Section 1 Spatial Structure of Cities
1, urban functional zoning
Location characteristics of functional zoning
Large shopping malls, companies and banks in CBD (such as Shanghai Bund and Pudong Lujiazui) are generally located in the city center, with dense buildings, high-rise buildings, convenient transportation, developed communication, large population difference between day and night and obvious internal division of labor.
Commercial streets, department stores, financial centers, downtown areas, outside CB, on both sides of streets, convenient transportation, multi-storey buildings, large population density and flow, large population difference between day and night, and the most intensive land use.
Similar factories in the industrial zone ① Urban fringe ② Huge factories and towering chimneys on both sides of the traffic trunk line ② Convenient transportation and much pollution.
Residential areas are divided into residential buildings and supporting service facilities. (1) enterprise staff housing. (2) municipal unified planning houses. ① The environment is not good. ② Commercial housing. The environment is good.
The mixed population in the administrative center is quite different from other functional areas.
Universities, scientific research institutions and libraries in cultural areas are far away from industrial areas, with convenient transportation, developed communication and good natural environment.
Suburban satellite cities, agricultural areas and the periphery of residential cities serve the city.
① Residential area occupies the largest space ② The three main types are commercial area, residential area and industrial area.
(3) There is no obvious boundary between urban functional areas, and there are other functional areas in a functional area, mainly based on a certain function.
④ Residential area classification: advanced residential area: large area, independent courtyard, located on the edge of the city, mostly associated with high slopes and cultural areas; Low-grade residential area: area
Small, crowded, connected with lowlands and industrial areas, crowded near inner cities and industrial areas.
2. Causes of formation
(1) Historical factors, function continuation: Edo senior residential area in Tokyo (samurai residence continuation)
Functional changes: The Forbidden City in Beijing, formerly an administrative center, is now a cultural tourist area.
(2) Economic factors (the most important factor), the main factors that directly affect the level of economic land rent: the distance from the city center and accessibility.
(3) Social factors: mainly affect the differentiation of residential areas.
Social status: high-grade and low-grade residential areas
Lifestyle: Chinatown and Shandong Village, New York, USA
Religious belief: Hui community in Jinan
(4) Administrative factors: administrative planning, such as Fangzhuang residential area in Beijing.
Generally speaking, the bigger the city, the more obvious the differentiation of regional structure.
Centralism: ① The high-level center is located in the center of a regular hexagon, and six low-level centers are distributed on six corners (the service scope is a regular hexagon).
② Nested and closed ③ The service scope of the same level is independent of each other and does not overlap.
④ Low-level center services are small in function and large in quantity. ⑤ The area of the high-level center is three times that of the low-level center.
⑥ Assuming the state, the reality does not exist, but it can guide commercial outlets and urban layout. The bigger the city, the stronger the service function. But it can't be said that the size of the city is directly proportional to the size of the city's service function (Guilin and other tourist cities have strong functions on the one hand, and the service area can reach the whole country)
Section 2 Urbanization
I. Urbanization
Three connotations: rural population is concentrated in cities, rural areas are transformed into cities, and urban civilization is spread to rural areas.
Main signs: urban population increases, the proportion of urban population increases, and the scale and quantity of urban land increase.
The most important sign: the proportion of urban population is rising. Just judge the urbanization level of the two cities and calculate the proportion of urban population.
Second, the process of world urbanization.
Two prominent characteristics of urbanization in the world today: the acceleration of urbanization process and the obvious trend of large-scale urbanization (especially in developing countries)
A prominent manifestation of the world urbanization trend is the formation of urban agglomerations.
Developed and developing countries
Sooner or later, it will start
urbanization level
The urban population is small but large.
Modern development is slow and fast.
Adapt to economic relations (with the growth of industrialization) and not adapt (industrialization lags behind urbanization)
The new trend of modern cities is suburbanization, anti-urbanization, re-urbanization, and excessive expansion of big cities.
The reasons are good environmental quality in suburbs, perfect supporting facilities in towns and villages, convenient transportation, poor environmental quality in cities, "hollowing out" of the city center and economic depression.
Three. Impact of urbanization on geographical environment Environmental pollution: Air pollution, the main pollution sources are automobile exhaust, coal burning by industrial and mining enterprises and coal burning by residents.
Pollution sources of water pollution: industrial sewage, domestic sewage and garbage dumps.
Solid waste pollution: pollution of air, water and soil, destruction of the original ecological environment: species reduction.
Land subsidence: The reason is over-exploitation of groundwater and coal mining.
Others: traffic congestion, housing shortage, employment difficulties, and many unemployed people.
Section 3 Regional Culture and Urban Development
1, regional culture: the material basis is the geographical environment.
Formation: natural and human factors
Range: large or small, single factor or multiple factors.
Status: relatively stable, constantly changing in a certain period of time.
For example: cultivated land: south water and north drought; Diet: sweet in the south and salty in the north; Dwellings: quadrangles in the north, caves in the Loess Plateau, Dai bamboo houses.
2. The influence of regional culture on the city: the buildings in the city can best reflect the characteristics of regional culture.
Architectural spatial layout
United States: central skyscraper, gradual decline in the height of peripheral buildings, three-dimensional development, modern urban layout
Europe: The city center is square and church. The height difference between the center and the surrounding buildings is small. High-rise buildings are generally outside the city, which reflects the integration of historical culture and modern culture.
Building structure
Wall, China: conservative, there is a wall outside the building; West: There are few walls.
China Gardens: Pay attention to implicit, obvious, restrained and closed; West: unity, symmetry, openness and extroversion.
architectural style
China: Palace-style building: red wall and yellow tile cornice tower hall, showing the status of imperial power.
West: Fountains, sculptures, houses, meadows and famous churches.