(1) Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean, reached America, opened the air route between Europe and America, and was the first person to discover the "New World".

Magellan sailed around the world and was the first person to try the feat of sailing around the world.

(2) The opening of new air routes and a series of great changes that followed have had a great impact on the course of world history. Transfer of major trade routes and trade centers in Europe; With the spatial expansion of world trade and the sharp increase in the number and types of commodities in circulation, the world market has begun to take shape, and the economic and cultural ties between countries and regions have become increasingly close.

At the same time, Europe stepped up overseas expansion and colonial conquest, which made European countries join the ranks of colonial expansion.

29

(1) Washington (ps: Wasn't Washington the first president of the United States, and it came according to the Constitution)

(2) A. The federal system is a decentralized system of central and local governments; The federal government has the right to recruit soldiers, collect taxes, issue a unified currency and manage foreign trade; The laws of the state government shall not violate the federal constitution.

B. Separation of powers and checks and balances.

The National Assembly consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, and is the highest legislative body. The presidents indirectly elected by voters are heads of state, heads of government and commanders-in-chief of the armed forces; The Federal Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ and wishes to have the power of constitutional interpretation. Judges are appointed by the President for life.

(3) With the help of the Declaration of Independence, the North American War of Independence broke out in April 1775 to declare the independence of the United States.

30.

(1) Napoleon Empire or the First Empire of France

(2) Promulgating the French Civil Code to safeguard the interests of the bourgeoisie; Expanding to the outside world, it has become a great empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa.

③ The amount is unclear. . .

The above answers are for reference only.