History Beijing Normal University Edition Seventh Grade Volume Final Review Outline
Review outline of the first volume of the seventh grade
★ BC, after AD. 1 century = 100 year. 1 year = 10 year. The first 20 years are the beginning, and the last 10 years are the end.
Lesson 1 Ancient Humans in China
★ Yuanmou man, about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago, Yuanmou, Yunnan, the Yangtze River Basin. The earliest known human in China was recently
★ Peking man, about 700,000-200,000 years ago, Zhoukoudian, Beijing, Yellow River Valley. Still retains some physical characteristics of apes. Natural fire was used. Social life (the most primitive form of human social organization).
★ Neanderthals, about 65438+8000 years ago, Zhoukoudian, Beijing, Yellow River Valley. Not much different from modern people. You can start a fire manually. Family life.
The second lesson is the scattered clan settlements.
★ Banpo settlement, about 6000 years ago, Xi, Shaanxi, the Yellow River Basin. Semi-basement Grow millet. Stone grinding tools (diamond axes) are widely used. Pottery is the main appliance (fish-patterned painted pottery basin).
★ Hemudu settlement, about 7000 years ago, Yuyao, Zhejiang, the Yangtze River Basin. Rice is grown in dry-column houses. Grinding stone tools and bones are widely used. Pottery is the main tool (black pottery bowl depicting pig patterns).
★ The original inhabitants of Dawenkou lived in Dawenkou, Shandong Province, about four or five thousand years ago. Polarization between rich and poor.
Caption: They live a stable life. Get rid of the dependence on nature, expand the activity space and improve the quality of life. Superb skills in architecture. Can creatively build houses according to regional characteristics. Shows the ingenuity of the original inhabitants. At that time, productivity improved and people's ability to overcome difficulties improved.
Lesson 3 the dawn of civilization in the legendary era
★ Emperor Yan (Shennong) improved farm tools, taught people to farm, invented medicine, invented pottery and opened up markets. Founder of agriculture and medicine. The Yellow Emperor (Xuanyuan) made palaces, ships, weapons and clothes, and let subordinate officials invent words, calendars, arithmetic and music. About 4000 years ago. Leader of tribal alliance in the Yellow River Basin. Yanhuang occupied Chiyou, the battle of Hanquan, and moved towards reunification. Form the main body of the Chinese nation. The human ancestor of the Chinese nation.
★ Yao Shun "abdicated"-the leader of the elected tribal alliance. Dayu flood control-combining dam construction with river dredging.
Lesson 5 Changes of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
★ Around 2070 BC, Duyangcheng, the first national Xia Dynasty in China's history, was established. China's ancient society entered a civilized era. Qi began the hereditary system of the throne of "family and the world"
About BC 1600, the Tang Dynasty established the Shang Dynasty, all of which were Bo. About BC 1300, Pan Geng moved to Yin.
BC 1046 (BC 1 1 century), the Battle of Makino established the Zhou Dynasty in Zhou Wuwang, the capital of Haojiang. History is called the Western Zhou Dynasty.
In 77 BC1year (8th century BC), the dog Rong was killed.
In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi, known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
Hereditary system replaces abdication system, which is the inevitable result of polarization between rich and poor and private ownership in the late primitive society. From "ruling the world" to "home to the world" is a historic progress.
★ Those who win the hearts of the people win the world, and those who lose the hearts of the people lose the world; A dissolute and tyrannical monarch will be abandoned by the people.
Lesson 6 Society and State in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
★ The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty: feudal kinship, with a model. (Grade: noble, civilian, slave. Patriarchal system:)
Objective: To consolidate the rule over the surrounding areas. Content: Grant people territory. The sealed person and the obligations of the sealed person: omitted
The function and influence of the enfeoffment system: it strengthened the economic and cultural ties between the Zhou royal family and the vassal States. It strengthened the ties between the Western Zhou Dynasty and the surrounding ethnic minorities, and promoted the economic and cultural development in remote areas. Consolidate the rule of the country.
★ Etiquette education, violent repression.
Lesson 7 Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period and Seven Chivalrous Men in the Warring States Period
★ From 770 BC to 476 BC, Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang (King He Lv of Wu and King Gou Jian of Yue).
1, the reason for Qi Huangong's hegemony: a big country in the East; Guanzhong reform; "Respect the king and resist the foreign countries"
Logo: Kwai Chung Union was founded in 65 1 year BC.
2. Chu Jin's hegemony: the battle of Chengpu in Jin Wengong was defeated; Chu Zhuangwang won the Battle of Thailand in the Central Plains.
3. wuyue strives for hegemony: Gou Jian tries his best.
★ From 475 BC to 22 BC1year, the three ethnic groups were divided into Jin and Qin.
Combination: the six countries unite the north and the south against Qin.
Lian Heng (Zhang Yi): The Qin Dynasty took advantage of the contradictions among the six countries, kept close contacts and attacked each other. Go to the Qin Dynasty and the Qin Dynasty.
Lesson 8 Social Change Caused by Iron Blood Niu Geng
★ During the Spring and Autumn Period, the use and popularization of Niu Geng (plows pulled by two cows in the Warring States Period) greatly improved the production efficiency and made individual production possible. Individual small farmers have gradually become the basic production unit of society. The emerging landlord class began to step onto the historical stage.
★ Shang Yang Reform in 356 BC, Qin Xiaogong.
The reality of advocating permission needs to change the policy of governing the country, and it is not necessary to follow the old rules.
Reasons: Qiang Bing, a rich country: centralization: compiling accounts and strengthening punishment; Implement the county system;
Rich countries: reward production; Admit that land is private; Unified measurement;
Qiang Bing: Reward military achievements.
Success or failure: the standard of success or failure of a reform is not the life and death of the person who implements the reform, but whether the purpose of the reform is achieved. Shang Yang was finally executed, but the reform succeeded. Because after Shang Yang's political reform, Qin developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period.
Enlightenment: the reform measures should be correct and the reform should conform to the historical trend.
Lesson 9 Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Bronzes
★ Mature characters carved on tortoise shell bones in Shang Dynasty. The written history of China began in Shang Dynasty.
★ Alloy of copper, tin and lead. Simu Wuding is the largest bronze ware found in the world at present.
Lesson 10 Active Thoughts and a Hundred Schools of Thought contend
★ Confucius: the founder of Confucianism. The Analects of Confucius
Thinker: Benevolence and propriety. Advocate the rule of virtue. Educator: setting up private schools; There is no class in teaching; Think independently; Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
★ A hundred schools of thought contend: Mohism: "universal love" and "non-attack". Legalists: "rule of law", strengthen centralization.
Confucianism: "the people are precious" and "the monarch is light". Taoism: Taoism is natural. Man should develop in harmony with nature.
★ Reason: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the rapid development of productive forces promoted the prosperity of businesses and towns, and the traditional social order was violently impacted. In the tide of reform in various countries, scholars with cultural knowledge lobby and give lectures everywhere, which greatly broadens their horizons and urges them to think independently and explore creatively. Representatives of different political and ideological factions in society put forward different opinions on various issues, and a number of academic masters with pioneering contributions emerged, forming a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend.
★ Damage to public property/governance: Self-education and self-reflection can solve problems in time is the best method; Persuasion education is the main method to solve the problem; Punishment is not everything, but an auxiliary means to solve problems. All three have reasonable components, but they are not absolutely effective and should not be mutually exclusive and antagonistic. Different methods are suitable for different objects, and different methods play different roles at different stages.
Han Fei's legalist thought was the most useful in the Warring States Period: during the Warring States Period, China was in a period of great change when slavery further collapsed and the feudal system was initially formed. In this situation, the history proposed by Han Feizi is developing forward, and the future will prevail; Establish a centralized feudal country with absolute monarchy; The thought of "rule of law" accords with the historical development trend at that time and the need of feudal rulers to establish centralization. Many measures before and after Qin's reunification were the application and development of Han Feizi's theory.
The wisdom and creation of ancestors
★ Dujiangyan: Li Bing and his son of Qin State during the Warring States Period in Minjiang River Basin. "Water-dividing fish mouth", "flying sand weir" and "treasure bottle mouth" maintain ecological balance and reflect the harmony between man and nature; It still plays an important role, irrigating tens of millions of acres of farmland, and becoming the largest, most beneficial and longest-lasting water conservancy project in ancient China; It represented the advanced level of water conservancy projects in China at that time and was the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient working people.
★ chime: chime of the Warring States period in the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suizhou, Hubei Province.
The rise and fall of Qin empire
★ Unification of Qin Dynasty: the battle of Changping between Qin and Zhao in 260 BC. The six countries were unable to resist the attack of Qin.
From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng successively annexed Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu and Yanqi. Establish the first unified multi-ethnic centralized state in Chinese history, the Qin Dynasty, with Xianyang as its capital.
★ The demise of the Qin Dynasty: In the summer of 209 BC, an uprising took place in osawa Township, Guangwu, Chen Sheng. "Princes and princes will meet, which one would you rather have?" The first large-scale peasant war in the history of China dealt a heavy blow to the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty.
In 207 BC, the battle of Julu in Xiang Yu. Liu Bang captured Xianyang and the Qin Dynasty perished.
In 206-202 BC, there was a war between Chu and Han. Liu Bang founded the Han Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital. The Western Han Dynasty began.
★ Background of Qin reunification: (1) Since the Warring States Period, reunification has become the general trend. After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin became the strongest country among the seven countries, which laid a solid foundation for reunification. (3) Qin adopted an effective military strategy-Lian Heng broke the alliance of six countries. After the battle of Changping, the six countries were no longer able to resist the attack of Qin. (4) Qin Shihuang's great talents are sketchy.
★ Significance of Qin's unification: (1) It ended the chaotic situation of feudal separatism since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, established the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China, and pushed the history of China to a brand-new stage. After the reunification of Qin, people can have a relatively stable production environment. ⑶ The Qin Dynasty carried out many measures to eliminate the separatist factors, which strengthened the economic and cultural ties of various regions. These measures lasted for more than 2,000 years and laid the foundation for China's long-term reunification.
Qin Shihuang's measures to establish centralization
★ Measures: (1) Establish a centralized system politically, claim to be the emperor, set Qiu, prime minister and imperial envoys in the center, abolish the enfeoffment system in local areas, and implement the county system; ⑵ Economically, unified models; Unified currency; (3) ideologically and culturally, unify the writing; Unified measurement; Burn books and bury Confucianism. (4) Militarily, Meng Tian was sent to attack Xiongnu in the north to build the Great Wall of Wan Li; Develop Jiangnan and build Lingqu. (three public and nine Qing systems. The car is on the same track, so are the books. Xiao zhuan-official script. Qin Ban Liang Qian (Yuan Fang Kong Qian). Qin Zhaoyan, east to Liaodong, west to Lintao. )
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promoted the unified pattern.
★ Background: The recuperation in the early Western Han Dynasty brought economic prosperity, and the solid material foundation was the objective condition; Emperor Wu's talent is subjective; National unity and social stability are the political basis for its great unity.
Measures: (1) Politically, the promulgation of "imperial edict to push favor" (Zhu) further weakened the power of sealing the country; Strengthen the supervision system, the central division of labor, a captain, 13 local state-level departments. ⑵ Ideologically, Dong Zhongshu promoted "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", held the imperial academy in Chang 'an and promoted Confucianism education, and Confucianism was established as the orthodox thought of authoritarian dynasties; (3) Economically, the local right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron were brought back to the central government, and five baht was cast in a unified way, which greatly increased the central financial revenue.
Influence: The unification of politics, economy, ideology and culture emerged, the feudal centralized rule was consolidated and strengthened, and the Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday.
Exploring the Western Regions and the Silk Road in Qin and Han Dynasties
★ Zhang Qian is connected with the Western Regions: In 138 BC, the Xiongnu was attacked by the Dayue people.
In 1 19 BC, the United Wusun attacked the Huns.
In 60 BC, the western regions were established, and now Xinjiang is officially under the jurisdiction of the central government.
★ Silk Road: Chang 'an-Hexi Corridor-Today Xinjiang-Central Asia, West Asia-Europe
Advanced science and technology
Papermaking: Paper was invented in the early Western Han Dynasty. (Flocculated into floc)
Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the 3rd-4th century, the use of paper was quite common in China.
Medicine: Zhang Zhongjing: Treatise on Febrile Diseases laid the foundation of TCM therapeutics.
Hua tuo: acupuncture and surgery. Anesthetic "Mafeisan" is a pioneering work in the history of world medicine.
Mathematics: Nine Chapters of Arithmetic was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, summarizing the mathematical achievements from Qin Zhou to the Han Dynasty. It marks the formation of China's ancient mathematical system centered on calculation. Negative number operation, solution of quadratic equation in one variable.
Prosperous culture
Religion: Buddhism: Originated from ancient India. It was introduced into the Central Plains in the late Western Han Dynasty. Promote the cycle of life and death, karma.
Taoism: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism was formed by the combination of immortal magic and Taoist thought. It is advocated that you can live forever through self-cultivation and alchemy. It shows that China traditional culture pays attention to reality and reproduces the characteristics of the world.
Historiography: Sima Qian's Historical Records, the first biographical history in the history of China (about 3000 years from Huangdi to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty).
Sculpture: Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, pioneering spirit.
Lesson 20 The Formation of the Three Kingdoms
★ The 200-year battle of Guandu laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.
In 2008, Battle of Red Cliffs laid the foundation of tripartite confrontation.
In 220, Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor and concurrently served as Luoyang and Cao Wei. 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, with Chengdu as its capital and Shuhan as its capital. In 222, Sun Quan became king, Du Jianye and Sun Wu. Formed a tripartite confrontation between the three countries.
★ Conditions for Cao Cao to unify the north: he politically controlled the Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty and gained the favorable position of "relying on the Emperor to make the princes"; In terms of employing people, meritocracy is the best way to break the concept of clan status and attract the middle and lower classes of the landlord class; Economically, he reclaimed land in the north and built water conservancy projects, which solved the problem of insufficient rations and played a certain role in the recovery of agricultural production, and his strength was increasing day by day.
Southern economic development
★ Development reasons: (1) There are few wars in the south, which provides a relatively stable environment. The victory of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the Battle of Feishui prevented the nomads from going south and kept the development process uninterrupted. (2) The migration from the north to the south has brought a large number of labor, advanced production tools and production technology. (3) the * * * development of the working people in the North and South. (4) Some rulers in the south have implemented some policies that are beneficial to production. Superiority of natural conditions in Jiangnan area. The south has a good geographical location, developed transportation and superior topography and climate conditions. However, excessive logging after the development of the Yellow River has led to the deterioration of the ecological environment.
★ Performance of economic development: (1) Agriculture: wheat and rice are planted in Jiangnan, and double-cropping rice is planted in Wuling; (2) Handicraft industry: With the progress of textile technology, Shu brocade is famous all over the country; (3) Metallurgical industry: the invention of pouring steel; (4) Porcelain industry: celadon has become a daily appliance; (5) Shipbuilding: able to build large ships sailing at sea; (In 230, Sun Quan sent Wei Wen to Yizhou, which is today's Taiwan Province Province) (6) Commerce and cities: The commodity economy in the South has developed initially. The population of Jiankang City has reached one million.
★ Differences in Jiangnan economy recorded in Hanshu and Songshu: Hanshu reflects that Jiangnan was not fully developed at that time and the productivity level was low. However, due to its rich specialties, people's lives are guaranteed, but they are not rich. Song Shu shows that Jiangnan has been fully developed at this time, and a different situation has appeared. Not only has agriculture been greatly developed, but the development of agriculture has also promoted the development of handicrafts. Due to the rapid economic development, Jiangnan became one of the most prosperous and prosperous places in China at that time.
Lesson 22 The Integration of Northern Nationalities —— The Reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty
Objective: To learn and accept the advanced culture of Han nationality and further strengthen the management of the Yellow River basin.
Measures: Move the capital to Luoyang. Sinicization: change Hanfu, learn Chinese, adopt Chinese surname, and advocate intermarriage with Han people.
Influence: It has promoted ethnic integration, made backward Xianbei and other ethnic minorities learn the advanced culture of the Han nationality in the Central Plains, promoted social progress and promoted the understanding of all ethnic groups.
Lesson 23 Technology Leads the World
Mathematics: Zu Chongzhi, Southern Song and Qi Dynasties. The value of pi was first calculated to the seventh place after the decimal point in the world, about 1000 years earlier than in Europe.
Agronomy: Jia Sixie, Northern Wei and Eastern Wei. Qi Yao Min Shu is China's first complete agricultural work.
Geography: Li Daoyuan of Northern Wei Dynasty. Notes on Water Mirror is an excellent geographical work with high literary and historical value.
Lesson 24 Colorful Artistic Achievements
Calligraphy: Wang Xizhi, Book Sage. His words are fresh, gorgeous and luxurious, "floating like clouds, agile like dragons." The masterpiece of the running script "Lanting Preface".
Painting: Gu Kaizhi. Figure painting is the most prominent. A female history, a Luo Shen Fu. Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420)
Grottoes art: It combines the characteristics of sculpture and painting, and embodies the highest artistic achievements in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan. Buddhism.