I can learn spiritual food from books, but I feel very flustered when I haven't supplemented it for a long time.
What books are you reading?
China Library Classification divides books into five categories, namely, books on Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, philosophy, social sciences, natural sciences and comprehensive books, and 22 basic categories.
You can't always read some popular books on economics and psychology, but also some books on history, philosophy and culture with a little connotation.
Why study? Seeing the world is probably one of the main reasons.
Look at the world, look at the history of the world, look at what is happening in the world, look at different cultural customs in the world, and look at different ideas in the world. ...
Bushido is a book with a good understanding of Japanese cultural traditions (traditional Bushido), ideological customs and national characteristics.
Nitobe Inazo (1862- 1933) is a Japanese thinker, agronomist and educator.
Nitobe Inazo graduated from Sapporo Agricultural School (now Hokkaido University) and 1984 went to Johns Hopkins University for further study. After receiving his doctorate, he went to Germany to study, 189 1 returned to Japan and taught in many universities. 19 19 recommended Niitobe as the second director of the League of Nations. 1933, Niitobe fell ill on his way home from Canada to attend the Pacific Conference, and died in Victoria Hospital near Vancouver under the care of his wife Mary at the age of 7 1.
Bushido was written by the author when he was recuperating from 65438 to 0899 in Pennsylvania, USA. According to the author, the direct motivation for writing this book is why such ideas and customs are popular in Japan, and why, its purpose is to introduce Japanese moral concepts to the world (the western world) and publicize the value of Japanese morality.
Because this book was written by the author to introduce all aspects of Japanese Bushido to foreign countries, the author wrote it in English. In writing, in order to facilitate foreign readers to read and understand the contents of the book, the author quoted a large number of western historical and literary allusions and added many footnotes to some Japanese customs.
I myself received the traditional education of Bushido when I was a child, and my writing was easy for foreign readers to understand. The systematic introduction has aroused great interest of foreign readers as soon as it was published, and it has been continuously translated into many languages, occupying an important position in the world Japanese research bibliography.
Japanese. Commercial press
Japanese series, it can be seen that this book is published as an important book to understand Japan.
The brand tonality of the commercial press and publishing house determines that the positioning of the books they choose will not be too bad.
The original translation of this book is given: it is translated according to Yanbo Library 1972 in Tokyo Yanbo Bookstore, and the English version of Tokyo Ding Wei Publishing House 1905 is referred to in the translation.
1993 February 1 version, printed on 20131October Beijing 12.
The preface written by translator Zhang Junyan for the translation includes the author's brief introduction, writing background, writing purpose, main contents, writing style and the original text of Bushido.
Four prefaces or prefaces, including the prefaces of Japanese translators, the prefaces of the first edition, the prefaces of the tenth edition and the introduction (Griffith).
The text is divided into seventeen chapters, from Bushido as a moral system to the future of Bushido.
Finally, it includes a name index to index the people mentioned in the book.
Tadashio Yanuchihara translated the preface written by his teacher, Nitobe Inazo, into a complete Japanese translation of Bushido, and introduced the situation of the original work (author, writing purpose, etc.). ), other Japanese versions, the translation reasons of this version, the original English style, and the differences between translation and original annotations.
As the preface of this book, the author introduces the direct motivation, writing situation, writing purpose and book characteristics of this book.
The preface written by the author to update the tenth edition briefly describes the experience since the publication of this book, the revision and changes of the new edition, the shortcomings of the previous edition, the future prospect and thanks.
Griffith's Preface to the Tenth Edition is an article for English readers to introduce the new Bushido in Nitobe Inazo.
Japanese Bushido, accompanied by the germination and development of feudalism, is a specimen of ancient Japanese morality. Although Japanese feudalism is dead, Bushido still exists, which profoundly affects the characteristics of the Japanese nation and shines on the moral road of the Japanese nation.
Bushido, in a word, "the creed of samurai", is an obligation that comes with samurai class identity. It is a word that shows the national characteristics of Japan and has the language characteristics of its people.
Bushido, or bushido spirit, is a rule that requires samurai to abide by or guide them to abide by moral principles. However, Bushido is not a written code, but some proverbs passed down by word of mouth or by some famous warriors or scholars. This is a law engraved in the deep heart.
Bushido, with the development of Japanese feudalism, has the complex nature of interweaving with feudalism. Basically, in Japan, where feudalism began, the full-time samurai class gained power and formed a family and class of "serving". When it has lofty honor and great privilege, and the great responsibility that comes with it, the samurai class feels that it needs a code of conduct and must have some rules to train warriors.
Later, Bushido gradually evolved into moral education and national belief, and became the core of Japanese national culture.
The main purpose of this book is to clarify the origin, characteristics and precepts of Bushido, and then explore the influence of Bushido on the people and the persistence and permanence of Bushido's influence.
As for Buddhism, Zen: Buddhism gives Bushido a sense of ease, quietly obeying the inevitable, facing danger and disaster as calm as an ascetic, humble and dying.
About Shinto: Loyalty to the Lord, respect for ancestors, and filial piety to parents are all unforgettable from the teaching of Shinto, giving obedience to the warrior's arrogant character. One of its teachings is "know yourself", which is the introspection of moral quality. Ancestor worship can also be interpreted as the emperor is the representative of the scientific heaven, with the rights and kindness of the scientific heaven. Shinto trading contains two overwhelming characteristics of Japanese national emotional life-patriotism and loyalty.
About Confucianism: Confucius' teaching is the richest source of Bushido moral teaching, including the five ethics between monarch and minister, father and son, husband and wife, young and old, and friends, as well as calm, kind and secular political and moral wisdom and compassionate qualities.
About Yangming's mind: knowledge itself should not be explored as an end, but as a means to acquire wisdom. Knowledge should be regarded as consistent with the practice in life, that is, the integration of knowledge and practice.
Bushido can be said to be the main feature of the nation, including righteousness, courage, benevolence, courtesy, honesty, reputation, loyalty, self-denial and many other characteristics.
Righteousness is the strictest teaching in Bushido. The most disgusting thing about samurai is despicable behavior and cunning behavior.
Regarding the concept of samurai morality, Lin Shiping's samurai believes that loving "righteousness" is a brave opponent and a decisive heart. It is the will to make up your mind without hesitation. Die if you die; If you should attack, you should attack. "True wood and spring warriors believe that" righteousness is the righteousness that stands in the world and is the skeleton of the body. Righteousness, which comes down to righteousness, is not only the truth of justice, but also a vague sense of obligation that public opinion expects to fulfill.
Justice is a strict supervisor, urging lazy people to do their duty, which is caused by man-made social conditions, and all kinds of sophistry and hypocrisy are hidden under its wings. If Bushido does not have keen and correct courage, courage and perseverance, righteousness will easily become a nest for cowards.
Confucius said that if you don't do the right thing, you won't have courage. Courage is doing the right thing. Bushido believes that dying for something that is not worth dying is "dog death."
Plato believes that courage is "able to distinguish between things that should be feared and things that should not be feared", and Tokugawa Hiroyuki also believes that "only when you are alive and when you die can you say that you are truly brave. 」
Love, tolerance, sympathy and pity have been regarded as the highest virtues since ancient times, and are regarded as the noblest things in spiritual attributes.
Benevolence is regarded as the king of virtue and China in two senses: as the throne occupying various attributes with lofty spirit, it is the king; As a virtue that is particularly suitable for the way of kings, it is the king. Because of benevolence, public opinion and the will of the monarch are integrated, or democracy and totalitarianism are integrated.
Benevolence is a gentle virtue like a mother.
The kindness of the weak, the inferior and the loser is considered to be a virtue especially suitable for warriors.
Gentleness, compassion and kindness can beautify the most cruel martial arts of samurai. The samurai class also has the wind of cultivating tenderness, and there are many stories in poetry, which is enough to make it have beautiful emotional expression inside and outside.
Cultivate tender feelings and sympathize with the sufferings of others. However, the humility and hospitality generated by respecting others' feelings constitute the basis of the ceremony.
Attentive and solemn manners are the distinctive features of the Japanese nation.
True politeness should be the external expression of sympathy and care for others' feelings, which means corresponding respect for legitimate things.
The highest form of ceremony is almost close to benevolence. It can be said devoutly, "courtesy means tolerance and compassion, no jealousy, no boasting, no arrogance, no indecency, no self-interest, no anger, and no consideration of other people's evils." 」
When etiquette is regarded as the correct attitude of social communication, there is a detailed system of politeness rules, and many interactions (such as eating etiquette and tea ceremony) are promoted to a ceremony, that is, etiquette, which is also the most appropriate way to achieve a certain effect.
Moral training is included in the training of strict etiquette. "The key to courtesy lies in cultivating the mind." By constantly practicing correct etiquette, all parts of the human body and their functions will have a perfect order, so as to achieve complete harmony between the body and the environment, which is manifested in the body's domination over the spirit.
Etiquette makes manners beautiful. Etiquette comes from kindness and humility, and is often a manifestation of sympathy.
Without faithfulness and honesty, etiquette is a farce and acting.
Lying and escaping are considered cowardice.
Samurai pays attention to commitment, and even lacks two tongues to compensate with death.
Bushido's concept of loyalty is closely related to reputation and courage, and is far from business.
Reputation consciousness includes personal dignity and clear value consciousness. Therefore, for a samurai, reputation is an indispensable feature. He was born knowing that he should pay attention to the obligations and privileges that come with his identity and receive education in this way.
Fame is closely linked to a strong sense of family.
In reputation education, shame is one of the first virtues that should be cultivated in youth education. The goal pursued by young people is only fame, not wealth and knowledge.
Loyalty, obedience and loyalty are its unique characteristics, which are mainly reflected in political obedience.
It is worth noting that loyalty is even a substitute for death.
In the value system of equality and freedom, loyalty is often criticized and misunderstood, regarded as an obligation to individuals rather than to the country, and a fetter based on unreasonable principles.
Nevertheless, loyalty is reflected in different countries and different cultural systems, and there are also celebrities who admire loyalty.
We should know that loyalty does not mean thinking evil and sacrificing our conscience, otherwise we will be despised as "servants" or "slaves".
Loyalty even regards life as a means of serving the Lord, and its ideal is above reputation, on which all education and training of samurai are based.
The three legs that support the whole skeleton of Bushido are called wisdom, benevolence and courage.
Samurai education should first follow the establishment of quality, without paying attention to intellectual abilities such as thinking, knowledge and debate.
Although other aspects of education play an important role, it is also in a subordinate position in the education of samurai, mainly to help establish quality education and training.
Bushido is not cost-effective Bushido is frugal and proud of poverty. That "especially don't think about the desire for gold and silver, wealth hurts wisdom."
The main purpose of Bushido education is to establish quality, and the main principle for teachers to choose educational materials is quality rather than knowledge, and soul rather than mind, so teachers deserve to be called soul engineers and are highly respected.
On the one hand, brave sports need to remember patience without humming; On the other hand, the teaching of etiquette requires not to reveal one's own sadness or pain, which will harm the happiness or peace of others. The combination of the two produces the temperament of asceticism and forms the national character of asceticism on the surface. Therefore, the etiquette and habits of Japanese nationals also seem to inhibit the expression of emotions.
A samurai shows his feelings on his face and is considered not a man. If the mechanism is calm and the mood is quiet, you will not be troubled by any kind of passion.
When you feel your inner excitement, as a first instinct, you quietly suppress the exposure of this excitement, which can be explained by restraining exercise. Japanese nationals will not talk about spiritual experience lightly and express their deepest thoughts and feelings.
Emotional restraint is also manifested in: greet friends with a smile when they are in the most painful time, tend to smile when they encounter the most severe test of willfulness and weakness, and try to restore inner balance with laughter as a cover when they are troubled by adversity.
To limit the investigation of suicide to laparotomy or laparotomy, in the Japanese mind, this way of death will be associated with the noblest behavior and the most touching sadness. The transformation of virtue, greatness and tranquility ennobles the ugliest form of death and makes it a symbol of new life. Even, it is a manifestation of attaching great importance to reputation.
Cesarean section in Japan is not a simple way of suicide, but a system of law and etiquette. This is a way for soldiers to atone, repent, avoid humiliation, redeem friends or prove loyalty. So, it's an honor to have your abdomen cut.
As for the abuse of suicide, a real warrior who longs for death or uses death to beg for flattery is equally cowardly. Bushido teaches us to resist all disasters and difficulties with patience and correct conscience. True reputation is to carry out destiny and lead to death, and it is by no means dishonor.
Revenge system is the sister system of suicide system. Revenge has something to satisfy the sense of justice, showing a natural sense of balance of rights and equality and justice. Bushido regards the revenge system as an ethical and just court, so that events that cannot be tried according to ordinary laws can be prosecuted here.
Bushido regards the knife as a symbol of strength and courage.
In the process of Bushido teaching and training, the knife has a special symbolic meaning in many ceremonies, which endows it with self-esteem and responsibility. It is something to wear on the heart-a symbol of loyalty and reputation.
Bushido is the dogma of men, and the virtue of women is divorced from women. Bushido's most admired woman can show her fortitude and unyielding ability comparable to that of the strongest and bravest man.
Training women to use weapons to maintain their dignity is mainly due to two motives for themselves and their families. Maintain the sanctity of your body with weapons; Defend the family's reputation and dignity with weapons.
Japan in the past was given by samurai, which was both the flower of the people and the root of the people. Bushido sets moral standards and uses its own example to guide it.
Bushido has internal and external religions. The latter pursues social peace and happiness, while the former emphasizes the pure morality of accumulating virtue for virtue.
Samurai has become the lofty ideal of the whole nation. Japan, whether ideologically or morally, is directly or indirectly the product of Bushido.
Bushido spread from the initial social stratum through various channels, played the role of yeast among the masses and provided moral standards for all the people.
The character of Bushido engraved on the people, especially the samurai, is still fresh.
Bushido, as a subtle and irresistible force, promotes people and individuals. Bushido is still the energetic spirit and motivation of Japan.
Bushido is the founder and product of old Japan, and it is still the guiding principle of transforming Japan, and it will surely become the force to form a new era.
If we look at the memoirs of the builders of modern Japan, we will probably know that their thoughts and actions were stimulated by Bushido.
The driving force of Japan's change lies entirely in the Japanese people themselves. On the other hand, we should fairly admit that Bushido bears great responsibility for the shortcomings and deficiencies of Japanese nationals.
The influence of Bushido is unconscious and silent. Once the national heart calls for the ideas it inherited, it will respond, although I don't know why.
There are few things that can be accurately compared in history, such as chivalry in Europe and Bushido in Japan. If we think that history will repeat itself, then the fate of the latter will repeat the experience of the former.
All kinds of authorities and authorities are arrayed against Bushido. The tide of democracy has enough power to devour the remnants of Bushido. Democracy will not tolerate any form of trust. Bushido is a kind of trust, which determines the level and value of moral nature.
The social form has become not only opposed to Bushido, but even hostile.
The task now is to protect the heritage. Considering its continued existence, the small moral system is likely to be combined with the big philosophy.
Bushido, as an independent ethical theory, may disappear, but its power will probably not disappear from the world. Its teaching of bravery and virtue may be destroyed as a system, but its glory and glory will always exist outside these ruins.
The purpose of the author's writing Bushido is to introduce Japanese moral concepts to the world (the western world) and publicize the value of Japanese morality. This book also occupies an important position in the world bibliography of Japanese studies.
So, what is this book really about? Bushido?
What is Bushido? How did it come from? How did it develop? What is the main core spirit? What kind of influence has it had on Japanese national characteristics? ……
Perhaps, there are more.
A book should be like a flesh-and-blood organism with bones, blood vessels, organs, muscles and even external textures.
After reading Bushido, do you have a certain understanding of the national characteristics of Japan? Perhaps it is the blind who can't get out by touching the elephant.
Read it, read it, and think about its inner activities while listening, hoping to understand some hidden characteristics of the Japanese nation and some of its cultures.