After the Qing Dynasty was overthrown, Prince Gong changed hands several times. February 23rd 1982 Gongwangfu and Garden were announced by the State Council as the second batch of national key cultural relics protection units. 1988, the garden was officially opened to the public. Gongwangfu Museum is the first national museum in China that reflects the culture of Wang Fu in Qing Dynasty, and it will be opened before 2008.
"A Gongwangfu, half the history of the Qing Dynasty." The evaluation image of Hou Renzhi, a famous historical geographer, embodies the important position of Gongwangfu.
Premier Zhou ordered the opening of Gongwangfu.
Gu Changjiang, director of Gongwangfu Management Center, told the reporter that 1962, Premier Zhou Enlai visited Gongwangfu accompanied by experts such as Guo Moruo, Wu Han and Wang Kunlun. Premier Zhou said after seeing Gongwangfu that Gongwangfu should be open to the society. There is another episode. Premier Zhou walked into a yard in the garden and asked Wang Kunlun nearby. Is it like the Grand View Garden in a Dream of Red Mansions? Wang Kunlun said that the scale is smaller than that described in the novel.
At that time, China had just got rid of natural disasters for three years and entered the decade of the Cultural Revolution. It was impossible to put the restoration and opening up of Gongwangfu into practice, but Premier Zhou kept thinking about it. 1975, from his hospital bed, he entrusted three unfinished tasks to Gu Mu, then vice premier, one of which was the opening of Gong Wangfu.
At the peak, Gongwangfu once lived in more than 200 households with 8 units. The real relocation of Gongwangfu started with 1979. 1982, Gongwangfu was designated as a state-level cultural relics protection unit, and a large-scale relocation of the garden began at that time. By 1988, Gongwangfu Garden was opened to the public.
After Gongwangfu Garden was opened to the outside world, many national leaders came here to meet foreign guests, and the preparatory talks for the "Wang-koo talks" between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait were held in Gongwangfu Garden.
The relocation of the residence is also in progress. In early 2002, China Academy of Fine Arts and China Conservatory of Music moved. The last unit in the mansion, the middle school attached to China Conservatory of Music, also moved out of the mansion in July last year.
The restoration needs to invest 65438+83 million yuan.
Although the relocation work is basically over, there is still a lot of work to be done to repair and protect Gongwangfu. According to Gu Changjiang, the renovation and protection project of Gongwangfu Mansion covers an area of 3.2 hectares, with a renovation scale of about 6,543,800 square meters, a reconstruction scale of about 4,000 square meters, a new construction scale of about 6,000 square meters, an investment scale of about 65,438,830 million yuan and a planned construction period of 30 months. It is planned to be completed by the end of 2006.
After investigation, the area of Gongwangfu can be roughly divided into three grades according to the preservation condition. The first level, the main structure is intact, with a construction area of 450 square meters, accounting for 4.8%; Second, there are some problems in the main structure, such as the roof needs to be uncovered and repaired, and a small number of structural members need to be partially replaced, with a construction area of 6 146 square meters, accounting for 65.46%; Class III, seriously damaged, with major problems in the main structure. If the roof needs to be uncovered, structural members need to be repaired or replaced, with a construction area of 2,793 square meters, accounting for 29.7%.
For a palace like Gongwangfu, it is a great pity that its main hall was burned down. The main hall of Gongwangfu is Yin 'an Hall, commonly known as Yinluan Hall, which is used for holding ceremonies. 192 1 February 2 1 Lantern Festival, because of lighting and arson, the ruins of the Yin 'an Hall and the East-West Attached Hall were all burned down and became ruins. At present, the Yin 'an Temple and the East and West Temple sites are basically in a state of natural preservation, and will be rebuilt on the original site after scientific archaeological excavation and demonstration combined with historical documents.
Since the beginning of the last century, Gong Wangfu has changed owners many times, and reconstruction and addition have occurred from time to time, especially the brick high-rise building with modern style outside the gate of Tougong Palace, which is extremely out of harmony with Gong Wangfu's building. The hutong power supply lines around Gongwangfu are all open wires, all erected by telephone poles, including high-voltage lines and three transformers. These devices have certain hidden dangers, and these problems are considered in the overall repair work.
Finding the foundation of recovery is the key.
Prince Gong's Palace experienced three times: Little Shenyang, Prince Qing and Prince Gong. At present, it is decided to restore the main hall of Prince Gong's Palace according to the historical original appearance of Guangxu reign of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, that is, the era of Prince Gong. What were the halls of Gongwangfu at that time? We must collect historical data. Because it has been used by many units, it has been renovated according to its own needs. At present, it is difficult to find the interior of the ancient building of Gongwangfu before 1937, except for the interior decoration of the Western Jin Zhai.
Take Duofu Concord as an example. Duofu Concord is Prince Gong's living room. 1860, British and French troops entered Beijing, and Prince Gong played a game. Stay in Beijing, be pushed to the front to negotiate with Britain and France, and the negotiation place is Dover Concord. Because of its special historical value, UNESCO has also given financial support to the restoration of Dover Concord.
Gu Changjiang said that when the restoration work of Duofu Concord started, some experts thought that the name of Duofu Concord came from the word "Fu", so it should be repaired accordingly. However, after hard work, they found the photo of Dofu Concord published in the annual of Fu Jen Catholic University at 1940 (then the library of Women's College), and found that there was a screen door in the middle of Dofu Concord Hall, with plaques and couplets on the upper and both sides of the screen door, and more than ten large plaques with the word "Fu Shou" on the wall, instead of the word "Fu" on the whole room.
In addition, when they began to clean up some modern decorations of Dover Concorde, they found that the wood used in the two windows next to the two doors in Zhongwan was different from that in other places, and the texture and workmanship were much worse than those in other places. Later, in the reference room of Tsinghua University, they found the measured map of 1937, which was organized by Mr. Liang Sicheng and measured by the Chinese Architectural Society in Gongwangfu. After comparison, they found that the two bays were originally doors, not windows. I also read an article written by Zai Tao, the seventh uncle of Puyi, which described Wang Fu's living room, or three or five rooms, three of which were fully open and five were dark. Comparing these data with the pattern map during Tongzhi period, the basis for restoring Sanmen is more clear.
This is just a temple in Gongwangfu. For the restoration of other temples, Gu Changjiang said that they have formulated standards, tried their best to find historical materials and repair them according to materials; If there is really no information, restore it according to the opinions of old experts; If there are neither historical materials nor expert opinions, just keep it as it is and try not to leave historical regrets.
The most important thing to find historical materials is to find old photos of the past. Now they have found more than 20 photos of Gongwangfu taken by China Architecture Society in 1937, but these photos are by no means limited to these. Gu Changjiang said that finding the whereabouts of these photos and the bottom plate is the focus of their next work. In addition, they are also considering whether they can find photos around 1900, which were taken more than 30 years earlier than those taken by the Institute of Architecture. By then, not only the interior decoration, but also the interior furnishings will be well preserved. Also, at that time, did the teachers and students of Fu Jen Catholic University have any photos of Prince Gong's Palace to visit them and their families and collect them?
Gongwangfu Museum will open in 2008.
In order to welcome the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, the Ministry of Culture decided that Gongwangfu Museum will be officially exhibited in 2008. This will be the first and only national Wang Fu Cultural Museum in China. At the same time, it will become the first Wang Fu Library Information Center and the first Wang Fu Cultural Research Center in China.
Gu Changjiang said that the establishment of Gongwangfu Museum should take tourism as its main social function, increase cultural connotation, improve cultural taste and expand social functions. The basic idea is surface, line, point, and the combination of point, line and surface. The so-called "one side" is to fully display the palace culture of China in the Qing Dynasty, including its evolution, social life, important historical figures and major historical events. In order to achieve this goal, cultural relics and historical materials of various palaces were collected. The so-called line, that is, from the construction and residence of small Shenyang in 1776, shows the history of the Qing Dynasty from the most prosperous Qianlong era to the decline. The so-called point is to show and introduce Gong Wangfu itself. As Hou Renzhi, a famous historical geographer, said, "A Gongwangfu is half of history of qing dynasty." We want to show history of qing dynasty through Gongwangfu. Greening should also be restored to the era of Prince Gong.
According to the overall design of the exhibition, Gongwangfu Museum will set up a basic exhibition "Wang Fu Culture in Qing Dynasty" to fully display Wang Fu culture in Qing Dynasty, and the exhibition will be held in the restored main hall of Gongwangfu-Yin 'an Hall. Other main halls of Gongwangfu will be "restored for display". In addition, there are some "special exhibitions", such as the main owner of the palace and the prince of the palace. His life exhibition, the exhibition of the owner of the "river bank" in front of Gongwangfu, the exhibition of the relationship between Gongwangfu and Grand View Garden, "Where is the Grand View Garden in Beijing" and so on.
Where are the cultural relics at home today?
After historical changes, the original collection of furniture, furnishings, calligraphy and painting in Gongwangfu has been lost. Except for the original stone lion in front of Tougong Palace, the rocks and other cultural relics in the garden are still well preserved. Lu Ning, director of the Cultural Relics Management Department of Gongwangfu Management Center, said helplessly that there are basically no cultural relics in Gongwangfu now, only more than 60 paintings and calligraphy donated by Xinyu Pu.
Lu Ning said that the cultural relics of Gongwangfu should start from small Shenyang. But little Shenyang was robbed, so he had nothing. Prince Gong did not live here in the last 10 year, but lived in Jietai Temple in Xishan, Beijing, which left a batch of furniture for Prince Gong.
19 12, shortly after the emperor abdicated, Xiao Gong Wang Puwei sold everything except calligraphy and painting to the Yamanaka Chamber of Commerce in Japan. Judging from the photos taken by 1937, Yi? Our living room "Ledaotang" has no furnishings except interior decoration. 19 13, the shinya yamanaka chamber of commerce shipped 536 of them to the United States for auction, and now it still keeps the catalogue of these cultural relics. In the same year, another 22/kloc-0 pieces were auctioned in London, and some of them were retailed through the chamber of commerce's own sales department. The total is unknown. It is said that a list of these cultural relics is still preserved. Yesterday, Gu Changjiang and his party went to Japan to visit the shinya yamanaka family and explore the clues of these lost cultural relics.
There are a lot of precious cultural relics in Gongwangfu, and the main hall "Western Jin Zhai" is Gongwangfu. It is specially used to collect "reply posts". "Pingfu Post" is one of the three famous posts in ancient China, written by Lu Ji in the Western Jin Dynasty. Later, Xiao Gong and Wang Puyi gave this painting to Puyi, and Puyi sold it to the great collector Zhang Boju. After liberation, Zhang Boju donated this article to the country, which is now collected by the Palace Museum. There are two affiliated museums in the Western Jin Dynasty, one is called Erzhai, which collects general calligraphy and painting, and the other is called Bo Gu Zhai, which collects other cultural relics besides calligraphy and painting. Back in 1936, Jing Yi? Gan's grandson sold it to foreigners. Now it's in the Metropolitan Museum of America, and it's hard to get it back.
At present, the Gongwangfu Management Center collects cultural relics through public collection, and has formulated incentives for cultural relics donation.
As a mansion, Gongwangfu began in the late Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty.
Why is it called "semi-Qing history" here?
This was originally a mansion in Little Shenyang, an option during the Qianlong period. At present, there is no evidence that the mansion was granted by the imperial government or purchased or built by itself.
In the early years of Jiaqing, Xiao Shenyang was convicted and his mansion became an official. Jiaqing gave his little Shenyang mansion to his younger brother, Prince Qing, to celebrate. Lin Yong is the youngest son of Qianlong. He doesn't like reading, but only likes playing games and singing. When Lin Yong was a prince, he coveted the mansion in Little Shenyang, and he valued "harmony" more than the throne.
According to the system of Qing dynasty, if the hereditary surrender of an official position is inconsistent with the original title, it can be recovered and replaced elsewhere. In the early years of Xianfeng, Daoguang philosophers divided the government, and Xianfeng took back the government and gave it to his younger brother Prince Gong. It's for Gong Wangfu.
Hey? And Xianfeng Diyi are the two most favored by Xuanzong among the nine emperors. In the 26th year of Daoguang (1846), he made Iraq the Crown Prince, but he didn't want to mistreat Iraq? , named him Prince Gong. Hey? I think that I am better than Yi, and I am arrogant, which makes Yi quite disgusted. Finally, Xianfeng has never been trusted by Xianfeng. 1860, British and French troops invaded and Xianfeng fled to Jehol. Stay in the capital. Hey? Signed the Beijing Treaty with Britain, France and Russia. In July of the following year, Emperor Xianfeng died. He assisted and participated in the "Xinyou coup" in which Empress Dowager Cixi seized power in the court, and cut off eight ministers headed by Zai Yuan, Prince Yi, Duan Hua and Duan Hua, which was famous in the modern history of China.
Is Gongwangfu the prototype of Grand View Garden?
There have always been many rumors about the mansion and the Grand View Garden in A Dream of Red Mansions.
Zhou wrote in A Dream of Red Mansions: "According to the current clues, I suspect that Cao Xueqin's old house is now the female department of Beijing Normal University. The history of this house is like this: Shenzhai-Qingwangfu-Gongwangfu-Fu Jen Catholic University-Normal University. " However, many people think that it is difficult to find reliable information to prove that this garden is the blueprint of Cao Shi's novels. Comparatively speaking, Cui Jin gardens are far less vast, with beautiful environment and numerous scenery. The Grand View Garden is originally an imagination in artistic creation, and people want to find its realistic model, which is understandable.
How many units have used Gongwangfu?
Hey? He was attacked by Sun Puwei after his death. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, the government of the Republic of China implemented a policy of preferential treatment for the royal family, and Gongwangfu was owned by Puyi.
However, in order to raise funds for restoration activities, Puyi and his brother Pu Ru changed hands at 192 1 and mortgaged the mansion and garden to the Catholic Church. 1March 937 Fu Jen Catholic University was purchased as a school building. After liberation, Fu Jen Catholic University merged into Beijing Normal University, and once became the women's department of Beijing Normal University. Before the Cultural Revolution, it was the school building of China Conservatory of Music. After the Cultural Revolution, it was used as an office and teaching place by the China Conservatory of Music and the Art Research Institute of the Ministry of Culture.