wise. 1683, the Turks besieged Vienna for the second time, and the rebuilt fortress defended Vienna for two months. It was not until Polish King Jan sobieski sent troops to help that the siege of Vienna was lifted for the second time, which led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire.
After two Turkish sieges, Vienna began a glorious era of construction, and continued to show Baroque artistic style in the process of reconstruction. Nobles have built gardens and palaces within the city walls, the most famous of which is Prince Eugen's Belverdi Palace.
After two great population declines caused by major pests and infectious diseases, 1679 and 17 13, the population of Vienna continued to increase, reaching150,000 in 2004 and over 200,000 in 1790. In this era, the first factories were established and laid the foundation stone in Vienna. Vienna is also one of the first cities to introduce residential label system and national postal system. In Joseph II (1780- 1790 Austrian Grand Duke, 1765- 1790 Holy Roman Emperor), 1783 carried out urban management reform. He introduced the civil service system in the city and moved the cemetery in the inner city outside the city.
With the rapid development of the city, Vienna soon became one of the most important cultural centers in Europe. Haydn, salieri, Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert led Viennese classicism to its peak.
Vienna under the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire
In the French Revolutionary War, Vienna was occupied twice by Napoleon's army.
The first time occurred in 1805,165438+1October, 13. The French army entered Vienna without resistance, and the citizens of Vienna even welcomed them curiously. Franz Ii put on the Austrian crown in 1804, in response to Napoleon's claim to the throne, became the first emperor of Austria and began the history of the Austrian empire. Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, and Franz Ii had to take off the crown of the Holy Roman Empire and become the last emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (from 1792 to 1806).
Napoleon occupied Vienna for the second time in 1809, but this time he met with stubborn resistance. Shortly after he occupied Vienna, he tasted the first defeat in the Battle of Aspen. After Napoleon's final defeat, the Vienna Conference was held from September 8, 2004 to June 9, 2005. This is a diplomatic conference of European powers initiated by Austrian diplomat klemens metternich, aiming at adjusting the political map of Europe after Napoleon's defeat.
1848 The French February Revolution also had an impact on Vienna. 13 In March, the German March Revolution broke out, forcing Chancellor klemens metternich to step down, and then the Vienna October Uprising broke out in June 10, which was finally suppressed by the emperor's army.
1873 Vienna Expo Vienna began to expand at 1850, which once again showed its glory. 1867, Johann Strauss II, the "father of waltzes", wrote the most famous Austrian waltz "Blue Danube". This glory reached its peak at the Fifth World Expo in Vienna in 1873, and the Expo displayed unprecedented architectural design. Although the Austro-Hungarian Empire came to an end, Vienna once again climbed the cultural peak represented by Vienna modernism during this period. Art Nouveau was launched in urban architecture, painting highlighted the expressionism of gustav klimt and Egon Schiele, while Mahler and Lehar, Schoenberg, Weber and alban Berg were the "Vienna Second School of Music" in music, and sigmund freud initiated psychoanalysis.
World War I and the First Republic of Austria
Although the First World War did not directly affect Vienna, the protracted war caused a crisis in food and clothing supply. The end of World War I declared the end of six centuries of Habsburg rule and the disintegration of Austria-Hungary. 1October 219165438+12, the former Germany Austria was founded, and 19 19 was renamed Austria.
Almost half of Austria's population lives in Lower Austria, where Vienna is located. The other six federal states are worried about being dominated by Lower Austria for a long time. In addition, there is a serious political opposition between Vienna of the Social Democratic Party and other parts of conservative Lower Austria. 192 1 year, Austria decided to separate Vienna from lower Austria, and Vienna became a federal state of Austria in 1922. At the same time, in 19 19, Vienna implemented equal elections for men and women. Since then, the Social Democratic Party has always won an absolute majority in the elections of the city Senate, state assemblies and local assemblies, so Vienna is called "Red Vienna".
During the period of the First Republic of Austria, Vienna experienced inflation from 19 18 to 1925, a world economic crisis of 1929, and a high unemployment rate. In addition, the conservative Austrian federal government reduces Austria's tax support year by year.
1933 Hitler came to power, 1938 Hitler, as the prime minister of the German Empire, marched into and annexed Austria, ending the history of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and establishing the Nazi dictatorship.
Vienna under Nazi rule
One of the six large reinforced concrete anti-aircraft gun platforms built during World War II still exists in Vienna. 1908 Hitler, 19 years old, applied for the Vienna Art Institute twice, but was not accepted. He had to make a living by doing odd jobs and selling copy paintings in Vienna, where he was influenced by the Pan-Germanic National Party. Hitler later claimed, "Vienna was and still is the most difficult school in my life. The world outlook and philosophy of life formed there have become a solid foundation for all my future actions. Apart from the foundation laid at that time, there is little need to learn or change anything in the future. This world outlook and philosophy of life is that "the reason why human beings are the spirit of all things is not based on the principle of human nature, but only through the most barbaric struggle ... without struggle, we can't live."
Hitler's genocidal policy towards Jews revived anti-Semitism buried in Vienna for hundreds of years in the 20th century. Shortly after Germany entered Austria, Viennese of Aryan race began to threaten, torture and plunder Viennese of Jewish race involuntarily, and drove them out of their homes. The morning of1938165438+10 was called "crystal night", and the organized Nazi massacre of Jews began. In Vienna, 92 synagogues were destroyed, but only one survived.
On the one hand, the Nazis defined modern art as "degenerate art" (German: Entartete Kunst), on the other hand, they vigorously promoted "German culture" in Vienna. For example, 194 1, Mozart 179 1 died in Vienna. The name "Austria" disappeared from historical documents, and only the Austrian First Savings Bank, which was established in Vienna in 18 19, still retained this name.
1944, 17 In March, the allied forces attacked Vienna for the first time, and one fifth of the city was destroyed. 1April 2, 945, Vienna was declared a Nazi defense zone, and women and children were asked to leave the city, which means that the war has reached a white-hot stage, and the Soviet army is only a few kilometers away from Vienna. The battle of Vienna lasted eight days, and forty thousand people were killed. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna was not damaged by air raids and wars, but was caught in a fire in a looting.
Allied occupation and the Second Republic of Austria
After the Vienna War of World War II, it was occupied by the Soviet Union. Soon after, the Soviet Red Army began to build new urban management institutions. First, the producer of * * * served as the interim mayor, and three days later, he was replaced by the Austrian Social Democrats. 1On April 27th, 945, representatives of the Austrian Social Democratic Party, the Austrian People's Party and the Austrian producers declared Austria's independence at the Vienna City Hall. On April 29th, the occupation authorities handed over the parliament building to the new interim government, and the "Austrian Democratic Republic" was rebuilt. 1In the autumn of 945, the Soviet Union allowed three other allies to enter Vienna, and the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union jointly occupied Vienna. Austria was completely independent until May 1955, when the Austrian national treaty was signed and the allied forces withdrew.
Like Austria and other cities in western Europe, Vienna experienced economic recovery and urban reconstruction with the help of Marshall Plan after World War II.
Since the October incident in Hungary.
1956 After the October incident in Hungary and the failed uprising against the authorities of the * * * production party, a large number of Hungarians fled to the west, and Vienna accepted many Hungarians. 1968 Vienna accepted many Czechs and Soviets after the Prague Spring.
Vienna is gradually developing into an international city. 1957, the international atomic energy agency became the first international organization stationed in Vienna after 1945. Since 196 1, American President John F. Kennedy and General Secretary of the Soviet Central Committee Khrushchev held a summit in Vienna, Vienna has been the residence of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and the Development Foundation. 1979, American president Carter and Soviet general secretary Brezhnev met in Vienna. 1980, Vienna International Center became the third residence of the United Nations, and Vienna was positioned as a city for international conferences and international conflict resolution.
Human population
At the beginning of the 20th century, Vienna was the sixth largest city in the world [4]. During the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867- 19 18), the population of Vienna grew rapidly. It once had a population of two million, making it the fourth largest city in the world after London, new york and Paris. At that time, Vienna gathered many immigrants from other parts of the empire. After the First World War, many Czechs returned to their motherland, resulting in a decrease in the city's population, and Vienna lost a quarter of its population. In the following immigration period, about one third of the population had Slavic and Hungarian surnames.
travel
Meiquangong
The carriage with Vienna characteristics, the glory of the Roman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire left countless magnificent buildings for Vienna. As a "city of music", it also attracts many musicians such as Beethoven, Mozart and Mahler, and inherits their classical music works and cultural heritage, making Vienna a well-known tourist city.
Tourists walk in the old city, the inner city of Vienna, in a carriage with Vienna characteristics. The center of the old city is Vienna's Stephen Cathedral, as well as vienna state opera, Hofburg, the Palace and the most prosperous pedestrian street in Austria, K? Ente Stella? E street, famous cake shops and hotels, magnificent Ringstra? There are various bars, jazz bars, dance halls and art galleries on Donghuan Street. Most tourist attractions in Vienna are open all year round, such as Sch? nbrunn Palace, Hofburg Palace, Licheng Palace and museums. Most tourists choose to travel in summer, and many tourists come to Vienna to participate in the Christmas market from 65438 to February every year. The Habsburg dynasty was selected as a UNESCO World Heritage site in Vienna's Sch? nbrunn Palace, and the downtown Stephen Cathedral is the symbol of Vienna.
Vienna is also an international conference city. In 2006, it held 147 international conferences, surpassing Paris and Singapore to become the most popular international conference city in the world [5].
culture
For centuries, Vienna has been the center of classical music and opera, known as the "City of Music". At the same time, Vienna school of philosophy, Vienna literary circle, Vienna utopian realism, as well as food art and coffee culture are all famous.
music
Vienna's classical music is famous all over the world. He has contributed countless composers for hundreds of years and still influences and inspires contemporary musicians.
Vienna gave birth to Schoenberg, Weber and Berger, the representatives of Vienna neoclassical music school. Schubert, Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Lana and Kleinek were also born in Vienna. Numerous musicians studied, lived and devoted themselves to music creation in Vienna, including Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, as well as Liszt, Lehar, brukner, Mahler, Gluck, Brahms and Vivaldi. Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Lanner, brukner, Mahler, Gluck, Brahms, Vivaldi, etc.
Vienna New Year Concert is held by Vienna Philharmonia Orchestra in the Golden Hall, and it is broadcast live to the whole world every year at 65438+1 October1. The dance of Vienna Opera House is the climax of Vienna Carnival every year. Others, such as Vienna Waltz and Vienna Youth Choir, are world-famous with many opera houses and theaters in Vienna.
food culture
The most popular among tourists are Vienna steak and the unique Vienna cafe culture.
Science and education
Vienna University There are hundreds of primary schools, middle schools and special schools in Vienna. Vienna University is the oldest and largest comprehensive university in German-speaking countries. Founded in 1365, it is especially famous for its medical discipline. In 2004, the Department of Medicine became the Vienna Medical University independently. In addition, there are Vienna Academy of Fine Arts (1692), Vienna Veterinary University (1765), Vienna University of Technology (18 15) and Vienna University of Music and Performing Arts (18 17).
Vienna's medicine and psychology are in a leading position in the world, including sigmund freud, the founder of psychoanalysis and the First Vienna School, alfred adler, the founder of individual psychology and the Second Vienna School, Irving Ringer, the representative of individual psychology, Victor Frank, the founder of logotherapy Method, Existentialism Analysis and the Third Vienna School, etc. In addition, Boltzmann, the founder of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, Victor Kaplan, who invented Kaplan turbine, ernst mach, a physicist and philosopher who proposed the Doppler effect of Doppler, and robert adler, the father of TV remote control, all studied and worked in Vienna.
Vienna is also the birthplace of Vienna Philosophy School and Austrian Economics School, represented by ludwig wittgenstein, karl popper, ludwig von mises, friedrich hayek and Eugen Bohm-Bavik.
economy
Within the EU, Vienna is a city with high quality of life and low crime rate. According to the data of 2007, Vienna ranks fifth among the richest cities in the European Union, just behind London, Luxembourg, Brussels and Hamburg [6]. Vienna is also known as the "springboard to Eastern Europe" because Vienna and its enterprises have good relations with Central and Eastern Europe. Under the background of EU's eastward expansion in 2004, many large foreign enterprises handed over their business in Central and Eastern European countries to Vienna branches, or set up institutions in Vienna to explore the Central and Eastern European market from Vienna, such as French building materials giants Lafarge Group, henkel and Levi Group. In order to enter the Central and Eastern European market, some foreign enterprises have acquired Austrian enterprises in Vienna. For example, Heineken, a Dutch beverage tycoon, acquired the largest beer company in Austria, and UniCredit Italy acquired Credit Austria. Most large enterprises in Austria are headquartered in Vienna, including almost all banks in Austria, the Austrian Oil and Gas Group (OMV AG), Weinberg, the world's largest brick maker, and Telecom Austria. The Vienna Stock Exchange is the only stock exchange in Austria.
About 900 enterprises manage agriculture in Vienna 16% area, and produce about 50,000 tons of vegetables every year, including tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, salads and radishes. In this season, 70% of their fresh vegetables came from Vienna and 56% from Austria.
politics
Vienna city hall
Vienna, the United Nations city of Vienna, is the base camp of Austrian social democracy. From 19 19 to 1934, Vienna was elected to power by the Austrian Social Democratic Workers' Party with an absolute majority, and was then called "Red Vienna". There is no democratic election between 1934 and 1945. Since 1945, the Austrian Social Democratic Party has been the mayor.
Permanent representatives of international organizations
1979, Vienna became the third United Nations resident city after new york and Geneva, and was also home to many other international organizations:
EU Agency for Fundamental Rights
International publishing bureau (IPI)
International Committee for the Protection of the Danube (IKSD)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Organization for Security Cooperation in Europe (OSZE)
United Nations (UNO)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
United nations office on drugs and crime (UNODC)
UNHCR (UNHCR)
Preparatory Committee for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO PrepCom)
United Nations Office for Space Issues
United Nations Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
United Nations Parliament (UNPA)
sister city
Tel Aviv, Israel, since 2005.
Since 2003 in Belgrade, Serbia.
Warsaw, Poland, since 200 1.
Zagreb, Croatia, since 1994.
Moscow, Russia, since 199 1 year.
Budapest, Hungary since 1990.
Bratislava, Slovakia, since 1993 and since 2003.
The following Vienna municipal departments have established friendly relations with Japanese cities or special zones:
19d area? Bling and Setagaya in Tokyo, since 1985.
Floridsdorf in Tokyo 2 1 district and Kochi district, since 1987.
Innere Stadt in Tokyo 1 District and Taitung District, since 1989.
In gifu county 12 district and Madelyn in gifu city, since 1992.
Hernia in 17 area and central city of Tokyo since 1992.
Since 1994, the ninth district of Hyogo Prefecture and Alsergrund of Baozhong City.
Hietzing in Osaka Prefecture 13 and Hatano City, since 1995.
Donastat and Arakawa in the 22nd District of Tokyo, since 1996.
The following municipal districts of Vienna have established friendly relations with the administrative districts of People's Republic of China (PRC):
Chongqing 1 District and the urban area in Shapingba District
Mariahilf in the Sixth District of Tianjin and Nankai District.
Alsergrund in Beijing's Ninth District and Dongcheng District
Beijing 1 1 District and Chaoyang District
Shanghai 22 nd District and Luwan District
Located in the 23rd District and Fangshan District of Beijing.