First of all, Locke
Main points: (1) natural human rights; (2) Freedom and law are inseparable and advocate the rule of law; (3) Decentralization;
practise
Locke's human rights include freedom, life and property rights.
2. The following opinions belong to Locke: 123456.
(1) introduced natural human rights systematically for the first time; ② In the natural state, everyone is free and equal;
3 property is obtained through labor; (4) Property right is a basic right endowed by God, which is sacred and inalienable;
⑤ The legislative power belongs to the people and the executive power belongs to the monarch; ⑥ Put forward the political principles of freedom, rule of law and decentralization.
Second, Rousseau
Main points: (1) Equality is his primary goal, which requires not only legal equality in time, but also de facto economic equality. (2) Social contract and people's sovereignty; (3) Democracy and harmony
practise
3. Rousseau's viewpoint is correct: ① ② ④.
① The root of human inequality lies in private ownership; (2) a small private society that advocates universal equality;
Like Montesquieu, they all advocate constitutional monarchy and emphasize the general will.
The following is Rousseau's masterpiece: 3456.
(1) government theory, (2) legal spirit, (3) the origin and foundation of human inequality.
(4) Amir (5) New Eloise (6) On Social Contract.
Three. Great protests and civil war
1 and 1640, the direct reasons for the convening of the new British parliament are: solving the financial crisis; 164 1 year, this session of parliament passed a great protest, the content of which was to list the shortcomings of the king in domestic and foreign affairs and put forward the requirements of abolishing feudal privileges and carrying out reforms. Why 1640 the convening of the new parliament marked the outbreak of the British bourgeois revolution? It puts forward the requirement of limiting absolute monarchy. Why take the glorious revolution as the symbol of its completion: the bourgeoisie has completed the task of seizing political power.
2. The process of the British bourgeoisie: 1640- 1642 parliamentary struggle; 1642- 1648 civil war stage; 1649- 1660 *** and the Republic period; 1660- 1688 recovery period; 1688 glorious revolution (end).
3. 1653, Cromwell established the "regime to protect the country". The main reason is that the bourgeoisie and the upstart want to establish a powerful regime, consolidate their own rule and safeguard their own interests. The essence is the military dictatorship of the bourgeoisie.
4. 1660, the restoration of the Stuart dynasty, indicating that the bourgeoisie and new noble compromised with feudal forces; It reflects the requirements of the bourgeoisie and new noble to establish a normal bourgeois ruling order.
5. The difference between new noble and the old aristocrats mainly lies in: whether to adopt capitalist management mode; The main reason why the upstarts can form an alliance with the bourgeoisie is that they have the same economic interests. The direct cause of the upstart is the enclosure movement.
6. 1649 The king who was tried and executed by Parliament was Charles I; Charles ii was 1660 the king of the restoration period of Stuart dynasty; The king overthrown by 1688 glorious revolution was James II.
Four. Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Human Rights and Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China
1, 1776 The Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, which contains the following contents: ① Declare the United States as an independent and free United States; ② Explain the reasons for independence with natural human rights and democratic principles, and also explain the basic principles of the new country. Its human rights mainly include: the right to life, freedom and the right to pursue happiness.
2. 1789, the French Constitutional Assembly adopted the Declaration of Human Rights, the main content of which is: freedom and equality, and sovereignty belongs to the people and heaven.
Human rights, equality before the law and inviolability of private property. The core of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is human rights, democracy and the rule of law, with special emphasis on equality.
3. 19 12 In March, Sun Yat-sen promulgated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, which contains the following important contents: ① establishing a bourgeois democratic state system and a political system of separation of powers; (2) establishing a responsible cabinet system; (3) determining the principles of protecting private property and safeguarding people's democratic rights; (4) Declaring that state sovereignty belongs to the people and stipulating the basic rights and obligations of the people; Among them, the contents that best embody Yuan Shikai's power are: establishing a responsible cabinet system; Its nature is: China's first bourgeois democratic constitution in modern times. Its direct purpose is to limit Yuan Shikai's power; Its fundamental purpose is to establish bourgeois democracy and harmony.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) French Revolution and the change of French regime
1, French Revolution: 1789, the bourgeois revolution broke out in France; 1789, the Constitutional Assembly adopted the Declaration of Human Rights; 179 1 adopted the Constitution, which stipulated that France was a constitutional monarchy. 1792, the French people revolted again, putting gironde on the historical stage. 1792, the National Assembly declared France the * * * Republic (historically known as "the first * * Republic of France") and executed Louis XIV in. 1793, the French people put jacobins on the political stage, and the public security committee pursued a policy of terror with the support of the National Association. 1794, a "hot moon coup" took place, marking the end of the climax of the French Revolution.
2. The correct understanding of terrorism policy is: ① ② ③ ④.
(a) conducive to stabilizing the political situation, quelling the rebellion and repelling foreign aggression; (2) attacking the interests of the bourgeoisie; (3) It causes people to feel insecure and betray their loved ones; ④ It is not conducive to the establishment of the normal ruling order of the bourgeoisie.
3. 1799, a "foggy month coup" occurred, and Napoleon seized power. 1804, the first Republic of France was replaced by the first empire of France. 18 14 years, the first empire of France fell and the bourbon dynasty was restored. At that time, the king was Louis Stanislas Xavier.
4. The main reasons for Napoleon's successful seizure of political power are: the bourgeoisie hopes to establish a powerful political power to safeguard vested interests; The main reason why Napoleon quickly established a hundred-day regime was that the people regarded him as a defender of revolutionary achievements and national interests; The main reason for Napoleon's failure in foreign wars lies in his aggressiveness, which also shows that the feudal forces in the European continent were very strong at that time. Napoleon was most proud of the French Civil Code, which basically established the legislative norms of capitalist society and affirmed the principle of freedom and equality, but the law restricted the freedom of speech and the rights of women and minors.
5. 1830 The "July Revolution" overthrew the restored Bourbon dynasty (the king at that time was Charles X, and the fuse was the July decree), Louis? Philip ascended the throne and established the July Dynasty. The July Dynasty implemented a constitutional monarchy with tricolor flag as the national flag, which suppressed the second uprising of workers in Lyon, France.
6, 1848 "February Uprising", overthrowing the July Dynasty, Louis? Philip fled to England and established the Second Republic of France. The provisional government suppressed the June uprising in France. 1848 The fuse of "June Uprising" was the dissolution of ethnic workshops. 1848 65438+ February, Louis? Bonaparte became the first French president elected by universal suffrage. The main reason why he came to power was the class struggle situation in France at that time.
7. 185 1 year Louis? Bonaparte launched a military coup and dissolved parliament. 1852, the monarchy was restored by referendum, and the second empire of France was established. Politically, the situation in France has been stabilized through high-pressure and appeasement policies; Economically, a series of measures have been taken to promote the social and economic development of France, and the French economy has shown a prosperous scene; Military ambition was great but talent was scarce, and it was defeated by 1870 Franco-Prussian War. 1870, the Third Republic of France was founded, and the final establishment of the Republic benefited from the infighting of monarchists. The constitution of 1875 was formulated; 1877 La Marseillaise was designated as the national anthem of France, and 14 was designated as the national anthem of France in July.
The democratic thoughts of intransitive verbs Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Sun Yat-sen.
1, Kang Youwei: Tuogu Reform-A Textual Research on Confucius Reform.
Proposition: (1) Modern western theories of freedom and equality have existed in China since ancient times. (2) The use of Confucian language provides an evolutionary basis for the reform of the political system (ancient Confucianism divided historical development into three stages: according to troubled times, it rose to the level of peace in the world). Kang Youwei reinterpreted the theory of "three generations" from the viewpoint of evolution; (3) Insisting on gradual change, we can only implement constitutional monarchy first, and then implement democracy and harmony.
Evaluation: (1) Reducing the resistance to political reform is a feasible strategy; (2) It embodies the weakness of the national bourgeoisie.
2. Liang Qichao: From advocating civil rights to promoting new people
Proposition: (1) Promoting civil rights is the basis of political reform and the guarantee of a strong country; (2) To build a "new" China, we must first cultivate "new" citizens. "Xinmin" refers to a new citizen with patriotism, martial spirit, social morality and independent personality. (3) Constitutional monarchy is the best regime in the world. To realize constitutionalism, two conditions must be met: to formulate a constitution and train qualified citizens; (4) China's constitutionalism should not be rushed; (5) The authority of the Constitution is above everything else.
3. Sun Yat-sen's Democratic Thought
Advocate: (1) Three People's Principles; (2) New Three People's Principles; (3) Separation of five powers) (Five powers include: legislative power, executive power, judicial power, review power and supervision power. )
Seven, the struggle against autocracy before and after the Revolution of 1911.
1, the debate between reformists and revolutionaries
The debate involves the object and task of the revolution, and the center of the debate is whether to "anti-Manchu" and violently overthrow the Qing Dynasty.
2. The promulgation of King James' constitutional outline.
Under the impetus of the constitutionalists, the Qing government complied with the people's feelings and promulgated the Outline of the King James Constitution in 1908. Its contents: ① the separation of judicial power and administrative power; (2) On the premise that "the monarch has great power", subjects have freedom of speech, publication, writing and assembly; Understanding: ① The Qing court began substantive constitutional reform; (2) The people's legal rights and political status have been recognized for the first time in an extremely limited constitutional form; (3) But this is far from the requirements of the Constitutionalists. (4) In A.D. 19 1 1 year, the Qing government set up the first responsible cabinet, known as the "Royal Cabinet" in history, which made some constitutionalists turn to revolution.
3. The end of the monarchy
19 12, the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government declared the end of China's imperial system for more than 2,000 years, which was also an important symbol of the victory of the Revolution of 1911.
Sequence: ① ② ③ ④ ⑤
① Wuchang Uprising ② Nanjing Provisional Government Established ③ North-South Talks and the abdication of the Qing Emperor ⑤ Sun Yat-sen resigned ⑤ Yuan Shikai was appointed as the interim president of the Republic of China.
4. Yuan Shikai's autocracy
Performance: (1) Tang cabinet collapsed; (2) The assassination of Song and the suppression of the "second revolution"; (3) Dissolving the Kuomintang and the National Assembly; (4) Promulgating the Constitution of the Republic of China; (5) proclaimed himself emperor.
Order the following events: ① ② ③ ④ ⑤.
① Assassinate Song; ② Dissolve Kuomintang; ③ Dissolve Parliament.
(4) Promulgating the Constitution of the Republic of China; (5) Yuan Shikai restored the monarchy; (6) National protection movement.
5. 19 1 1 the failure of the revolution in.
The main reasons for the failure of the Revolution of 1911 are: the bourgeoisie lacks the courage to completely oppose imperialism and feudalism;
The main historical achievements of the Revolution of 1911 are: overthrowing the feudal monarchy for more than 2,000 years;
Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, indicating that the anti-feudalism of the Revolution of 1911 was not thorough;
Yuan Shikai's failure to proclaim himself emperor shows that democracy was deeply rooted in people's hearts after the Revolution of 1911.
Eight, the people's struggle against the Kuomintang dictatorship after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory.
1, the democratic policy of the * * * production party in China during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period-"three-thirds system" (implemented in 1940), further consolidated and expanded the anti-Japanese national united front.
2. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, China's * * * production party implemented universal suffrage, making the local government a real people's democratic government.
3. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the Kuomintang flaunted "peaceful nation-building", but actually adhered to the civil war dictatorship policy. Under the call of the people of the whole country for peace and democracy, in June 65438 +0945 +65438 10, the two countries signed the October 10th agreement, which determined the policy of resolutely avoiding civil war and building a democratic country. However, shortly after the signing of the agreement on October 10th, the Kuomintang violated the principle of peace and democracy and committed a series of atrocities. Bloody case). 1946, Chongqing held a political consultative conference, adopted a peaceful and democratic agreement beneficial to the people, and decided to implement the program of peaceful nation-building, but the Kuomintang reactionaries finally launched a civil war against the people. After the outbreak of all-out civil war, China led the people's democratic movement with the student movement as the backbone and patriots from all walks of life widely participating in the Kuomintang-ruled areas, forming the second front against the Kuomintang rule.
4. Land reform
(1) During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, in order to unite all forces to support the anti-Japanese war, China implemented the policy of reducing rents and interest rates for landlords and peasants in the anti-Japanese base areas.
(2) 1946 In May, China issued the "Instructions on Clearing up the Problems of Rent Reduction and Land Reduction" (the "May 4th Instruction"), changing the policy of rent reduction and interest reduction into a policy of confiscating landlords' land and distributing it to farmers.
(3) 1947, China * * * promulgated the Outline of China Land Law, which implemented the land system of land to the tiller.
Understanding: The reform of land policy reflects the timely adjustment of land policy according to the changes of major social contradictions. The land policy of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period consolidated and expanded the anti-Japanese national United front; The land policy during the war of liberation accelerated the process of the people's war of liberation.
5. 1947 10. The Central Committee issued the Declaration of the People's Liberation Army of China, formally proposing to overthrow the dictatorship of the Kuomintang and establish a democratic coalition regime, and indicating the goal of the democratic struggle.
Nine. Modern European workers' struggle for democratic rights
(a) the charter movement
1832 British parliamentary reform gave British industrial bourgeoisie rights, but workers did not. 1837, the workers' leaders of the London Workers' Association and some radical members drafted the People's Charter together. The "People's Charter" reflects the working class's demand for universal suffrage and its opposition to the restrictions on election financial qualifications and the salaries of parliamentarians. The Charter Movement has three petitions (1839, 1842, 1848). In the Charter Movement, workers demanded the right to vote independently, which had a far-reaching impact on the democratic transformation of British social and political system.
(2) First International and Second International
First International (1864- 1876)
1, condition
With the extensive development of industrial revolution in europe, the struggle of workers in various countries to improve their own situation is constantly rising, and they realize the importance of the working class supporting each other in the struggle. ② Direct cause: solidarity with the Polish people's uprising.
2.Logo: Time 1864 location: London name: International Working Men’s Association.
3. Leading and supporting workers' movements in different countries
(1) strongly support strikes in various countries and put a satisfactory end to the workers' struggle;
(2) Leading British workers to participate in the electoral reform movement, which promoted the democratic process in Britain;
(3) Carry forward the spirit of internationalism and organize workers from all countries to support the Polish and Irish people in their struggle for national independence;
Second International (1889- 19 14 years)
1, compiled by:1889 July 14, the second international was established in Paris.
2. Role: The resolutions adopted by the Second International promoted the legitimate struggle of the workers' political parties in Europe and America and promoted the development of the workers' movement in Europe and America.
3. Under the guidance of the Second International, the legal struggle of the working class and its political parties has made great achievements:
(1) The working hours of workers are generally shortened; (2) Some governments have promulgated laws that are conducive to protecting the interests of workers;
(3) win more and more votes and seats;
Thinking: Similarities and differences between the first international and the second international.
Similarities: ① They are all international workers' organizations. (2) Their establishment is in the stage of the workers' movement from low tide to high tide. (3) Marx and Engels actively participated in the leadership of the two international organizations.
(2) Difference: ① The first international is composed of workers' organizations of various countries, and the second international is mainly composed of socialist political parties. (2) The First International Workers' Organization mainly belongs to several European countries, and it is only a propaganda and agitation group; The activities of the Second International have expanded to the whole of Europe and North America, and their activities are closely linked with the struggles of workers in various countries. (3) Organizationally, the workers' organization that has joined the First International is a branch under its leadership, while the Second International is not the superior organization of the party of all countries. It has pointed out the direction for the parties of all countries through the resolutions of previous congresses. ④ Ideologically, in the first international period, the socialist ideological trend was not accepted by the workers; During the Second International Period, socialism became a mass movement.