(1) language sensitive period (2 months to 8 years old)
Language learning and mastering is the most difficult and complicated task in psychological development. However, children in the sensitive period can finish this difficult language learning work more skillfully than adults. Montessori believes that the sensitive period of children's language is from 2 months after birth to 8 years old. In the process of language learning, children are interested in human voice, and on the basis of feeling the voice, they are interested in the complex structure of words and languages, and then consciously absorb them. In this sensitive period, children have gone through the stages of babbling, speaking words, forming sentences with more than two words, then imitating more complex sentence structures, and then learning new grammatical forms and speaking.
When the baby starts to look at the adult's mouth and make acoustic speech, his language sensitivity period begins. It is difficult for adults to learn a language, but children can learn their mother tongue easily, precisely because children can learn their mother tongue easily and precisely because they have natural language sensitivity. Therefore, if the child is still slow to speak at about 2 years old, it is necessary to take the child to the hospital to check whether there are congenital obstacles.
(2) Sensory sensitive period (0-6 years old)
The sensitive period of the senses is from birth to 6 years old, and it reaches its peak at about 2 and a half years old, which is very obvious. 2-year-old children pay great attention to subtle objects, such as small insects that adults can't notice, and small things in the background of a painting. This attention to details not only makes children pay attention to the changes in the surrounding environment selectively, but also triggers children's related activities, thus making children's senses more acute. Montessori believes that children can easily learn geometric shapes and distinguish colors, directions, sounds and letter shapes during the sensitive period, which will lay the foundation for a higher level of intellectual development in the future.
From birth, children will be familiar with the environment and understand things with the help of hearing, sight, taste and touch. Before the age of 3, children absorb things around them through the subconscious; 3~6 years old can judge things in the environment more concretely through sensory analysis. Therefore, Montessori designed many sensory teaching AIDS, such as auditory tubes and tactile benches, to make children's senses more acute and guide them to produce their own intelligence.
Montessori stressed that parents can also prepare various sensory teaching AIDS at home, or randomly guide their children to use their five senses to feel the things around them in life and meet their needs as much as possible.
(3) The sensitive period of order (2-4 years old)
Montessori believes that children's nature is sensitive. In the process of children's development, the sensitive period of order is of great significance to the formation of children's personality. It first appeared at about 2 years old, lasted for about two years, and was most obvious at about 3 years old. "Order is the need of life, and when it is satisfied, it will produce real happiness." "At some point in a child's life, happiness means finding something in the right place." Montessori pointed out that children have two kinds of sense of order: one is external, and this sense of order is subordinate to children's perception of the relationship between themselves and their surroundings; The other is internal, and this sense of order makes children aware of different parts of their bodies and their relative positions. Children will become restless and lose their temper if they find that the placement of items has destroyed the original order. In order to adapt to children's sensitive period to order, Montessori requires that every item in children's home should have a fixed position, and also stipulates the rules, methods and specific action procedures when applying items.
Children need an orderly environment to help them know things and get familiar with the environment. Once his familiar environment disappears, he will be at a loss. In Montessori's observation, he found that children will be afraid, cry or even lose their temper because they can't adapt to the environment, so determining "the need for order" is an extremely obvious sensitivity of children. Children's sensitivity to order is often manifested in their requirements for order, living habits and property. Montessori believes that if adults fail to provide an orderly environment, children will "have no foundation to build their perception of various relationships". When children gradually establish an internal order from the environment, they can only gradually establish it, which parents can't ignore.
(4) Detail sensitive period (0-4 years old)
Montessori believes that from the second year after birth, children begin to be interested in small things that adults don't notice, such as insignificant things. The degree of children's concentration on things we don't pay attention to can be used as evidence of children's spiritual life. Children's psychological personality is completely different from that of us adults, which is an essential difference, not just a degree difference. Montessori pointed out: "A child who is absorbed in details must treat us with an agreed degree of contempt, because he doesn't understand psychological synthesis, and we usually do." As a result, she must regard us as a somewhat incompetent person, a person who can't understand correctly. From the perspective of children, we are very inaccurate. "
(5) Sensitive period of exercise (0 ~4 years old)
From birth to 4 years old, children like activities, and their movements are gradually improved, laying the foundation for future intellectual development. "If you can fully master a certain sport during this period, it will not only contribute to the normal development of body and spirit, but even affect the formation of personality." On the other hand, if there is no exercise in this period, it will lead to children's lack of confidence in sports, uncoordinated movements and mental dissatisfaction. At first, children liked to crawl, but later they liked to walk. Later, they liked to catch things frequently. At the age of four, they like to touch objects with their eyes closed and do all kinds of complicated movements with their hands and bodies.
2-year-old children can already walk, which is the most lively and active period. Parents should fully let their children exercise, make their children's body movements correct and skilled, and help their children develop their left and right brains in a balanced way. In addition to the training of big muscles, Montessori emphasizes the training of small muscles, that is, the fine sports education of hand-eye coordination, because this can not only cultivate children's good sports habits, but also help their intellectual development.
Learning Comprehension: In Chapter 71page 56 of A Guide to Learning Classical Chinese, Mr. Xiong Chunjin pointed out that "education that does not follow the physiology of life medicine is blind education and even harmful education. According to the study of brain physiology in modern science, human beings find that most other animals are close to maturity at birth, and only when the acquired consciousness system is not fully developed can human beings leave the mother in time. Let the children make full use of their innate wisdom, know the world of' phase' first without any obstacles to acquired consciousness, and leave the development of children's acquired consciousness to their parents in the acquired cognitive education. "
"The reason why people can be called" the spirit of all things "is because human beings have this physiological instinct that is different from other animals. This is a godsend opportunity given to mankind by the way of nature, and wisdom can be developed and applied at the same time. " This strange physiological phenomenon is often ignored by human beings, ignoring the vocation and responsibility of synchronous education of returning to the universe and intelligence, and even leading to abnormal development of intellectual damage and mental disability. Humans really know too little about themselves and are too confident.
"A Swiss zoologist once said that when a human baby is born, due to the immature brain development, his eyes can't immediately open to watch foreign objects, can't crawl, can't walk, and when he is born with other animals, he will stand, walk and even run, and his eyes can see. It can be said that it is a world of difference. If human babies want to move freely like orangutans at birth, they need to be pregnant for more than 2 1 month. Let's have a look. Why is this happening?
As soon as human babies are born, the natural avenue has left three extremely precious spaces and time for human development-namely, the physiological perfection of innate wisdom and acquired wisdom, and the establishment of self-control mode of intellectual control.
In children's sports, Montessori, a western educator, simply saw that children's love for sports can lay the foundation for future intellectual and personality development. The theory of morality, intelligence and physique not only pays attention to the development of children's intelligence, but also pays attention to the development of children's stable intelligence and the synchronous development of intelligence and wisdom. Because moral, intellectual and physical education "is an interpretation of traditional moral culture and a guiding scheme to carry forward moral culture in practice" (Chapter 8, page 233 of Introduction to Moral Classics of Chinese Studies). The birth of western education law is relatively short, while China's traditional education theory and Taoist medical theory have stood the test of a long historical time. Today, it will shine again and write a new chapter in the history of human education.
(6) The sensitive period of writing and reading (3.5 to 5 years old)
Montessori believes that the best age for writing and reading is 3.5 to 5 years old. During this period, children began to show strong interest in geometric figures and three-dimensional figures, and there was a phenomenon of "writing explosion", that is, children liked to write and draw, and soon became interested in counting and comparing sizes. In reading, what interests children is the shape of characters and the different tones of different characters, and the ability of writing and reading develops simultaneously. It is of great significance to train children in writing and reading during this period.
Although children's writing and reading ability develops late, if children are fully studied in sensitive periods such as language, senses and body movements, their writing and reading ability will naturally come into being. At this time, parents can choose a variety of reading materials, decorate a scholarly home environment, and let children develop good reading habits and become a knowledgeable person.
(7) Work sensitive period (3-7 years old)
There is a very important concept in Montessori's educational thought-work. She believes that children's work is an "unconscious work" and children must achieve their development goals through work. The sensitive period of children's work is 3 to 7 years old. During this time, the children are like a "workaholic" and devote themselves to their work with amazing enthusiasm. She gave an example. A boy began to do multiplication in the morning and lasted until noon. After lunch, he ran into the classroom first, took out his homework materials in the morning and worked until school was over. Montessori not only regards the sensitive period of work as an independent sensitive period, but also thinks that work is the basis for children to obtain all kinds of development.
(8) Sensitive period of life norms and social etiquette (2.5-4 years old)
Two and a half to four years old is the best time to form a "correct standard of living". Children not only care about the feelings and impressions of the outside world, but also begin to pay attention to their own behavior. For example, children carefully and skillfully learn the rules of life such as opening and closing windows, elegant dining, noisy methods, walking posture, manners and movements, and show great interest in it. In addition, this period is a sensitive period when children begin to sprout social consciousness, make friends, organize groups, and learn to treat people and things.
(9) Cultural sensitive period (6-9 years old)
Montessori pointed out that children's interest in cultural learning began at the age of 3, but at the age of 6-8, there was a strong demand to explore things. Therefore, in this period, "children's minds are like fertile soil, ready to receive a lot of cultural sowing." Adults can provide rich cultural information at this time, based on local culture, and extend to caring for the world.
Educating sensitive children can tap their potential in time and play an important role in their future development ~!