First of all, we should understand the connotation of the interpretation method, so that we can quickly judge the interpretation method used in this paper.
Explain methods and sort out knowledge points.
Method of explanation: in order to make things clear, or to explain things clearly, we should use appropriate methods of explanation. Common interpretation methods are as follows: 10:
1. Example: In order to explain the situation or reason of things, sometimes people don't quite understand, which requires some examples that are both easy to understand and representative.
2. Classification: It is often difficult to explain the characteristics or events of things unilaterally. According to the similarities and differences of things or events in form, nature, causes and functions, things or events can be divided into several categories according to certain standards, and then explained one by one according to the categories.
3. tabular data: numbers are the most accurate, scientific and convincing basis for quantitatively explaining the characteristics or reasons of things.
4. Comparison: In order to make things easy to understand, we can sometimes compare familiar things or things in people's lives according to people's existing perceptual knowledge, thus arousing readers' imagination and gaining a deep impression.
5. Definition: In order to highlight the main contents or problems of things, things are often defined in concise language. This is a way to explain the characteristics or reasons of things and reveal the essence or reasons of things.
6. Metaphor: Metaphor is a metaphor in rhetorical methods. Using analogy in expository writing can make things that people don't understand or abstract concrete, vivid and vivid.
7. Draw a chart: The relationship between some things is abstract and complicated, which can't be understood by readers only by words, so it is necessary to attach a schematic diagram, or accurately draw it in proportion, such as product design drawings and military action road maps. Sometimes, there are many things that are clearly explained, and you can also make statistical tables and fill in the relevant figures in the table separately, so that people can see at a glance.
8. Interpretation: This is a way to explain things. The difference between definition and explanation lies in that definition requires completeness, that is, the object of definition should be equal to the extension of definition, and the whole connotation of concept should be completely revealed from one aspect; However, the explanation does not require completeness, as long as part of the connotation of the concept is revealed, and the object of explanation and the extension of explanation are not necessarily equal. Annotations can be used not only to explain concepts, theorems and laws, but also to explain the nature, characteristics, functions and reasons of things or things. Although the language of interpretation is not as strict as the definition, it must be concise, accurate and easy to understand.
9. Citation: It can make the explanation more specific and substantial. Quote fairy tales, etc. , vividly explain the characteristics of things, enhance the mystery of things, and enhance the interest and authority of explanation.
10. Imitation: It reveals the characteristics of things through specific descriptions, which helps to make the explained objects more concrete and vivid, that is, the description in plain text.
Secondly, it is necessary to clarify the commonly used explanation methods and expression skills of functions.
Common interpretation methods and functions
The function of interpretation: its purpose is to explain some characteristics of things, and this characteristic is often what this paragraph wants to explain. The answer specification is as follows:
1, for example: explain XX clearly, truly and forcefully (note: the purpose is to introduce knowledge).
Example and analysis ①: Why flowers are so red shows that artificial selection has greatly accelerated the process of plant evolution, and the example of peony is given.
Example and analysis ②: It is generally believed that memory ability must be poor when you are old, but it is not. Please look at the experimental results: The International Linguistic Society made a comparison between young people aged 9 to 18 and adults over 35 when learning Esperanto, and found that the former was not as good as the latter in memory. This is because adults are rich in knowledge and experience, and it is easy to establish extensive contacts on the basis of existing knowledge. This connection is called "association" in psychology. People's memory is based on association. The more knowledge and experience, the easier it is to establish associations, and the memory will be improved accordingly. Marx began to learn Russian in his fifties. After half a year, he has been able to read the original works of famous poets and writers Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol and Schederin with relish. This is due to rich language knowledge and ability to understand many modern and ancient languages.
The point of this article is that memory is not necessarily bad when you are old. To illustrate this point, the author first provides the experimental results and analyzes the reasons. Another example: when Marx was in his fifties, it took him only six months to master Russian. This way, the content is specific and the persuasion is enhanced.
To illustrate things or things through examples, we should pay attention to the representativeness and appropriateness of examples.
2. Citation: A powerful example of XX.
Examples and analysis: In the article "China Stone Arch Bridge", Zhang in the Tang Dynasty said that it was made strangely, so people didn't know it.
3, column data (text): accurately and specifically explain the XX characteristics (facts) of XX.
Example and analysis: "The Great Hall of 10,000 people, with a width of 76 meters, a depth of 60 meters, a middle height of 33 meters and a volume of 86,000 cubic meters, looks like a building". Figures show the majestic features of the Great Hall of the People.
4. Comparison: By comparing XX and XX, what features of XX are highlighted? (You can compare horizontally or vertically. )
Examples and analysis: The Language of Human beings compares human language with human walking and eating by analogy, which shows that human language is a "great event", and illustrates the characteristics of human eating, walking and speaking by comparing people with animals.
5. explanation: (explain the concept or explain the reason) explain XX in detail.
Definition and explanation often adopt the language form of "what is so-and-so". The form is the same, how to distinguish it? Generally speaking, the words on both sides of the word "yes" are interchangeable, which is the definition; If it is not interchangeable, it is interpretation.
For example, the sentence "Man is a senior animal who can make tools and use them to work" is changed to "The senior animal who can make tools and use tools to work is a man", and the meaning remains unchanged. The sentence "Snow is the solid precipitation formed in the cloud" cannot be changed to "The solid precipitation formed in the cloud is snow". It can be seen that the former sentence is a definition and the latter sentence is an explanation.
6. For example, comparing XX to XX vividly illustrates XX (although similes and metaphors are often used, metaphors are not appropriate. )
Example and analysis: Reading the clouds tells us that cirrus clouds are constantly floating, "sometimes like a white feather, sometimes like a white silk thread". This metaphor not only makes the characteristics of cirrus more concrete and vivid, but also gives people a deep impression.
7. Imitation: a vivid, vivid and concrete description of XX.
8. Classification: Several situations of XX are clearly explained in order to facilitate readers' understanding. (Note: When using the classification method, the listed categories cannot be omitted. )
Examples and analysis: When introducing the properties of stars, What's in the Universe is divided into three categories: ① "Many red stars are very big, and some can hold 800 million suns"; ② "Some stars are very small, and some are smaller than the earth" ③ "There are a lot of medium-sized stars." From several aspects, let readers have a comprehensive understanding of the stars.
When using classification methods, we should pay attention to the classification standards, and only one standard can be used at a time to avoid overlapping. For example, "the collection of books in the library includes China, classics, foreign countries, science and technology, literature, modern times and political economy." There is more than one standard used here, so it is not clear. The correct statement should be: according to the country, there are two kinds of books in the library; According to the times, there are classical and modern; By nature, there are science and technology, literature and political economy.
9. Definition: Explain XX accurately and concisely to make readers have a clear understanding of it. To reveal the essence of things, only such a definition is scientific. ) Example and analysis: (1) Overall planning method is a mathematical method to arrange the work process.
(3) Man is an animal that can make tools for production. (4) Laser is the brightest light, which is more than 10 billion times brighter than the sun.
(5) Chloroplasts absorb the light energy of the sun, hydrate carbon dioxide and water into high-energy organic matter, and at the same time release waste gas ~ ~ oxygen, which is photosynthesis.
(1) case is defined from the perspective of function, and (3) case is defined from the perspective of characteristics. (4) Define the case first, and then specify the case; (5) Specify the case before defining it.
10, drawing charts: simple, vivid and clear XX is more intuitive and clear than words.
Example and analysis: In the article "Overall Planning Method", when explaining the principle of overall planning method, three charts are provided to make the truth clear at a glance.
Third, through special training, you can draw a gourd ladle and draw inferences.
Typical test questions
Question 1: Simple type
1. Read the following text and answer the following questions. fog
⑤ According to the process of fog formation, we can eliminate the fog manually. The so-called artificial fog elimination refers to the method of eliminating fog droplets in local areas through artificial influence to improve visibility. Generally, there are three methods: one is heating. Take certain measures to heat the air in the small fog area to make the fog droplets evaporate and disappear. The second is the moisture absorption method. Sowing salt, urea and other hygroscopic substances as catalysts produces a large number of condensation nuclei, which makes fog droplets condense into large water droplets to form rainfall or snowfall, thus achieving the purpose of elimination. The third method is artificial disturbance mixing method. Use a helicopter to fly slowly at the top of the fog area to drive the dry air above the fog top down and mix with the air in the fog to make the fog droplets evaporate and disappear. From June 5438 to February 2002, Shaanxi changed the existing fog form by spraying liquid carbon dioxide, making it fall after snow. According to the field investigation, snowfall started at the downwind 1.2 km 20 minutes after the first operation, and the snowfall lasted for about 3 hours. After the snowfall, the visibility of some small areas increased from less than 20 meters to 300 meters.
▲ What explanation method is used in the underlined part of the fifth paragraph of the article? Briefly analyze its function. (2 points)
A: The classification method (1) was used. In order to facilitate readers' understanding, three methods of artificial fog elimination are clearly explained.
2. Read the article "Green Plastics" and answer the following questions.
④ Photodegradable plastics are made by adding a small amount of photosensitizer into the polymer. Since 1980s, scientists in China have been developing photodegradable plastics. The photosensitizer and its photodegradable polyethylene mulch film developed by Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry and Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences passed the technical appraisal as early as 1995, which proved that this technology was mature. Photodegradable polyethylene mulch film can be broken down into pieces of 4x4 square centimeters. Even if it does not decompose and exists in the soil for a long time, it will not affect the physical and chemical properties of the soil and destroy the soil nutrients.
▲ What is the explanation method for the underlined sentence in the fourth paragraph of the article? Please briefly describe its function. (3 points)
A: Use an example (1). It is clear, true and powerful that the research on "green plastics" in China started early and achieved great results (2 points). (That's right)
3. Read the following text and answer the following questions.
About 654.38+000 billion stars make up a discus-like thing, which we call the Milky Way, and the sun is among them. Seen from the earth, the Milky Way is like a ring around the earth. This is a beautiful ring. When half of it is not below the horizon and the other half crosses the sky, people say it is the Tianhe River, which separates the affectionate Weaver Girl from the Cowherd. I don't know, this Tianhe has flooded more than 6543.8+000 billion stars! 1000 billion, if you go on in one breath, it will take 1000 years or more! Is this the whole universe? No, it's just a point that makes up a universe.
▲ What is the explanation method of the underlined sentence in the first paragraph? The function of this method is analyzed and explained. (3 points)
A: The analogy method (1) was used. Comparing the Milky Way to a ring vividly illustrates the shape of the Milky Way and its position relationship with the Earth (2 points).
4. Read the following text and answer the following questions.
Light Sports —— A New Trend of World Sports
Light load, not pursuing large amount of exercise, is another feature of light exercise. The traditional concept of sports often pays attention to the exercise load, and thinks that (a) you should exercise five to seven times a week, with no less than 20 minutes each time; Try to exercise and make your body feel tired. There is also a slogan in sports: "No fatigue, no training." In developed countries, the running craze started in the 1970s, and thousands of people ran marathons. James of America? Fix, a marathon runner, won the 10,000-meter race, but suddenly died while running. Although he died of a potential heart disease, it was not directly related to running, but after all, running too much was the inducement. (Selected from the 2002 Nanjing Chinese Middle School Entrance Examination, with changes)
▲ What is the interpretation method of underlined sentences in the first part of the article? The function of this method is analyzed and explained. (3 points)
A: The interpretation method of column data (1) is used. Accurately and concretely explained that the traditional sports concept pays attention to sports load (2 points).
5. Read the following text and answer the following questions.
Light Sports —— A New Trend of World Sports
Light load, not pursuing large amount of exercise, is another feature of light exercise. The traditional sports concept often pays attention to the exercise load, and thinks it is necessary to exercise 5 to 7 times a week, with no less than 20 minutes each time; Try to exercise and make your body feel tired. (b) There is also a slogan in sports: "No fatigue, no training." In developed countries, the running craze started in the 1970s, and thousands of people ran marathons. James of America? Fix, a marathon runner, won the 10,000-meter race, but suddenly died while running. Although he died of a potential heart disease, it was not directly related to running, but after all, running too much was the inducement. (Selected from the 2002 Nanjing Chinese Middle School Entrance Examination, with changes)
▲ What is the interpretation method of underlined sentences in the second part of the article? The function of this method is analyzed and explained. (3 points)
A: The cited interpretation method is adopted (1 min). It strongly shows that the traditional sports concept emphasizes that the body should feel tired during exercise. (2 points).
6. Read the following text and answer the following questions.
⑦ The energy utilization rate of animals is also very high, and birds can be regarded as the best in this respect. Mammals consume about 2400J energy per run 1km, 100g body weight, while a bird flies 1 km, its 100 g body weight only consumes 680J, and the latter consumes less energy than the former13.
▲ What other ways to explain underlined sentences in paragraph 7 besides column numbers? The function of this method is analyzed and explained. (3 points)
A: Comparative interpretation (1) is also used. Through the comparison between mammals and birds, the characteristics of high energy utilization rate of birds are highlighted. (2 points).
7. Read the following text and answer the following questions.
Forests are friends of human beings, especially in maintaining the ecological environment. Forests play an important role in water conservation, soil and water conservation and prevention of early water disasters. According to experts' calculation, a forest with an area of 6.5438+10,000 mu is equivalent to a reservoir with 2 million cubic meters. This is just as the agricultural proverb says: "Planting more trees on the mountain is equivalent to building a reservoir. It can swallow when it rains more, and it can vomit when it rains less. " (a) Because of this special "throughput" function, forests are called "spitters" by scientists.
(2) Its other special throughput functions gave birth to human beings. At the beginning of the earth's formation, the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was very high, oxygen was very little, and the temperature was very high. It is difficult for living things to survive. About 400 million years ago, land and water changed, advanced plants from the ocean came to land, and forests appeared on land. Forests slowly absorb carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and at the same time spit out fresh oxygen to adjust the temperature, which has the conditions for human survival. (c) Scientists also call forests "carbon-swallowing and oxygen-exhaling devices".
▲ What is the main interpretation method used in paragraph (2)? The function of this method is analyzed and explained. (3 points)
Answer: The main method is explanation (1). Specifically, the forest has the special function of contributing to mankind (2 points).
8. Read the following text and answer the following questions.
Mist detection
According to the process of fog formation, we can eliminate fog artificially. The so-called artificial fog elimination refers to the elimination of fog droplets in local areas through artificial influence to improve visibility. Fog can be divided into warm fog with temperature higher than 0℃ and supercooled fog with temperature lower than 0℃. At present, there are generally three methods to eliminate warm fog: one is heating. For small fog areas, such as airport runways, some measures are taken to heat the air to make the fog droplets evaporate and disappear. Second, the moisture absorption method. Sowing salt, urea and other hygroscopic substances as catalysts produces a large number of condensation nuclei, and water vapor condenses on the condensation nuclei and grows into large water droplets. Three, artificial disturbance mixing method. Use a helicopter to fly slowly at the top of the fog area to drive the dry air above the fog top down and mix with the air in the fog to make the fog droplets evaporate and disappear. From June 5438 to February 2002, Shaanxi changed the existing fog form by spraying liquid carbon dioxide, making it fall after snow. According to the field investigation, it began to snow 20 minutes after the first operation, at a distance of 1.2 km from the downwind of the operation. After the snowfall, the visibility of some small areas increased from less than 20 meters to 300 meters. (The selected text has been changed)
▲ What is the explanation method of the underlined sentence in the sixth paragraph? Please analyze the function of its method with examples. (3 points)
Answer: Use the interpretation method of the definition (1 min). The characteristics of artificial fog elimination are explained accurately and concisely, so that readers have a clear understanding of it. (2 points)
9. Read the following text and answer the following questions.
Lugou Bridge is built between 1 189 and 1 192. The bridge is 265 meters long and consists of 1 1 semicircular stone arch bridge. The length of each stone arch varies from16m to 21.6m.. The bridge is about 8 meters wide and the road surface is flat, almost parallel to the river. ..... When the Yongding River flooded, it was very powerful. In the past, the embankments on both sides of the river were often washed away, but this bridge has never had an accident, which shows its firmness. The bridge deck is paved with stone slabs with stone pillars on both sides. Lions with different postures are carved on each stigma. Some of the lions in these stone carvings hold their mother and son, some whisper to each other, and some seem to be listening to the sound of water.
▲ In addition to numbering and comparison, what other interpretation methods are used in the first paragraph of the article? Please analyze the function of its method with examples. (2 points)
A: We also use the imitation description method (1). Vividly, vividly and concretely depicts the posture of lions carved on the stone pillars on both sides of the bridge (1 min).
Question 2: Comprehensive type
10, read the following text and answer the following questions.
② Why do snakes have this hunger tolerance? Because they have a set of energy-saving technology. As we all know, when you touch a cat, dog and chicken, you always feel warm, but when you touch a snake, it is cold. This is because the former is a warm-blooded animal and the latter is a warm-blooded animal. The body of a warm-blooded animal seems to be a constant temperature melting pot. In order to maintain a constant body temperature, it is necessary to consume energy substances in the body. However, snakes, as warm animals, save this energy expenditure. Their body temperatures are different all year round, and even on the same day, they change greatly with the change of outside temperature. So they use far less energy substances in their bodies than warm-blooded animals. Comparing a pig with a boa constrictor, if the pig consumes 150 parts of energy per unit weight every day, then the snake only needs 1 part. During hibernation, snakes consume less energy. After more than five months of hibernation, its weight only decreased by about 2%.
▲ What are the interpretation methods used in the underlined sentences in the second paragraph of this article? The function of this method is analyzed and explained. (4 points)
Answer: Column diagram and comparison method are used for interpretation (2 points). Accurately, concretely, clearly and vividly explained that snakes can consume less energy (2 points).
1 1. Read the following text and answer the following questions.
Mist detection
According to the process of fog formation, we can eliminate fog artificially. The so-called artificial fog elimination refers to the elimination of fog droplets in local areas through artificial influence to improve visibility. Fog can be divided into warm fog with temperature higher than 0℃ and supercooled fog with temperature lower than 0℃. At present, there are generally three methods to eliminate warm fog: one is heating. For small fog areas, such as airport runways, some measures are taken to heat the air to make the fog droplets evaporate and disappear. Second, the moisture absorption method. Sowing salt, urea and other hygroscopic substances as catalysts produces a large number of condensation nuclei, and water vapor condenses on the condensation nuclei and grows into large water droplets. Three, artificial disturbance mixing method. Use a helicopter to fly slowly at the top of the fog area to drive the dry air above the fog top down and mix with the air in the fog to make the fog droplets evaporate and disappear. From June 5438 to February 2002, Shaanxi changed the existing fog form by spraying liquid carbon dioxide, making it fall after snow. According to the field investigation, it began to snow 20 minutes after the first operation, at a distance of 1.2 km from the downwind of the operation. After the snowfall, the visibility of some small areas increased from less than 20 meters to 300 meters. (The selected text has been changed)
▲ What are the interpretation methods used in the underlined sentence in paragraph 6 of this article? Please analyze the function of its method with examples. (4 points)
Answer: Use examples and charts (2 points).
Case analysis: ① Taking the defogging operation in Shaanxi Province as an example, the operability of manual defogging method is clearly, truly and powerfully explained. ② Explain the actual effect of artificial fog elimination accurately and concretely by using the column number explanation method (2 points).
12, read the following text and answer the following questions.
There are no exact figures about how many kinds of birds there are on the earth. It is estimated that there are about 9000 species, 27 orders, 160 families.
According to statistics, there are more than 120 species of birds in the Arctic, most of which are migratory birds, and there are 12 species of resident birds, less than one tenth of the total; There are only 43 species of birds in Antarctica, and the only permanent "residents" are penguins and skua. Whether penguins are birds or not is still controversial. About one-sixth of birds living in the northern hemisphere will go to the North Pole to breed. According to a bird expert who has observed and studied the Arctic grassland for more than ten years, only in the Arctic region of Alaska, Wu Hou from all over the world has settled here.
The Arctic is the paradise and home of almost all the waiting birds in the world. This is because the Arctic not only has vast grasslands and abundant food, but also has a quiet and clean environment with little human interference. Antarctica does not have this condition. Antarctic migratory birds can only make short-distance north-south migration nearby. An albatross can migrate long distances around the South Pole, but it won't fly north. Many Wu Hou in the southern hemisphere would rather fly to the North Pole tens of thousands of kilometers away for the winter than die in the South Pole.
▲ What kinds of interpretation methods are mainly used in this paper? What are their respective roles?
Method extraction: It is not difficult to see the explanation method of the first paragraph "number of columns", whose function lies in accuracy. In the second paragraph, the species of arctic birds and Antarctic birds are introduced together, indicating that there are many species of arctic birds; The third paragraph first introduces the Arctic environment, and then discusses the Antarctic conditions. The comparison between the two shows that the Arctic environment is conducive to the survival of migratory birds. From this, it can be judged that the article uses the "comparison" interpretation method. It can also be judged that the article also uses the explanation method of "examples". For example, in the second paragraph, "Only in the Arctic region of Alaska, migratory birds from all over the world settle here", and the third paragraph introduces "albatross" as an example.
Finally, we should find the point of losing points, be good at summing up and form our ability.