In the references, there are some special symbols to pay attention to. These symbols usually have the following meanings:

1. comma (,): used to separate different authors of the same document, or to separate the publication year, article title, journal name, volume number, issue number and page number of the same document.

2. period (. ): used to end the input of article title and journal name.

3. Colon (:): used to separate the publishing place and the name of the publishing house, or to separate the name and page number of the conference proceedings.

4. Semicolon (; ): used to separate references between different documents or separate different version numbers of the same document.

5. Left bracket (() and right bracket ()): used for package number and issue number, or package publication year and page number range.

6. Slash (/): used to separate different publication dates of the same document or different versions of the same document.

7. Square brackets ([]): used to mark abbreviations, comments, translations or other explanations in documents.

8. Ellipsis symbol (...): used to omit part of the text content of a long document or the middle parts of multiple documents.

9. et al.: used to indicate that there are too many authors, and only the first few authors are listed. And others is the abbreviation of Latin "et alii", meaning "et al", which is usually used when there are more than 3-7 authors.

10. ditto: used to indicate that two consecutive page numbers in the same document are cited, that is, "ditto". Ditto is the abbreviation of Latin "ibidem", which means "Ditto".

1 1.op.cit: used to indicate two consecutive page numbers that cite the same document, that is, "the aforementioned quotation". Op.cit is the abbreviation of Latin "opere citato", which means "the aforementioned works".

12.loc。 Same as before. : Used to indicate two consecutive page numbers that cite the same document, namely "previous paragraph citation". Loc。 Same as before. It is the abbreviation of Latin "loco citato", which means "as mentioned above".

13.cf: used to refer to a file for comparison. Cf. is the abbreviation of Latin "confer", which means "contrast".

14.n.d.: used to indicate that the document has no release date. N.d. is the abbreviation of "no date" in English.

15.URL: a website used to represent network resources. URL is the abbreviation of "Uniform Resource Locator", which means "uniform resource locator".

The above are some common reference symbols and their meanings, which need to be used according to the specific requirements of the paper. At the same time, we need to pay attention to the format and labeling method of references to ensure the standardization, accuracy and consistency of symbol use.

It should be noted that when using these symbols, we should follow the corresponding specifications and format requirements to ensure that the references are clear, accurate and standardized.