Mental health education of students is very important, and mental health directly affects life. Below I have collected the knowledge of students' mental health education. Welcome to read!
First, the common psychological problems of primary school students
(A) school adaptation problems
When children enter primary school from kindergarten, there is a problem of gradually adapting to the new environment of campus life. For freshmen in primary school, the natural environment on campus, the interpersonal environment of teachers and classmates are unfamiliar, as well as the pressure of study and the constraints of school rules and regulations, which pose a severe challenge to freshmen's psychological adaptation. For some students with rapid psychological development and children who have received school preparation education in kindergarten, they can adapt to the new learning and living environment quickly, but some children will have maladjustment. This disorder is mainly manifested in: emotional disorders, such as anxiety, anxiety, depression, fear and so on. ; Lack of concentration, and then lose interest in learning; Can't restrain yourself, always violate discipline, etc. Generally, after a few weeks of self-adjustment, you can gradually adapt, and a few students may last for several months. Usually, students who are introverted, timid, cautious, impatient and emotionally unstable are prone to maladjustment.
learning problem
Physiological and psychological research shows that learning is a hard mental work. With the intensification of students' learning competition, the study burden is too heavy, and schools, teachers and parents pay too much attention to their grades, which has caused serious physical and mental pressure to primary school students. According to a statistical data of Liaoning Education Research Institute, in 1995, the extracurricular homework of primary and middle school students in Liaoning Province was 60% higher than the standard set by the State Education Commission, and many parents gave their children "small stoves", which led to more and more time for students to study at night. In most cities, nearly 70% of primary and secondary school students sleep less than 9 hours. In addition, the existing teaching content is difficult, which makes students' self-reliance ability worse. Under such heavy pressure, students' body and mind have been greatly damaged. The younger the child, the easier it is to feel tired during the study. If students study for too long, it is easy to cause study fatigue. If students are in a state of fatigue for a long time, their eyesight will decline, their appetite will be poor, their faces will be pale, their blood supply to the brain will be insufficient, they will be sleepy, they will suffer from insomnia, and their heads will be hot and their feet will be cold. Psychologically, there will be depression, irritability, lack of self-confidence, memory loss, difficulty in concentration and slow thinking.
Weariness and truancy
According to the survey, pupils who are tired of learning account for 5%- 10% of the total. These primary school students are mainly lack of interest in learning and have great difficulty in learning, which leads to long-term failure to keep up with the progress and lack of courage and perseverance to catch up. Teachers also failed to give encouragement in time, which dampened students' enthusiasm for learning. Therefore, they either look around in class and get distracted; Or secretly read animated books or play with toys below; Or doze off in class; Or simply play truant, truant, and play around. Some rural children are tired of studying and rely on their parents to support them. They simply dropped out of school to help their parents work and do business. There are also some top students because of their poor psychological endurance. Once others surpass themselves or fail to achieve their goals, they will easily feel tired of learning.
Relationship problems
As social people, people have the need to communicate with others. Through normal interpersonal communication, people can gain correct and reasonable social knowledge and experience, at the same time, they can get intimate friends in life and study, and get support and help when they encounter difficulties. If there is no normal communication, people's attachment can not be satisfied, and their inner anguish can not be vented and eliminated, which will affect children's normal interpersonal communication and psychological needs and be harmful to the mental health of primary school students. At present, most primary school students are only children, and most of them are adults at home. In this uncoordinated communication, children often live in "self-centered" "prosperity". Therefore, students are generally self-willed, stubborn and dependent. When they enter a new group, their position in the group has changed, but they still communicate with others with themselves as the center, so they are often self-centered and unable to understand others. Will not overcome difficulties, do not want to overcome difficulties, lack of self-confidence, so that primary school students will not and will not interact with people normally. In contact with others, there are often too many fears and too many precautions, and the result is to close yourself. Moreover, teachers' improper educational methods neglect the cultivation of students' interpersonal skills. In primary school, teachers are students' ideal goals and fair representatives. They hope to get the teacher's care, understanding and love. If teachers can't give enthusiastic guidance and help, they will criticize, and students will feel disappointed, feel depressed and have negative emotions, which will lead to the indifference between teachers and students. This kind of communication that ends in students' failure will also migrate and generalize in the communication between primary school students and others, which will aggravate the anxiety of interpersonal communication.
(5) Will disorder
This kind of primary school students mainly show weak will and lack of purpose and consistency in their actions. Easy to give up halfway, easy to be deceived, love to lie, can not bear the normal competition brought by school and life, can not face setbacks correctly, go with the flow. China's parents have always attached great importance to the safety of their children, caring for them in every possible way and even doting on them. As a result, children are like flowers in a greenhouse, unable to withstand any wind and rain, and their willpower is very weak. Naturally, when they face difficulties and setbacks, they will be at a loss, and even take a negative way to escape. Once this negative way of frustration adaptation becomes habitual and stable, even if the frustration state changes in a certain situation, their behavior still appears in a habitual way of adaptation. In this way, negative frustration adaptation has turned into a more serious psychological problem, which requires long-term patient education.
(6) Problem behavior
Problem behavior refers to the behavior that disturbs others or causes obstacles to individuals' body and mind, which is mainly manifested as attack, escape and self-abandonment. Problem behavior can be divided into negligence type and bad moral character type according to its nature. The former refers to the violation or violation of organizational discipline and general social life norms by individual behavior. This problem behavior is often caused by inappropriate needs, curiosity, hyperactivity, temptation, fear, lack of experience, lack of understanding and other reasons. The problem behavior of bad moral character refers to the violation or infringement of certain social moral norms, collective interests and the interests of others by individual behavior. This kind of problem behavior is generally caused by wrong consciousness tendency or personality characteristics, so it shows the characteristics of regularity, tendency and intentionality.
(7) Personality disorder
Personality disorder refers to the uncoordinated personality development of primary school students. Mainly manifested as narrow-minded, jealous, extremely stubborn, go its own way, interpersonal tension.
(8) Dependence psychology
Due to the characteristics of primary school students, they have been unable to live independently, so they can only live under the care of their parents and others for a long time. Therefore, they have formed a strong psychological dependence, the first is the dependence on the environment. For example, if the weather changes and you don't know how to add or subtract clothes, you need teachers or parents to remind you, otherwise you will catch a cold easily. Secondly, it shows a tendency of self-blame. This phenomenon is common among primary school students, which is harmful to their mental health. Self-reproach tendency means that when unpleasant things happen, people often think they are bad and fear what they have done. The root of self-reproach tendency is anxiety about losing the love of others. When students feel abandoned by their parents, teachers and friends, they tend to blame themselves. For example, parents and teachers are too strict and autocratic to their children, which will hurt their self-esteem, and children will not feel the love from authoritative figures, resulting in self-blame: when they are too eager for the love of others, a little mistake will make primary school students feel unloved, and such children will often have a strong dependence.
(9) Fear of exam stage fright
Due to the pressure of exams and further studies, some primary school students are in a state of tension and fear during exams. Especially for the students who are about to graduate, most people feel nervous and stressed when faced with the entrance examination that will determine their future. They are eager for success and worried about failure. Some students usually get good grades, but once they fail, they doubt their ability, blame themselves too much, and have anxiety, which leads to anxiety about the next exam. They are always afraid that they will not do well in the exam, and even get upset and tremble when they arrive at the examination room. The questions that should have been answered have no impression in their minds and are out of order. In severe cases, there will be abnormal physiological reactions, and you can't take the exam normally. If this continues for a long time, it will cause his psychopathy, eccentric personality and abnormal behavior.
Second, the causes of common psychological problems of primary school students
(A) factors from the primary school students themselves
1. Genetic factors
In rural areas, children are born with insufficient physical development, poor appearance or disability, and have low intelligence, so they cannot study and live well. They often feel inferior, and others look at them differently, which will inevitably lead to some psychological problems.
2. Temperament type
Like adults, pupils have four temperament types: sanguine, choleric, mucinous and depressive. Among them, students who are courageous and depressed are sensitive to bad stimuli and prone to unhealthy psychology. As far as the teacher's criticism is concerned, it is a trivial matter for us, but it is a great blow to them. For example, a primary school student in Liaoyuan committed suicide because the teacher criticized taking poison, which is probably directly related to the temperament type of that student.
3. Physical and mental development characteristics and psychological needs of primary school students
The physical development of children in childhood has entered a relatively gentle stage, and the brain development tends to mature, which is extremely beneficial to the psychological development of children. Therefore, the psychological development of children in childhood has entered a period of rapid development. However, because their psychology is not stable enough, they are easily disturbed by other external factors, so they are also most prone to psychological problems.
(B) Family factors
Family is the initial environment for pupils to receive education. The quality of family atmosphere directly affects the emotional will and mental health development of primary school students.
1. Parental doting
As we all know, the family planning policy has been implemented in China for more than 20 years, which has brought about great changes in our families: more and more one-child families. In the one-child family, some parents regard their children as the apple of their eye and take care of them in every possible way. I don't want them to suffer a little injustice and experience a little storm. Even when their children make mistakes, their parents won't say "no". Over time, their children naturally formed a "self-centered" psychology. When they enter the school, go out and communicate with people, they encounter setbacks, which they can't accept and are at a loss.
2. Improper family education methods
In some families, parents never regard their children as equal members with themselves, thinking that children can only be obedient and obedient. They are too strict, rude and autocratic to their children. In other one-child families, family education often falls into the "misunderstanding of love", demanding too much from children, expecting too much, protecting too much and doting too much. They want their children to succeed, their daughters to succeed, and they demand too much from their children's study. They are proficient in piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, and they are among the best in exams ... as long as they study well, they can do whatever they want. And once you make a mistake, you will be cynical and stick together. Parents' unrealistic high expectations and simple and rude education methods have damaged children's self-esteem and suppressed their independence. In addition, there are differences in their outlook on life and values, which can easily lead to tension between parents and children, aggravate estrangement, make children form negative psychological qualities such as resistance, doubt and timidity, and induce psychological problems.
3. The family atmosphere is not harmonious
With the rising divorce rate, it has brought misfortune to more and more children, seriously damaged their normal living environment, caused psychological trauma that is difficult to heal, and is prone to psychological problems. Divorced parents, some don't want children, and some obey the court's decision. In either case, it is easy for children to let themselves drift and form bad behavior habits and personality psychology. What's more, they hate society at school age, envy others, and embark on the road of breaking the law and committing crimes. In addition, in families with frequent conflicts, the proportion of children with psychological problems is relatively large. Studies have proved that family conflicts will not only cause psychological trauma to children, but also lead to some neurological and psychological pathologies.
(C) School factors
1. The study load is too heavy
With the intensification of social competition, the competitive pressure of primary school students is increasing, bearing the hopes of parents and the expectations of teachers. Because quality education has not been really implemented, the phenomenon of one-sided pursuit of enrollment rate, emphasizing wisdom over morality, emphasizing grades over ability, and emphasizing books over classroom still exists. Teachers evaluate students and society measures schools. Theoretically, it is all-round development, but in essence, it is score and enrollment rate. In order to pursue the enrollment rate, overtime and sea tactics are valuable to students. This situation makes primary school students tired of coping and extremely nervous, which leads them to overuse their brains and reduce their cortical function, thus affecting their learning efficiency, making them lose interest and confidence in learning, or producing bad emotions such as anxiety, depression and fear. Over time, some people will have different degrees of psychological barriers.
2. Improper methods of teacher education
Primary school is the foundation of basic education, which is very important for students' development. However, some teachers regard students' high scores as the starting point and destination of their work, while ignoring the education of psychological quality and the cultivation of interpersonal skills. In primary schools, pupils hope to get the care, understanding and love of teachers. If teachers lack understanding, patience and love, and can't give students guidance and help enthusiastically, they will criticize, and students will feel disappointed and have negative emotions, which will lead to the indifference between teachers and students. This kind of communication that ends in students' failure will also migrate and generalize to the communication between primary school students and others, causing interpersonal anxiety.
3. Mental health education in primary schools is almost blank.
In the past, influenced by political factors, our country treated psychology unfairly. In the early 1980s, psychology teaching and scientific research in some colleges and universities were resumed in China. Although the work of popularizing psychological scientific knowledge has been done for more than 20 years, mental health education has not yet entered the primary school classroom, there is generally no mental health guidance institution in primary schools, and a few psychologists and psychologists in China are beyond the reach of primary school students.
(D) Social factors
1. The intensification of social competition
Although primary school students haven't come into direct contact with the society, their parents, teachers and people around them are instilling in them a fact: with the rapid development of science and technology, information dissemination is changing with each passing day, and the competition mechanism under the socialist market economy system is everywhere, which makes primary school students have to feel the pressure of competition and life, leading them to feel confused and confused about reality, resulting in a confused state of mind, which leads to various psychological problems.
2. The influence of social bad behavior
Under the condition that the social environment has not been purified, the existence of old and new systems and the imperfection of laws and regulations have caused the breeding of corruption and the proliferation of unhealthy things; The decline of some people's social moral standards and the bourgeois lifestyle have exerted a subtle influence on our children, which cannot be ignored.
Third, the common psychological problems of primary school students countermeasures
The increasingly prominent psychological problems of primary school students have seriously affected the healthy growth and development of primary school students, but they are not a scourge. Since it has a process of formation and development, we will certainly find ways and measures to prevent and correct it. We think we must pay attention to the mental health of primary school students. Although only a few students really suffer from mental illness, we find that mental health problems and behavioral deviation problems among students increase with age. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out mental health education for all primary school students. Parents, schools, society and relevant departments should attach importance to mental health education for primary school students and take active countermeasures to solve these problems. Countermeasures can be taken mainly from the following aspects.
(A) the school should take countermeasures
1. Principles of mental health education in primary schools. Carrying out mental health education for primary school students must follow the principle of "facing all, tolerance, confidentiality and continuity";
Mental health education should be geared to all students. Facing all students is the purpose of implementing quality education, and mental health education should also face all students. The biggest difference between mental health education and psychoanalysis is that the premise of psychoanalysis research is to treat people as psychological problems that need to be corrected, and mental health education is first and foremost the development needs of people. Mental health education for all students does not assume that primary school students have a lot of psychological problems, but that all students should develop psychologically, and individual students do have psychological problems that can be corrected through mental health education for all.
Treat every student with tolerance, and treat everything of this student with tolerance. If we treat every student leniently, we can't classify them. Assuming that there are good, medium and poor students in the class, we look down on them because of their different family economic and cultural behavior habits. Lack of tolerance for students, heart-to-heart communication and cooperation between teachers and students, mental health education is difficult to carry out. The teacher accepts every student with a tolerant attitude, including his strengths and weaknesses, as well as unforgivable mistakes. We should believe that all students can get a good education. If there is a problem, we just haven't found a suitable method and asked questions in time.
Confidentiality is related to the effectiveness of mental health education. Students open their hearts to teachers, and teachers must keep secrets. Conversation record and psychological test data should be properly kept. The objects of confidentiality include students themselves, parents and other teachers. Students' case data cannot be used at will, and there is a time limit for confidentiality.
Mental health education should run through the whole process of school education. Continuity has two meanings, one is the serialization of mental health education activities, and the other is long-term planning and planning. It is clear that mental health education is not an urgent task, but a part of primary school education, accompanied by the whole primary school stage.
2. Specific ways and methods of mental health education in schools
Group counseling. Group counseling provides students with comprehensive help by means of special lectures and special activities, mainly to shape the good atmosphere and good behavior of the class and stimulate the spirit of group progress. Group counseling is usually carried out in class, because in a sense, students' psychological quality is internalized by collective psychology. Therefore, the head teacher should carry out mental health education according to the actual situation of the class and the group counseling plan, and strive to cultivate a good class atmosphere, so that students can establish equal and harmonious interpersonal relationships, which is also a new requirement put forward by the development of the times for the work of the head teacher.
Psychological counseling room. Psychological counseling room is aimed at individual students or groups, and also accepts students' active counseling. The work of psychological consultation room should be professional, and teachers should undergo on-the-job training. Psychological counseling room should have full-time teachers in charge and special work plans, with fixed opening hours and fixed places. In addition to meeting the requirements of psychological counseling, the environment layout of primary school students' psychological counseling room should also increase the characteristics of children, so that primary school students will like it as soon as they enter the door, as if they were happy as if they had entered a club. The name of the counseling room can be childlike, for example, it can be called the "Golden Apple" club.
Case education. Case education for primary school students is a supplement and in-depth to the above two kinds of psychological counseling. The object of the case should be typical, which can be students with excellent intelligence, students with critical intelligence, model students and students with many problems. As the object of the case, students can let themselves know or not, mainly according to the needs of research. Case education generally needs long-term follow-up research. A student contacts many teachers at school, so it is best to carry out case education in a cooperative way, with the person in charge as the main body and several teachers observing and studying the same object. Case education must be recorded in detail, such as observation notes and conversation record. The record must be true, and you can also write the feelings of the recorder. Students' case materials should be properly kept. In principle, students' case studies are not open during their school days.
Testing and calibration. Through questionnaires and test papers, we can fully understand the current situation of student groups, and then find out the problems with universal significance. The test scale should be specially designed by psychologists, and self-designed psychological questionnaires are generally not recommended. The data of the test are for reference only, so you can't believe them all, because students are living people and it is impossible to express them with data. Through testing the problems found in the investigation, timely group counseling, psychological counseling club activities, case education, etc. , carry out necessary prevention and correction, and promote the all-round development of primary school students.
Offering mental health education courses. Primary schools offer mental health courses to help primary school students understand psychological science knowledge and master certain psychological adjustment skills. This course is divided into two parts: mental health and health science popularization and practical operation. The former is a course to popularize mental health knowledge, while the latter includes role-playing, mutual questioning and interpersonal training. , so as to master some psychological adjustment means such as transferring emotions, venting pain, overcoming inferiority and establishing self-confidence, so as to nip in the bud.
(B) the family should take countermeasures
1. Parents should actively cooperate with school mental health education.
Research shows that students' mental health problems are directly or indirectly related to family rearing patterns and interpersonal relationships, and some even show and continue family problems. Therefore, parents' active support and cooperation are needed to understand the causes of students' psychological and behavioral deviations, and to formulate and implement counseling and correction plans.
Parents' suggestions on family mental health education for primary school students are as follows:
Family education should attach importance to cultivating children's beautiful hearts, and naive hearts need more care. First of all, parents should know that children's hearts need more care, and it is every parent's obligation to care about their mental health from an early age. For example, a primary school student was criticized by his teacher at school, and he hoped that others could comfort him and persuade him. However, after the primary school students are criticized by the teachers, they will be criticized by their parents, and the children will definitely feel wronged. Therefore, teachers and parents should cooperate tacitly. When one side plays the role of criticism, the other side plays the role of persuasion. It is absolutely impossible to attack from both sides. To give children the feeling of "warm home", family education should focus on cultivating children's beautiful hearts.
Listen to the voices of the children. Parents are often used to talking by themselves and making their children obey. In school, a teacher faces dozens of students, mainly because the teacher says that primary school students have relatively few opportunities to speak, and even less opportunities to speak their minds. Family should be a place where children can speak freely. Parents should pay attention to leaving the opportunity to speak to their children, especially introverted children. Parents should pay more attention and encourage their children to talk more. Parents should not neglect the exchange of ideas with their children because of their busy work. In particular, fathers should have a beneficial exchange of ideas with their children. Some studies show that the father's influence on children plays an important role in their healthy growth. It is recommended that busy fathers eat with their children at least 3-4 times a week. The topic at the dinner table is often very relaxed, and it is the best and warmest time for parents to listen to their children.
Tolerance and restraint are both important. There is no consensus on whether it is better to be tolerant or strict with children. In reality, the lesson of family education failure is often too lenient or too strict. Parents should treat their children equally and give them the necessary constraints while tolerating them. Too much tolerance leads to doting, too much strictness leads to little love. Parents should understand this truth. Children's happy character will not be developed in reprimand. Parents' timely praise can help children develop a good character more than other material rewards. There is no contradiction between praising children and restraining their bad behavior. The foundation of children's happy life begins with encouragement and praise.
2. Parents should establish a correct concept of education and guide their children's growth with scientific methods.
Influenced by the traditional educational concept for a long time, our parents have not systematically educated their children's theoretical knowledge, the guiding ideology is biased, and the educational methods are not suitable for the children's development law. To change this pattern, parents of primary school students need to receive systematic re-education. The society also has the responsibility to provide them with learning conditions, such as holding parent schools, so that parents can correctly understand and handle the relationship between family and children's education, actively create a democratic and harmonious family atmosphere, minimize doting and authoritarian families, and let parents of primary school students establish correct educational concepts and learn to guide their children's learning and development with scientific methods.
Parents should be cautious about divorce.
Parents' divorce broke the tranquility of the original family, so that children could not get complete fatherly love or maternal love, and many children began to be psychologically distorted. Parents, when the relationship between husband and wife is not harmonious, don't follow suit and divorce easily for minor children. Even if the relationship between husband and wife has indeed broken down, think more about the children before divorce. After all, the child is innocent and in the developmental stage. It is our responsibility to create a good family living environment for them.
(C) Pupils should take their own countermeasures
1. Pupils should actively participate in group activities and social contacts and constantly improve their personality.
While learning cultural knowledge and basic skills, primary school students should also participate in some collective activities and social contacts in a planned and purposeful way, such as summer camps, hand-in-hand activities, sports competitions, literary and artistic activities, etc. Only in this way can they better cultivate a variety of hobbies, learn to observe, analyze and evaluate themselves, and gradually form good psychological qualities of self-esteem, self-love, self-confidence and self-control to meet their higher-level social contact and social interaction.
Under the direct guidance of teachers and parents, primary school students should strive to restrain and correct their own shortcomings, develop their own advantages and constantly improve their personality.
2. Pupils should learn some simple and effective self-mental health education methods.
Primary school students' self-mental health education has the following common methods, such as:
(1) Learn to relax. Knowing that nervousness is a normal psychological reaction can be adjusted and relaxed by imagination, distraction, breathing adjustment, physical activities, listening to music, singing, reading and sleeping.
(2) talking to people. To let primary school students know that they have problems and learn to ask for help, they can talk to teachers and psychological counselors at school; You can talk to your elders, relatives and friends at home; There can also be people in the society to talk to, such as psychological counseling calls and so on. You can talk to people at any time and learn to talk to people all your life.
(3) Learn to keep a diary or a weekly diary. Pupils should learn to talk to themselves with pens and describe their inner tracks with words, which is of great help to the healthy growth of psychology. Teachers and parents should respect children's privacy and get their permission to publish diaries. Pupils don't have to worry too much about their inner secrets being known by others. They should learn to be honest with others and themselves.
3. Pupils should be good at asking for help and seeking support.
Seeking help is a positive attitude that modern people should have. In the face of pressure and confusion, we should seek psychological support to get good help and guidance. If you have any questions, you can ask the teacher, relatives and friends say. The process of asking for help is also a process of self-help. We got not only the way this time, but also more experience. Psychological counseling is also one of the effective ways that can be adopted. Through psychological counseling, the cognition, mood and behavior of visitors can be changed. In this affluent society, we have every reason to believe that everyone's quality of life can be completely changed and improved.
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