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Brief Introduction of Water Margin
Shi Naian's Water Margin was written by Shi Naian at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty. Like the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, it is also created on the basis of folk stories, scripts and operas. The author Shi Naian lived a little earlier than Luo Guanzhong.
The Water Margin is the first novel describing the peasant uprising. Focusing on the clue of "officials forcing the people to revolt", the book shows the whole process that a group of "heroes" who could not bear the oppression of tyranny rose from the pole and gathered in Liangshan, Shui Bo, until they accepted their demands and led to the failure of the uprising. The most brilliant feature of this novel is that it fully affirmed the peasant uprising that the feudal rulers regarded as "thieves and bandits" and profoundly revealed the social roots of the peasant uprising: that is, ministers such as the emperor and Gao Qiu were tyrannical and incompetent, which led to the poverty of the people and the sharp and gradual deepening of class contradictions.
The successful portrayal of 10 or 20 protagonists with distinctive personalities is an important factor for this novel to have a brilliant artistic life.
The Water Margin is good at revealing the complex inner world through the behavior and language of characters. This technique originated from scripts. Because of the special form of the script, it is not allowed to explain the appearance and inner activities of the characters too much outside the plot, but to express the characters' character through language, behavior and contradiction. "Water Margin" not only inherits this technique, but also develops further, making the work have a distinctive national style. For example, Lin Chong grasped the delicate and complicated psychological struggle process in which Gao Yanei wanted to fight but dared not punch.
When novels express the characters of similar characters, they often use expressions of similarities and differences to distinguish their differences. The characters of Lu Da and Li Kui jy are generous, crude and refined, but they are far from each other in details. Li Kui jy's Thin is really cute. For example, when he first met Song Jiang, he didn't want to bow his head for fear of being teased. And Lu Da's "fineness" shows the world and experience of the rivers and lakes. For example, after killing Kansai Town, he said that he pretended to be dead and ran away tactfully is a good explanation.
There is another outstanding feature in the characterization of Water Margin, that is, the characters live in different environments and show different personality characteristics and different resistance paths through their different experiences and identities. Like Lin Chong, Yang Zhi and Lu Da, both officers, Lin Chong lived a superior life and was content with the status quo, but at the same time he was loyal, chivalrous and unwilling to be alone. So after repeated persecutions and concessions, I finally went to Liangshan in a rage and killed the enemy on a snowy night. After Yang Zhi closed the door, he gained fame and fortune. Faced with the twists and turns of his official career and Gao Qiu's exclusion, he would rather compromise until all the posterior roads were cut off, and he would also go to Liangshan. Compared with them, Lu Da's rebellion is more active, which is directly related to his love of freedom, boldness and fundamental opposition to the real society.
Because it comes from the script, the language of Water Margin is colloquial. This feature makes its language vivid, concise, vivid, accurate and expressive, and has made great artistic achievements in personalization.
Responder: Yal Mountain-Magic Apprentice Level 1 2- 12 14:32
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The cause of the uprising
Uprising is "top-down chaos". Rulers, from the emperor's ministers to local corrupt officials, local tyrants and bullies and even jailers, spread all over the country, inside and outside the imperial court, forming a ruling network and openly doing evil. For example, Liang Zhongshu looked for hundreds of thousands of dollars for her husband Cai Jing to celebrate his birth within two years.
The Water Margin?
It tells the story of Sung River Uprising during the Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty (119-1121or so). There are many records in the history of Song Dynasty and the notes of Song people. Although inconsistent, they all said that they were powerful and threatened the court. It has a far-reaching influence among the people. Gong, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, said, "See Song Jiang in the street and talk about it." There are also stories of Song Jiang and others in the book. In Song Dynasty, extensive contents and outstanding art produced heroic epic and revolutionary tragedy of peasant uprising in feudal society, which reflected that the deep exploitation and cruel oppression in declining feudal society aggravated class contradictions.
character introduction
Saburo: This comes from Song Jiang's handling of family relations. Song Jiang's handling of family relations is based on filial piety, especially for his father. I won't elaborate on the rest.
2. Timely Rain: It is mainly said that he helped others and gave generously, which was described 25 times in Water Margin, which showed Song Jiang's heroic nature to some extent.
3. Hu: Until today, we can't give a satisfactory explanation. According to textual research, it is related to an official name in the Song Dynasty. Most scholars believe that this nickname reflects Song Jiang's attitude towards the imperial court.
Lin chong's counter-cause
The injury to Lin Chong forced those who didn't want to rebel to rebel, revealing that the real reason of the uprising was "officials forcing the people to rebel". The novel truly describes the development process of the uprising: from individual resistance to collective resistance, from decentralized struggle to organized struggle, from small to large. Lu, Lin Chong, et al. They all started with personal struggle, just looking for a place to live in order to escape the arrest of the government; Although there are many hills such as Liangshan, Erlong Mountain and Taohua Mountain, they are isolated from each other and cannot resist the escalating government's "suppression"; Classical,
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Brief Introduction of Water Margin
Outlaws of the Marsh is the first Zhang Hui novel written in the vernacular in the history of China, and its content revolves around bandits called bandits in Liangshanpo area. Also known as "The Water Margin of Loyalty and Righteousness", generally referred to as "The Water Margin", was written in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. The author has always been controversial, and it is generally believed that it was written by Shi Naian. Most of the robbers in the book were driven into outlaws by the government. Many of them were originally officials, but they were once classified as peasant uprising novels in Chinese mainland.
author
There are three views about the author of Water Margin:
1: All the books are written by Luo Guanzhong.
2. Written by Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong.
3. The whole novel was written by Shi Naian alone. This view is the most familiar to everyone.
The earliest statement was put forward before the Ming Dynasty. Some people who support this view think that Shi Naian is a fictional character and does not exist in reality.
People who hold the second view also have the following two opinions:
Some people think that the first seventy chapters of Water Margin were written by Shi Naian, and the last thirty chapters were written by Luo Guanzhong.
The Book of Hundred Rivers, a Confucian scholar in Ming Dynasty, called Water Margin "The Book of Qiantang Shi Naian, edited by Luo Guanzhong". In other words, it was mainly written by Shi Naian and edited by Luo Guanzhong. This view is quite influential in academic circles.
Another view is that Water Margin belongs to cumulative mass creation. Undoubtedly, Shi Naian referred to, used for reference and absorbed a lot of materials in the process of creation, including historical records, notes, some complete novels, opera works or some fragments of them, but Shi Naian's creation cannot be denied.
Writing process
The story of Water Margin originated in Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty, and has become the main theme of folk oral literature since the Southern Song Dynasty. At present, according to storytellers, there are scripts such as Green-faced Beast, Flower Monk and Warrior. In the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, the story book The Legacy of Xuanhe in the Great Song Dynasty appeared, which described the stories of 36 people, including Chao Gai and Wu Jialiang (Wu Yong), and initially had the story outline of Water Margin. There are some water margin story scripts in Yuan Zaju in Yuan Dynasty.
The Water Margin was written in the early Ming Dynasty on the basis of the records of 36 people, including Song Jiang, who was involved in the Song Uprising, in historical books, such as The Legacy of Xuanhe in the Great Song Dynasty and A Brief Account of the East Capital. The story describes the different stories of Liangshan 108 generals, from being caught up with Liangshan one by one, gradually expanding, rebelling, and finally accepting the whole process of enlisting. The legend of General Baidan in Water Margin is the reincarnation of 36 highest solar stars and 72 terrestrial stars. They pay attention to loyalty, love to fight injustice, rob the rich and help the poor, resent corrupt officials, and finally gather in Liangshan to fight against the corrupt court. The novel successfully created the images of Song Jiang, Lin Chong, Lu, Lu and so on, and showed the readers the political and social situation in the Song Dynasty.
The Water Margin literally means the water's edge, which means the story takes place in Liangshan Park, Shandong Province. In addition, there is a saying in the Book of Songs, "Ancient Qi Huangong and his father came to fetch horses from the DPRK and led them to the water margin in the west, as for the gorge", which recorded the migration of tribes led by Zhou. Some people think that the title of Water Margin is an analogy between Song Jiang's Juyi and the rise of the Zhou Dynasty, which proves that the original author affirmed the spirit of the uprising hero's resistance to rule. Song Jiang, the leader of the Shuihu Rebel Army, was originally a small official, but was later driven to Liangshan. Together with other Liangshan heroes, he rebelled against tyranny, "doing justice for heaven" and gradually developed and expanded. The story of Water Margin is bold and rough. In the book, the characters express their contradictory inner world through their words and deeds, and the characters have their own characteristics. The heroes who were caught up with Liangshan have different growth experiences. The plot is tortuous and the language is vivid, which has high artistic value.
version
The earliest extant version of Water Margin is The Legend of Loyalty and Righteousness in Kyoto preserved by Shanghai Library, and the edition was about 100 in the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. There are many versions of Water Margin, and different versions of the story have appeared in the process of circulation. Generally speaking, it can be divided into simplified version and complex version.
Concise/simplified version
Bamboo slips contain all the plots of Zhao 'an, Liao, Shou, Wang Qing, Fang La and Song Jiang. It is called the simplified version because the text is relatively simple and there are few details. The short books that have been found are:
115 copies
Go back to the book a hundred times
124 copies
An unabridged version/book
Many books are written in detail and are the most widely circulated. There are three main types: 100, 120 and 70. However, the main rewrites and supplements are the plots after enlistment.
One hundred copies: After Song Jiang was recruited, there were plots such as "Levying Liao" and Fang La.
One hundred and twenty copies: At the end of the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Yang added plots such as Wang Qing to one hundred copies and synthesized one hundred and twenty copies.
Seventy volumes: Jin Shengtan's deletion and amendment in Qing Dynasty, halving of 100 volumes of Zhao 'an case and subsequent events, ending with the 71st volume of Lu Junyi's Dream in the original book, and then taking the first volume as a wedge, this is seventy volumes.
It is generally believed that only one hundred editions may be the earliest version of the story of Water Margin, and it is also the version closest to the legendary story.
translate
The Water Margin has also been translated into many languages.
The English version usually translates Water Margin or Water Margin. Among many versions, the earliest one is the Water Margin translated by Ms. Pearl Buck in the middle and late 1960s. The title of the book comes from The Analects of Confucius, "All men are brothers within the four seas". Published in 1933, it was the first English version of Water Margin, which was quite popular in the United States at that time. But there are many mistakes in translation. For example, the translation of the title of the book is not in line with the original intention and has been criticized by Mr. Lu Xun. 108 The nicknames of generals are usually literal. For example, Wei Chi, who is ill in bed, is translated as "Wei Chi", the flower monk Lu is translated as the flower monk, and the evil woman Sun Erniang is translated as "the nightmare".
So far, the English version of Water Margin is considered to be a better one, which should be 100 times the version of Water Margin (a hero of Shui Bo) translated by Chinese-American Jewish scholar Sha Boli during the Cultural Revolution. His translation is considered to be more faithful to the original text, which embodies the charm of the original text well and conforms to the principle of "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance" in translation. Unfortunately, because this translation was published during the Cultural Revolution, it has little influence.
The French version is literally translated as Aubold de l 'eau.
There are so many versions of the Japanese version of Water Margin that it has even been adapted and interpreted into many cartoons, movies and TV works.
Influence and artistic value
As the first vernacular novel in the history of China, Water Margin has a great influence on later generations.
In the era of lack of knowledge and popular entertainment activities, other popular novels such as Water Margin and Romance of the Three Kingdoms often become the only cultural activities of ordinary people through folk artists in the form of opera and folk art, in which fictional characters or fictional stories become historical facts in the eyes of ordinary people. Many such stories, such as Lu pulling out weeping willows and shooting tigers, have always been talked about by men, women and children. The moral values revealed between the lines in the book, as well as the characteristics of valuing friends, ignoring life and death and valuing chivalry embodied in the characters in the book, have become the standards used by the public to judge right and wrong, good and evil.
Compared with Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the strength of Water Margin lies not in the description of political and war scenes, but in the description of the main characters and citizens' lives. Among them are Song Jiang, Lin Chong, Lu, and so on. The main figure in Liangshan has a distinct personality and has his own language.
The Water Margin has been adapted into various folk arts. In A Dream of Red Mansions, Lu's Wutai Mountain Song was mentioned. There are many classic programs in storytelling, such as Suzhou Pingtan and Shandong Kuaishu, which are all based on Water Margin.
There is an ancient saying: "Young people should not read the outlaws of the Marsh, let alone the Three Kingdoms", which means that young people should not read the outlaws of the Marsh, otherwise they will easily want to fight all day and have a bad spirit.
evaluate
The literary achievements of Water Margin have been praised by many literary critics in later generations:
Jin Shengtan called Shuihu, Lisao, Zhuangzi, Shiji, Du Fu's poems and The West Chamber "the book of six talents". Feng Menglong called Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Journey to the West and Jin Ping Mei "the Four Musts". Along with Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Journey to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions, it is listed as "the four classical novels of China".
In the 20th century, literary critics not only commented on the literary achievements of Water Margin, but also became interested in the social situation and values reflected in Water Margin.
At the beginning of 1930, Lu Xun once commented on the Water Margin in The Change of Thieves: "The word' chivalry' gradually disappeared, and robbers appeared, but they were also chivalrous, and their banner was' for heaven'. They opposed traitors, not emperors, and robbed civilians, not generals. Li Kui jy took the lead in chopping with an axe when grabbing the gift ceremony, but it was the spectators. A movie "Water Margin" makes it very clear: because it is not against the Emperor, as soon as the army arrives, it is called up to fight other robbers for the country-there is no robber who "acts for heaven". Finally became a slave. "
There have always been different views on the ideological tendency of Water Margin. One view is that the Water Margin shows the idea of loyalty. The main representative is Li Zhi of Ming Dynasty. Another view is that this is a book for robbers, and it is a book to teach people to be robbers. It was mainly put forward by Zuo in Ming Dynasty. He thinks that the water margin has taught the people badly, and robbers learn from Song Jiang. And think that if the Water Margin is not banned, the impact on the world is unimaginable. At that time, the court accepted his suggestion and confiscated the water margin nationwide. Another person who holds this view is Jin Shengtan. This is one of the reasons why he cut off 70.
1950 s, the view held at that time was that "Water Margin" celebrated the peasant uprising. This view was a mainstream view held by various textbooks, literary history and novel history at that time.
In the1970s and at the end of the Cultural Revolution, Mao Zedong also commented on the values of Water Margin: "Water Margin only opposes corrupt officials, not emperors, 108 is beyond people whip's reach. Song Jiang surrendered, engaged in revisionism, and changed Chao's Juyi Hall into Loyalty Hall, which made people find peace. The struggle between Song Jiang and Gao Qiu is a struggle between one faction and another within the landlord class. Song Jiang surrendered and went to fight Fang La. " He also said: "The Water Margin is good at persuading surrender. Make a negative textbook and let the people know the capitulators. " His remarks once set off a "Comment on the Water Margin Movement" in China. At this time, the official view is that Water Margin is a book advocating capitulationism. Song Jiang carried out the capitulationist line and denied the revolutionary line of Classical. Classical and Song Jiang are two routes of struggle. Song Jiang rejected Classical after going up the mountain. 108 people have no classical name and status.