I. Nature of the examination
The national unified entrance examination for colleges and universities is a selective examination for qualified high school graduates and candidates with equivalent academic qualifications. Colleges and universities should comprehensively measure the moral, intellectual and physical qualities according to the candidates' grades and the established enrollment plan, and select the best candidates. Therefore, the college entrance examination should have high reliability, validity, necessary discrimination and appropriate difficulty.
Two. Examination content
According to the requirements of ordinary colleges and universities for freshmen's cultural quality, according to "Ordinary Senior High School Curriculum Scheme (Experiment)" and "Chemistry Curriculum Standard (Experiment)" promulgated by People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Ministry of Education in 2003, the assessment objectives and requirements for science and engineering enrollment in the college entrance examination are determined.
I. Assessment objectives and requirements
In order to facilitate the selection of candidates with learning potential and innovative spirit, the chemistry examination will be dominated by ability test, and on the basis of testing the knowledge, skills and methods necessary for further study, the chemical science literacy of candidates will be comprehensively tested.
Chemistry proposition focuses on measuring autonomous learning ability, integrating theory with practice, paying attention to the coordinated development of science and technology, social economy and ecological environment related to chemistry, and promoting students' all-round development in knowledge and skills, processes and methods, emotions, attitudes and values.
(A) the requirements for chemistry learning ability
1. Ability to receive, absorb and integrate chemical information
(1) can master the basic knowledge of middle school chemistry and have the ability to repeat, reproduce and identify correctly.
(2) Through the observation of practical things, experimental phenomena, physical objects, models, graphs and charts, as well as the observation of chemical phenomena in nature, society, production and life, we can acquire the ability of perceptual knowledge and impression, as well as the ability of preliminary processing, absorption and orderly storage.
(3) The ability to accurately extract the substantive content from the new information provided by the test questions and reorganize it into a new knowledge block through integration with the existing knowledge block.
2. Ability to analyze problems and solve (answer) chemical problems
(1) Ability to decompose practical problems and solve simple chemical problems by using relevant knowledge and adopting analytical and comprehensive methods.
(2) The ability to express and explain the process and results of analyzing and solving problems with correct chemical terms, words, charts, models and graphs.
3. Chemical experiment and inquiry ability
(1) Understand and preliminarily practice the general process of chemical experimental research, and master the basic methods and skills of chemical experiments.
(2) In the process of solving simple chemical problems, use scientific methods to preliminarily understand the laws of chemical changes and put forward scientific and reasonable explanations for chemical phenomena.
(B) the level of requirements for knowledge content
In order to facilitate the examination, the degree of knowledge content requirements of each part of the chemistry proposition in the college entrance examination is divided into three levels: understanding, understanding (mastery) and comprehensive application. The high-level requirements include the low-level requirements. It means:
Understanding: Have a preliminary understanding of chemical knowledge and be able to repeat, reproduce, identify or directly use it.
Comprehension (mastery): understanding the meaning of chemical knowledge and its applicable conditions can correctly judge, explain and explain related chemical phenomena and problems, that is, not only "knowing why" but also "knowing why".
Comprehensive application: on the basis of understanding the essential differences and internal relations of each part of chemical knowledge, use knowledge to make necessary analysis, analogy or calculation, and explain and demonstrate some specific chemical problems. Second, the scope and requirements of the examination
According to the requirements of ordinary colleges and universities for freshmen's scientific literacy, according to the principle that it is basically consistent with the requirements of the national unified entrance examination for ordinary colleges and universities, and it is also conducive to the implementation of the chemistry curriculum standards for ordinary high schools in experimental provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), with reference to the Chemistry Curriculum Standards for Ordinary High Schools (Experiment), the scope of the chemistry examination for the college entrance examination is divided into compulsory content and elective content.
Required test content
The compulsory content covers compulsory modules "Chemistry 1", "Chemistry 2" and elective module "Chemical Reaction Principles". According to the system and characteristics of chemistry, the compulsory contents include the characteristics of chemical science and the basic methods of chemical research, the basic concepts and theories of chemistry, common inorganic substances and their applications, common organic substances and their applications, and the basis of chemical experiments.
(A) the characteristics of chemical science and the basic methods of chemical research
1. The main feature of understanding chemistry is to understand matter at the atomic and molecular levels. Understanding chemistry can identify, change and create molecules.
2. Understand the basic process of scientific inquiry and learn to use scientific inquiry methods based on experiments and reasoning. Cognitive chemistry is a science based on experiments.
3. Understand the relationship between the composition, structure and properties of matter. Understand the nature, basic principle and energy change of chemical reaction.
4. Understanding the methods of quantitative research is an important symbol of the development of chemistry into a science. It is understood that mole is the basic unit of substance quantity and can be used for simple chemical calculation.
5. Understand the relationship between science, technology and society (such as the relationship between chemistry and life, materials, energy, environment, life process and information technology). Understand the importance of following the concept of "green chemistry" in chemical production.
(2) Basic concepts and theories of chemistry.
1. Composition, properties and classification of substances
(1) Understand the meaning of concepts such as molecules, atoms and ions. Understand the definition of atomic groups.
(2) Understand the differences and connections between physical changes and chemical changes.
(3) Understand the concepts of mixture and purity, simple substance and compound, metal and nonmetal.
(4) Understand the concepts of acid, alkali, salt and oxide and their relationships.
2. Chemical terms and common measurements
(1) Memorize and correctly write the names, symbols and ion symbols of common elements.
(2) Be familiar with the valence of common elements. Can correctly write the chemical formula (molecular formula) according to the valence, or judge the valence according to the chemical formula.
(3) Understand the schematic diagram of atomic structure, molecular formula, structural formula and simplified representation of structure.
(4) Understand the definitions of relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass, and make relevant calculations.
(5) Understand the meaning of the law of conservation of mass.
(6) Be able to correctly write chemical equations and ionic equation, and be able to make relevant calculations.
(7) Understand the unit of substance quantity-mol, molar mass, molar volume of gas, molar concentration of substance, and the significance of Avogadro constant.
(8) Calculate according to the correlation between the amount of substance and the number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.). ) and gas volume (under standard conditions).
Step 3: Solution
(1) Understand the meaning of the solution.
(2) Understand the concepts of solubility and saturated solution.
(3) Understand the composition of the solution. Understand the concept of solute mass fraction in solution and be able to calculate it.
(4) Understand the solution preparation method with certain solute mass fraction and substance concentration.
(5) Understand that colloid is a common dispersion system.
4. Material structure and periodic law of elements
(1) Understand the meaning of elements, nuclides and isotopes.
(2) Understand the composition of atoms. Understand atomic number, nuclear charge number, proton number, neutron number, extranuclear electron number and their relationship.
(3) Understand the extranuclear electron configuration of atoms.
(4) Grasp the essence of the periodic law of elements. Understand the structure (period and family) of the periodic table (long form) and its application.
(5) Take the third period as an example to understand the relationship between the gradual change of element properties and the atomic structure in the same period.
(6) Take IA and VIIA families as examples, and grasp the relationship between the gradual change of element properties and atomic structure in the same main family.
(7) Understand the positions and properties of metals and nonmetals in the periodic table of elements.
(8) Understand the definition of chemical bonds. Understand the formation of ionic bonds and valence bonds.
5. Chemical reactions and energy
(1) Understand that the essence of redox reaction is the transfer of electrons. Understand the common redox reactions.
(2) Understand the causes of energy conversion in chemical reactions and name the common forms of energy conversion.
(3) Understand the mutual transformation between chemical energy and thermal energy. Understand the concepts of endothermic reaction, exothermic reaction and reaction heat.
(4) Understand the meaning of thermochemical equation, and simply calculate the reaction heat with Goose's law.
(5) Understanding energy is an important foundation for human survival and social development. Understand the important role of chemistry in solving the energy crisis.
(6) Understand the working principle of primary battery and electrolytic cell, and be able to write the equations of electrode reaction and battery reaction. Understand the types and working principles of common chemical power supplies.
(7) Understand the causes of metal electrochemical corrosion, the hazards of metal corrosion and the measures to prevent metal corrosion.
6. Chemical reaction rate and chemical equilibrium
(1) Understand the concept of chemical reaction rate and its quantitative expression.
(2) Understand the important role of catalysts in the fields of production, life and scientific research.
(3) Understand the reversibility of chemical reactions.
(4) Understand the process of establishing chemical equilibrium. To understand the meaning of chemical equilibrium constant, we can simply calculate it with chemical equilibrium constant.
(5) Understand the influence of external conditions (concentration, temperature, pressure, catalyst, etc.). ) on the reaction rate and chemical equilibrium, and know its general law.
(6) Understand the important role of the adjustment of chemical reaction rate and chemical balance in the fields of life, production and scientific research.
7. Electrolyte solution
(1) Understand the concept of electrolyte. Understand the concepts of strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte.
(2) Understand the ionization of electrolyte in aqueous solution and the conductivity of electrolyte solution.
(3) Understand the ionization equilibrium of weak electrolyte in aqueous solution.
(4) Understand the ionization and ion product constant of water.
(5) Understand the definition of solution pH value .. Understand the determination method of solution pH value, and simply calculate the pH value.
(6) Understand the principle of brine hydrolysis, the main factors affecting the degree of brine hydrolysis, and the application of brine hydrolysis.
(7) Understand the concept of ion reaction and the conditions under which ion reaction occurs. Understand the inspection methods of common ions.
(8) Understand the essence of dissolution equilibrium and precipitation transformation of insoluble electrolyte.
8. Comprehensive application of the above knowledge.
(3) Common inorganic substances and their applications.
1. Common metal elements (such as sodium, aluminum, iron, copper, etc. )
(1) Understand the activity sequence of common metals.
(2) Understand the main properties and applications of common metals and their important compounds.
(3) Understand the concept of alloy and its important applications.
2. Common nonmetallic elements (such as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, etc. )
(1) Understand the main properties and applications of common nonmetallic simple substances and their important compounds.
(2) Understand the impact of common nonmetallic simple substances and their important compounds on environmental quality.
3. Comprehensive application of the above knowledge.
(4) Common organics and their applications
1. Understand the bonding characteristics of carbon in organic compounds. Understand the isomerism of organic compounds.
2. Understand the main properties of organic compounds such as methane, ethylene and benzene.
3. Understand the important role of ethylene, vinyl chloride and benzene derivatives in chemical production.
4. Understand the composition, main properties and important applications of ethanol and acetic acid.
5. Understand the reaction types of the above organic compounds.
6. Understand the composition, main properties and important applications of sugar, oil and protein.
7. Understand the synthetic reactions and important applications of common polymer materials.
8. Comprehensive application of the above knowledge.
(5) Chemical experiment foundation
1. Understanding chemical experiments is an important method in the process of scientific inquiry.
2. Understand the main uses and usage methods of commonly used instruments in chemical laboratories.
3. Master the basic operation of chemical experiment. Be able to identify the safe use of chemicals and understand the prevention and treatment methods of general accidents in the laboratory.
4. Master the laboratory preparation methods of common gases (including reagents, instruments, reaction principles and collection methods).
5. Be able to test, separate and purify common substances, and prepare solutions as required.
6. According to the requirements of the experimental questions, do the following:
(1) Design, evaluate or improve the experimental scheme;
(2) Understand the methods of controlling experimental conditions;
(3) Analyze or process the experimental data and draw a reasonable conclusion;
(4) Draw and identify the typical experimental instrument device diagram.
7. Comprehensive application of the above knowledge and skills.
Second, the content of the exam
The content of the selected examination covers elective modules Chemistry and Life, Chemistry and Technology, Material Structure and Properties, and Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry. Candidates can choose a module from it.
Chemistry and life
Chemistry and health
1. Understand the common organic matters in food that are important to human health. Understand the importance of reasonable intake of nutrients and the relationship between nutritional balance and human health.
2. Understand the structure and properties of amino acids and protein.
3. Understand the important role of vitamins and trace elements in human health.
4. Understand the role of common food additives.
5. Understand the role of drugs in maintaining health.
6. Understand the dangers of drugs.
(2) Matter in life
1. Understand the main differences between metals and alloys in performance. Understand the composition of common alloys in life.
2. Understand the chemical principle of metal corrosion, the common methods of metal protection and the significance of preventing metal corrosion.
3. Understand the main chemical components, living materials and uses of cement, glass and ceramics.
4. Understand the chemical composition and properties of synthetic polymer materials commonly used in life, and evaluate the impact of the use of polymer materials on the quality of human life and environmental quality.
(3) chemistry and environmental protection
1. Understand the hazards of water pollution. Understand the main chemical methods and their principles in sewage treatment.
2. Understand the main air pollutants. Understand the principles and methods of reducing air pollutants.
3. Understand the treatment methods of domestic garbage, the harm of "white pollution" and the prevention and control methods.
Chemistry and technology
(A) chemistry and resource development and utilization
1. Understand the significance of comprehensive utilization of coal, oil and natural gas.
2. Understand the production resources and main product types of inorganic chemical industry in China.
3. Understand the comprehensive utilization of seawater. Understand the role of the development of chemical science in the utilization of natural resources.
4. Understand the role of chemistry in waste recycling and comprehensive utilization.
(2) Manufacture and application of chemistry and materials
1. Understand the requirements of social development and scientific and technological progress for materials. Understand the role of chemistry in promoting the development of materials science.
2. Understand the characteristics of new materials such as metal materials, inorganic nonmetallic materials, polymer synthetic materials and composite materials, and understand the relevant production principles.
3. Understand the principle of surface treatment of metal materials by chemical methods.
4. Understand the development of modern materials research and materials industry in China. Understand the development direction of new materials.
(3) Chemical and industrial and agricultural production
1. Understand the application of chemistry in water treatment.
2. Understand the main principle, raw materials, important equipment, process and significance of synthetic ammonia, and understand the great significance of the development of catalysts to promote the development of chemical industry.
3. Understand the production characteristics of fine chemical products and the role of fine chemical industry in social development.
4. Understand the role of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural production.
Structure and properties of materials
(A) the atomic structure and properties of elements
1. Knowing the energy level distribution of extranuclear electrons, the arrangement of extranuclear electrons of common elements (No.1~36) can be expressed by the electron arrangement formula. Understand the motion state of electrons outside the nucleus.
2. Understand the meaning of ionization energy of elements and use it to explain some properties of elements.
3. Understand that electrons outside the nucleus will jump under certain conditions and understand its simple application.
4. Understand the concept of electronegativity and the relationship between the properties of elements and electronegativity.
Chemical bonds and properties of substances
1. Understanding the formation of ionic bonds can explain the physical properties of ionic compounds according to their structural characteristics.
2. Understand the main types of * * * valence bonds σ bond and π bond, and explain some properties of simple molecules with bond energy, bond length and bond angle.
3. Understand the bonding of simple complexes.
4. Knowing the characteristics of atomic crystals can describe the relationship between the structure and properties of atomic crystals such as diamond and silicon dioxide.
5. In order to understand the meaning of metal bond, some physical properties of metal can be explained by metal bond theory.
6. Understand the hybrid orbital theory and common hybrid orbital types (sp, sp2, sp3), and infer the spatial structure of common simple molecules or ions by using valence electron pair exclusion theory or hybrid orbital theory.
(c) Intermolecular forces and properties of matter
1. Understand the difference between chemical bonds and intermolecular forces.
2. Understand the influence of the existence of hydrogen bonds on the properties of substances, and list the substances containing hydrogen bonds.
3. Understand the differences between molecular crystals and atomic crystals, ionic crystals and metal crystals.
Fundamentals of organic chemistry
Composition and structure of (1) organic compounds
1. The molecular formula of an organic compound can be determined according to its element content and relative molecular weight.
2. Understand the structure of common organic compounds. Knowing the functional groups in organic molecules can correctly represent their structures.
3. Understand the chemical methods and some physical methods to determine the structure of organic compounds.
4. Knowing the isomerism of organic compounds, we can judge the isomers of simple organic compounds (excluding chiral isomers).
5. Simple organic compounds can be named according to the naming rules of organic compounds.
6. Can cite the fact that there is interaction between groups in organic molecules.
(2) Properties and applications of hydrocarbons and their derivatives
1. Taking alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons as representatives, their differences in composition, structure and properties were compared.
2. Understand the main components of natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and gasoline and their applications.
3. Illustrate the important role of hydrocarbons in organic synthesis and organic chemical industry with examples.
4. Understand the composition and structural characteristics of typical representatives of halogenated hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and esters and their relationships.
5. Understand the addition reaction, substitution reaction and elimination reaction.
6. Understand the possible impact of some organic compounds on the environment and health, and pay attention to the safe use of organic compounds.
(3) Sugar, amino acids and protein.
1. Understand the composition and properties of sugar, and illustrate the application of sugar in food processing and biomass energy development with examples.
2. Understand the composition, structural characteristics and main chemical properties of amino acids, and the relationship between amino acids and human health.
3. Understand the composition, structure and nature of protein.
4. Understand the important role of chemical science in the development of life science.
(4) Synthesis of polymer compounds
1. Understand the composition and structural characteristics of synthetic polymers, and analyze their chains and monomers according to the structure of simple synthetic polymers.
2. Understand the characteristics of addition polymerization and polycondensation.
3. Understand the properties of new polymer materials and their applications in high-tech fields.
4. Understand the contribution of synthetic polymer compounds to economic development and quality of life.
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