In ancient times, people lived on the land of France. Up to now, systematic human cultural relics from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age have been found in France, including human jawbone fossils from 300,000 to 400,000 years ago, figure carvings and animal murals in caves such as Lascaux in southwest France about 20,000 years ago, tombstones and earth graves of Brittany stones from 3,000 to 4,000 years ago in western France, and various production tools and artistic creations.
Around BC 1000, Celts moved here from the mountains of Central Europe. The Romans called this place Gaul and the local residents Gaul.
The great migration of Germanic peoples affected the development of Gaul. 4 18 visigoths established a kingdom in aquitaine.
In 443, Burgundy established kingdoms on the River Thorne and the River Rhone, and the British occupied what is now Brittany.
In 45 1 year, Huns invaded Gaul under Attila and were defeated by Rome and barbarians (including Franks). Gaul was completely controlled by barbarian kings. In the late 5th century, the Franks who settled between the Meuse River and the Esco River, under the leadership of King Clovis (see Frankish Kingdom), invaded the West on a large scale and defeated the Roman military leaders Sia Griou, Alaman and Visigoths.
In 48 1 year, Franks occupied all Gaul regions except Burgundy Kingdom and Mediterranean coast, and moved to Paris to establish Frankish Kingdom. 5 ~ 10 century
This period includes two dynasties: the Morovian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty.
The Morovian dynasty was the 1 dynasty of the Frankish kingdom. In 48 1 year, Clovis, the grandson of Merovin, defeated the forces of the Western Roman Empire in Gaul and formally established a dynasty.
At the beginning of the 8th century, the struggle between East Frank and West Frank was particularly fierce. Charlie restored order in the north at the East Frank Palace. In 732, he repelled the Arab invasion in Poitiers and reunified the Frankish kingdom. In 75 1 year, his son Pippin (reigned in 75 1-768) formally ascended the throne with the support of the Pope, and established the Carolingian dynasty.
In 768, Pierre's son Charlemagne succeeded to the throne. During his reign, he went to Italy, Spain, Germany and other regions for many years. By 800, he had placed vast areas of western Europe under the rule of the Roman Empire, and was crowned by the Pope, and Charlemagne became the Western Emperor.
In the treaty of verdun signed in 843, Charlemagne's empire was divided into three parts, in which the western Frankish kingdom evolved into modern France.
During the 500 years from Clovis to hugues capet, barbarian invasions and internal and external wars continued. The prevalence of feudal natural economy, the expansion of lords' power, and the strengthening of nobles' centrifugal tendency and independence have caused the long-term backwardness of production and the disunity between feudal separatism and the state. 10 ~15th century
This period includes Cape Dynasty (987~ 1328) and Valois Dynasty (1328~ 1589).
In the middle of the Middle Ages, French agriculture, handicrafts and commerce developed. The population gradually increased, reaching about160,000 in the 1920s. There are many emerging cities in traffic arteries and markets. Since 1 1 century, some cities have launched commune movements and gained autonomy through armed uprising or money redemption. With the rise of cities, a new social stratum-citizen stratum has emerged, which has become the third stratum different from the privileged stratum (priests and nobles). The development of commodity-currency relations has strengthened domestic economic ties and created favorable conditions for national reunification.
In the early days of the Cape Dynasty, the territory directly controlled by the royal family was limited to the Seine River and the Loire River, and all the grand duchies and countries were independent, just like independent kingdoms. During the reign of Philip IV (1286 ~ 13 14), the rectification army clashed with the Pope because it insisted on collecting property taxes from the church.
1328 After the death of Charles IV, Philip VI of valois, a branch of Capello's family, succeeded to the throne and established the Valois dynasty, because there was no male heir in Capello's direct family. 1337, a hundred-year war broke out between Britain and France.
1358, another Zachary uprising took place in northern Paris. Joan of Arc is a national hero who appeared in the later period of the war. Although she was betrayed and killed, the trend of national unity is unstoppable. 1453' s "Hundred Years' War" ended in the victory of France.
By the end of 15, the last aristocratic territories-Burgundy, Piccadilly, Brittany, Provence and Roussillon were also incorporated into the territory of the Kingdom of France. 16 ~18th century
This period is an important period of France's transition from feudal society to capitalist society. The second half of this period is called the "old system" in French history.
From the16th century, French capitalist relations of production began to sprout and develop. The opening of the new sea route has shifted the focus of French foreign trade from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. From the17th century, France expanded its colonies to North America, Central America, Africa and India.
/kloc-In the first half of the 6th century, the wounds of the Hundred Years' War between Britain and France have not healed. Francis I and Henry II of the Valois Dynasty once again launched a war of aggression against Italy. They competed with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V for the land on the German-French border, thus opening the prelude to the long-term hegemony between France and the Habsburg family.
1559 after the end of the Italian war, the French gained the sovereignty of Calais, Metz, Tours and Verdun. 1589, Henry iv, the first king of bourbon dynasty (1589- 16 10 was in power) tried his best to restore peace and recuperate, and then, after the rectification of Bishop Li Sailiu and Madzar-ran, the French monarchy entered its heyday under Louis XIV.
Louis XIV strengthened the feudal centralized rule and greatly weakened the power of local nobles. Promote the development of capitalist industry and commerce. At the same time, the long war between Louis XIV and Habsburg extended the eastern border of France to Strasbourg. During the reign of Louis XV (17 15 ~ 1774), although the economy developed, the absolute monarchy declined.
1774 When Louis XVI ascended the throne, the bourgeoisie increasingly felt that its political status was not commensurate with its economic strength. They are extremely dissatisfied with the checkpoint system, regulations and unfair tax system, especially against the privileges of nobles and priests. The Enlightenment, which represents the interests of the bourgeoisie, flourished. They attacked the Catholic Church and autocratic monarchy, spread scientific knowledge, and preached democracy, freedom, equality and rationality. The French feudal system was in a serious crisis. The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was an important watershed in French history. It ended the feudal rule of 1000 and began the period of the establishment and development of capitalism. The history of nearly 200 years since the French Revolution can be divided into three periods:
The period from the French Revolution to the Paris Commune (1789 ~ 187 1) can be called "the century of revolution". In these 82 years, * * * made five revolutions (1789, 1830, 18).
1789 The historical task of the French Revolution was to overthrow feudal autocratic rule, abolish feudal system, establish bourgeois regime and develop capitalism.
From 1789 to 1794, the revolution developed along the upward route. From 1789 to 14 in July, the popular uprising in Paris experienced three stages: constitutional monarchy, gironde * * and democratic dictatorship in central jacobins.
1792 On September 22nd, the First Republic of France was founded. 1793, King Louis XVI was guillotined, overthrowing the Bourbon dynasty, abolishing the feudal system and defeating the counter-revolutionary forces at home and abroad. At the moment when the revolution continues to win, contradictions within the revolutionary camp intensify.
1794 In July, various forces opposed to robespierre united to launch a hot moon coup and overthrew jacobins's rule.
1799, 165438+ 10. In October, Napoleon launched a coup in the foggy month and established an executive government. 1804, Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor, changed the Republic of China into the first empire of France, abolished democracy and freedom, strengthened centralization, and promulgated the civil code, which legally safeguarded and consolidated capitalist ownership and bourgeois society. Napoleon I's war of aggression against Spain and Russia met with strong resistance. 18 14 was defeated by the anti-French Coalition forces and retreated. 18 15 from March to June, Napoleon I was in power again for "one hundred days" and finally failed completely in Waterloo.
18 14 Louis Stanislas Xavier, the restoration dynasty, issued a charter, promising not to change the economic order and bourgeois freedom rights established by the Great Revolution.
1820 The ultra-right elements of the Wang Party came to power and abandoned the contract, which aroused the anger of bourgeois liberals and the people.
1830, the July Revolution overthrew Charles X and replaced it with the July Dynasty, and the regime fell into the hands of the big bourgeoisie.
1830, the industrial revolution rose in France, which set off a railway construction boom. In 1930s and 1940s, workers' movements in Lyon, such as the workers' uprising, the * * * movement and the democratic movement, broke out one after another and finally merged into a huge stream.
1848 February Revolution overthrew the July Dynasty and established the Second Republic of France.
1848 the revolution made all classes of the bourgeoisie participate in the political power. At the same time, the workers also put forward their own demands, which aroused the fear of the bourgeoisie. 1June, 848, Paris workers staged an uprising and were brutally suppressed. In February 18 of the same year, louis bonaparte was elected president by taking advantage of farmers' superstition about Napoleon I. 185 1 65438+February 2, louis bonaparte staged a coup and proclaimed himself emperor the following year, establishing the second French Empire for Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte.
During the period of 18 under the rule of the second empire, the industrial revolution made great progress. Since the 1960s, the * * * peace movement, the democratic movement and the workers' movement have been on the rise. 1870 In early September, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's rout in the Franco-Prussian War triggered the 94 Revolution, and the Parisian people overthrew the monarchy and declared * * * peace. The Third Republic of France was founded.
From 187 1, the people of Paris called for the establishment of communes to continue the war of resistance. The leftist leaders of the Paris branch of the First International United with the workers to form the Central Committee of the National Guard. The Central Committee of the National Guard seized power with the support of the people. /kloc-From March to May 28th, 0/8, the working class in Paris overthrew the bourgeois rule for the first time in human history and established its own political power, the Paris Commune. The Paris Commune was suppressed when the class power disparity was too great.
After 1870, the French economy developed. From 1900 to 19 13, monopoly organizations appeared one after another, and the concentration of bank capital was particularly prominent, making it the capital exporter after Britain. After the Franco-Prussian War, the main goal of French foreign policy was to prepare for revenge and colonial expansion against Germany. In order to get rid of its isolated position, France concluded a military alliance with Russia in 1892 and an agreement with Britain in 1904.
In the First World War, although France was a victorious country, it recovered Alsace and Lorraine and seized some German colonies, but it suffered heavy losses. After the war, the economy was in serious difficulties and the political situation was unstable. Between 19 14 ~ 1940, there were 45 cabinet changes.
1923 France and Belgium sent troops to occupy the Ruhr mining area in Germany.
1924 the radical socialist party and the social party group formed a left-wing Coalition government headed by Helio.
During the reign of Nungaray from 1926 to 1929, there was a short period of prosperity and stability. 1On February 6th, 934, tens of thousands of fascist armed thugs held a demonstration in Paris against the corruption case in Staviski and rushed to the Bourbon Palace, the parliament building. The Daladier government was forced to resign, and the peace system was once again facing a crisis.
September 1939, 1, German invasion of Poland, French national mobilization. On September 3rd, France declared war on Germany, but France is losing ground.
1940 On June 22nd, Marshal Petain signed a surrender agreement with Germany, and the Third Republic of France fell. In July, a puppet government was established in Vichy, central France.
1In August, 944, Vichy government collapsed under the attack of French resistance and allied forces.
From the collapse of the third Republic to the establishment of the fourth Republic, it experienced the struggle against German and Italian fascism and the struggle to formulate a new constitution.
The resistance movement led by General De Gaulle developed rapidly. 1In June, 944, an interim government was established, and the anti-fascist forces in the United Nations and the colonies continued their war of resistance. With the cooperation of the resistance movement led by the Allied Forces and the French Production Party,/kloc-0 recovered Paris on August 25th, 944, and then recovered the whole country. Different political forces have different views on what kind of Republic should be established in post-war France: the left wing, represented by the * * * production party, demands a unicameral democratic constitution; De Gaulle called for weakening parliament and strengthening presidential power; The third force, represented by the people and the party, insisted on restoring the parliamentary system during the Third Republic.
De Gaulle resigned. 1946 10 year 10 month, the Constitution of the Fourth French Republic was adopted, and the Fourth French Republic was proclaimed. Basically retain the political system of the Third Republic.
In the fourth year of the Republic of China, France completed the equipment renewal through several revival plans. With the rapid growth of industrial production, people's lives are getting richer and richer. In foreign relations, France accepted the Marshall Plan and became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization on 1949.
1957, according to the Treaty of Rome, France and the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg established the same market of six western European countries. 1959 65438+ 10, President Charles de Gaulle took office and the period of the Fifth Republic of France began.
1958 ~ 1969 Charles de Gaulle pursued an independent foreign policy during his administration.
1959 take back the command of the French fleet from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and prohibit the United States from using French bases.
1960 France exploded the first atomic bomb.
1963, Charles de Gaulle refused to sign the nuclear non-proliferation treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union, resumed diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany, put forward the slogan "Europe for Europeans", and vetoed Britain, which has a special relationship with the United States, to join the western European market.
From 65438 to 0964, France resumed diplomatic relations with China.
1966, the French army completely withdrew from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, forcing the headquarters of the organization to leave France and move to Brussels.
In May, the socialist Mitterrand was elected president.
1981June, the National Assembly held a general election, and the Socialist Party won 55% of the seats and became the largest party in France.
1986, in March, the National Assembly election, the Socialist Party was frustrated, and there was an unprecedented situation in which the left-wing president and the right-wing prime minister met.
1992, the EU treaty was signed in Maastricht, the Netherlands.
1In May 1995, Jacques Chirac was elected President of the Republic of China.
The National Assembly was dissolved. Early elections were held on May 25th and June 1 day. Local elections were held in March. The result of this election has produced the coexistence of the left and the right.